...Final Essay Exam As everyone knows, education is the key to success, even though there might be some challenges. I personally was able to find one of those challenges which unfortunately I was not able to overcome. For the first time in my junior year of college I had failed a class. After seeing the letter “F” as one of my grades, I knew at that point that I had to work twice as hard from previous years if I wanted to make up for it. Now, that I’m about to register for my senior year is where I start to realize that failing a class does make you fall behind. In order to make up for the class that I failed, I will be taking six classes for next semester. As you can see, education has shaped my life; it has taught me that there is no time to waste. One of the hardest things that education has to offer to students I would say is reading. Not everyone has the time to sit or lie down and read a book. I am one of those students that do not like to read because it does not catch my attention. The only time that I do read is when the professors assigns it to me. However, when I do read those readings, I always learn new things such as, what has and could happen in real life. For instance, the book that I identify with is Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Gloria Anzalduá. In her writing she shows us a new direction that women need to take in order to free themselves psychologically, spiritually, and sexually. Furthermore, Anzalduá argues that as a result of the traditional...
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...was a study done by Jenna Styles on fourth graders who were Latino and who showed different levels of fluency in English and Spanish. The children were of low socioeconomic background and used Chicano English. Styles wanted to teach the children Standard English while still maintaining their dialect. She called the activity “Word Cemetery”, she thought the name was appropriate because most kids celebrated El Dia De Los Muertos, her goal was to make kids feel that they could still use CE, they could still talk about it, just like how they still celebrate their traditions (2006). The teacher of the classroom made it clear to her students that there is no right or wrong way to speak, but it’s important that they know both dialects, and that they should feel free to use both. She...
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...GLORIA ANZALDUA How to Tame a Wild Tongue Gloria Anzaldua was born in 1942 in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas. At age eleven. she began working in the fields as a migrant worker and then on her family's land after the death of her father. Working her way through school, she eventually became a schoolteacher and then an academic, speaking and writing about feminis t, lesbian, and Chicana issues and about autobiography. She is best known for This Bridge CalJed My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color ( 1981), which she edited with Cherrie Moraga, and BorderlandsfLa Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987). Anzaldua died in 2004. "How to Tame a Wild Tongue" is from BorderlandsfLa Frontera. In it, Anzaldua is concerned with many kinds of borders - between nations, cultures, classes, genders, languages. When she writes, "So, if you want to really hurt me, talk badly about my language" (par. 27), Anzaldua is arguing for the ways in which identity is intertwined with the way we speak and for the ways in which people can be made to feel ashamed of their own tongues. Keeping hers wild - ignoring the closing of linguistic borders - is Anzaldua's way of asserting her identity. "We're going to have to control your tongue," the dentist says, pulling out all the metal from my mouth. Silver bits plop and tinkle into the basin. My mouth is a motherlode.· The dentist is cleaning out my roots. I get a whiff of the stench when I gasp. "I can't cap that tooth yet, you're still draining," he...
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...individual user and not within or among groups of speakers who use the same language. By studying written records, sociolinguists also examine how language and society have interacted in the past. For example, they have tabulated the frequency of the singular pronoun thou and its replacement you in dated hand-written or printed documents and correlated changes in frequency with changes in class structure in 16th and 17th century England. This is historical sociolinguistics: the study of relationship between changes in society and changes in language over a period of time. What is dialect? Sociolinguists also study dialect — any regional, social or ethnic variety of a language. By that definition, the English taught in school as correct and used in non-personal writing is only one dialect of contemporary American English. Usually called Standard American English or Edited American English, it is the dialect used in this essay. Scholars are currently using a sociolinguistic perspective to answer some intriguing questions about language in the United States, including these: * Which speakers in urban areas of the North are changing the pronunciation of vowels in a systematic way? For...
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...Christopher Cox Patricia Huhn English 121 20 February 2012 Education and Language Education and its effects on the individual is the primary focus of the essays by Richard Rodriguez, Leslie Silko, Firoozeh Dumas, and Gloria Anzaldua. Rodriquez’s “Achievement of Desire” illustrates how education can take the place of one’s cultural tradition in pursuit of knowledge. The loss of language is the focus of Silko’s speech, “Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective”. “The F Word” by Firoozeh Dumas shows how profound words in one language can be funny in another, as well as hurtful. In “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” by Gloria Anzaldua, she talks about how the education system tried to remove her culture by taking away her language. The two authors take opposite views on education and how it directly affected their lives. While embracing education by becoming a scholarship boy, Rodriquez shows how his desire for knowledge overcame his families’ desire for cultural tradition. Anzaldua expresses her feelings about how education continually tried to forcefully remove her Spanish heritage. The term “scholarship boy” came from Richard Hoggart’s The Uses of Literacy and means that the student must move between two culturally extreme environments during their progression of education. In Rodriquez’s account of his early educational experiences, he demonstrates Hoggart’s core definition of being a scholarship boy to the tee. While finishing his dissertation...
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...35.3 million Hispanics live in the United States. This number comprises 12.5% of the overall population rendering the Latino community the largest minority in the United States. The Mexican community is not only the largest Hispanic group but also the fastest growing: from 1990 to 2000, the Mexican population grew 52.9% increasing from 13.5 million to 20.6 million (U.S. Department of Commerce News, 2001). The influx of Mexican immigrants coupled with the expansion of their community within the United States has created an unparalleled situation of language contact. Language is synonymous with identity (cf. Granger, 2004, and works cited within). To the extent that this is true, Spanish is synonymous with being Mexican and by extension, Chicano. With the advent of amnesty programs such as Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which naturalized millions of Mexican migrants, what was once a temporal migratory population has become increasingly permanent (Durand et al., 1999). In an effort to conserve Mexican traditions and identity, the struggle to preserve the mother tongue while at the same time acculturate to mainstream Americana has resulted in a variant of Spanglish that has received little attention. This paper will examine the variant of Spanglish seen in the greater Los Angeles area and liken it to the bi-national identity under which these Mexican Americans thrive. Keywords: spanglish, latino, immigration, ethnic minority, language contact, identity Affiliations ...
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...800,000 Nicaraguan immigrants to the United States Mexican Americans are the most prevalent Hispanic group within the United States. Their history can be dated to four centuries within America, contrasting in different regions. In States like California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada have great amounts of Mexican Americans. (Mexican Americans, 2007). Most of Mexican Americans residing in the United states converse in their own native language. Spanish is usually the solitary language that they use .But english is the universally unrestricted language in the general community. As many generations have passed, a new verbal communication has emerged, called Spanglish, which is a blend of both Spanish and American. America has always been harsh on Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans had a hard time elevating their financial and social status in this country, as they were judged by the color of their skin. The Chicano Movement changed the lives of Mexican Americans’ in the United States. This movement secured these people in the economy with civil rights and economic opportunity. Significant number of Mexican Americans are Roman Catholic. Their religious beliefs influence their perceptions on various...
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...Investigación de Spanglish Para este reporte escrito, voy a investigar el cambio de los códigos entre español e inglés, típicamente conocido como "Spanglish". Este tema me interesa porque soy parte del pequeño porcentaje que habla spanglish. Cada día, estoy rodeada por aquellos que lo hablan. Lo escucho en la escuela, el trabajo, y especialmente en la casa. Spanglish es algo normal para mí, pero aquellos que no están familiarizados con el dialecto lo encuentran como una majadería. Para ayudar a educar a los demás, voy a explicar lo que es el spanglish y si sólo hay un tipo. ¿Qué es el "Spanglish"? Sabemos el concepto básico de "Spanglish" que es el cambio de las lenguas de español y de inglés en una frase, oración o conversación. Para tener una mejor comprensión, el spanglish se refiere genéricamente a la influencia del inglés en el comportamiento lingüístico de los hispanohablantes en los Estados Unidos. La estructura de spanglish se divide en 3 subdivisiones: 1) la adaptación de las unidades léxicas de una lengua a la otra en un fonológico y morfológico; 2) la adaptación de algunos elementos léxicos de una lengua a otra semánticamente; y 3) el fenómeno de cambio de los códigos (Rothman and Rell, 2005). Unos ejemplos de estas subdivisiones son los préstamos de palabras como ‘super-marketa’, ‘babi-siter’, ‘lunchear’, etc. Aunque el spanglish era el puente que unió a la comunidad latino a los Estados Unidos, hablantes de inglés criticaron que el spanglish era jerga y un peligro...
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...formation of identity and the gradual development of personal esteem. Despite the ubiquitous nature of lingua franca such as the English language, people who are conscious of their indigenous identity are keen to incorporate aspects of their mother tongue in common languages. However, not all individuals feel proud of expressing their forms of synthesized language. The relationship between cultural identity and language is mutual. Language plays a vital role in placing an individual in an appropriate societal position (Val and Vinogradova 2). Amy Tan’s “Mother Tongue and Anzaldua Gloria’s, “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” are exquisite examples of the formation of language and cultural identities due to interactions with American culture. A comparative analysis of both texts can reveal that each author...
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...Bus Rider’s Journal Los Angeles is a great city that not only embraces multiple diversities, but also amplifies those differences with cultural, economical and racial means. This phenomenon can be seen and examined throughout every street, every corner, every building, every landmark and even every person in the city, crossing from east to west as well as north to south. In order to fully experience the impact of this strong characteristic of Los Angeles, I took four bus rides to go around the city: two on Metro Rapid Line 720 from Westwood to Downtown Los Angeles, with one at around 2:30 p.m. on 2014/10/14 and another one at around 2:10pm on 2014/10/27; one on Metro Rapid Line 2 from Westwood to Pacific Palisades at around 2:20 pm on 2014/11/16 and one on Metro Rapid Line 320 from Pacific Palisade to Westwood at around 4:30pm on 2014/11/16. Along my trip, I developed a sense of understanding of this particular city from east to west through observations. At the perspective of cultural development, the east part of Los Angeles far exceeds the west part. Historically, West side of Los Angeles was built earlier as part of Rancho San Vicente y Santa Monica. It was however, never really cultural orientated. Evolving from the rancho, this place later on developed into “wheat fields and orchard lands by Japanese immigrants.” (“West Los Angeles,” Last modified on 13 August 2014 at 00:34, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Los_Angeles.) Along my bus ride, few cultural landmarks were...
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...This page intentionally left blank The Study of Language This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in short, bite-sized sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hawai’i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. He is the author of a number of books, including Discourse Analysis (with Gillian Brown, 1983) and Pragmatics (1996). “A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thought-provoking presentation of key issues works...
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...THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE This page intentionally left blank THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SIXTH EDITION ± ± John Algeo ± ± ± ± ± Based on the original work of ± ± ± ± ± Thomas Pyles Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition John Algeo Publisher: Michael Rosenberg Development Editor: Joan Flaherty Assistant Editor: Megan Garvey Editorial Assistant: Rebekah Matthews Senior Media Editor: Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Communications Manager: Beth Rodio Content Project Manager: Corinna Dibble Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr Production Technology Analyst: Jamie MacLachlan Senior Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey Rights Acquisitions Manager Text: Tim Sisler Production Service: Pre-Press PMG Rights Acquisitions Manager Image: Mandy Groszko Cover Designer: Susan Shapiro Cover Image: Kobal Collection Art Archive collection Dagli Orti Prayer with illuminated border, from c. 1480 Flemish manuscript Book of Hours of Philippe de Conrault, The Art Archive/ Bodleian Library Oxford © 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including...
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...Liliane Haegeman and Jacqueline Guéron 15. Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin 16. Joan Bresnan 17. Barbara A. Fennell 18. Henry Rogers 19. Benjamin W. Fortson IV 20. AITA01 Liliane Haegeman 2 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition) Morphological Theory Language Acquisition Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition) Children’s Syntax Understanding Utterances Phonology in Generative Grammar Approaches to Discourse An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Second Edition) An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics Modern Phrase Structure Grammar Linguistics and Literature Semantics in Generative Grammar English Grammar: A Generative Perspective An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition Lexical-Functional Syntax A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction Thinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis 5/9/05, 4:36 PM An Introduction to Sociolinguistics FIFTH EDITION Ronald Wardhaugh AITA01 3 5/9/05, 4:36 PM © 1986,...
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...THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE CODESWITCHING IN INCREASING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS AMONG MEXICAN-AMERICAN YOUTH by MELISSA MAIER BISHOP Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2006 Copyright © by Melissa Maier Bishop 2006 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A wise professor told me before starting my PhD work to not forget my distractions. Therefore, this work is dedicated to my three favorite distractions—my husband Jeff and my two sons, Abel and Peyton. Thank you, Jeff, for all of your encouragement, your support, and your shoulder to lean on and your ear to listen during the past five years as we’ve come together on this journey. Thank you, Abel and Peyton, for sharing me with my studies and for often keeping me company while I studied for my exams and wrote my papers. Thank you also to my wonderful committee who were all so encouraging and patient with me, especially my Chair, Dr. Mark Peterson. Your excitement for my ideas inspired me as well as your belief in me. You have an unselfish and self-sacrificing nature that shines through you, and you are a gift to all of your students. Many thanks also to Dr. Roger Dickinson, who was a great support to me over the past five years and a big reason I decided to join the program in the first place. Thanks to my parents and to Jeff’s parents...
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... Imagine You Are the Teacher It Is The First Teaching year at Lincoln Elementary School for Ms. Branson. She has 30 fifth-graders of whom 13 are girls and 17 are boys, 12 participate in the free and reduced lunch program, 5 are English language learners, and 4 have individualized education programs (IEPs). As she plans her lesson on paragraph writing, she is trying to keep the special needs of each of her students in mind. Because Jessica has a hearing impairment, Ms. Branson decides to make a written outline that includes the important parts of a paragraph and examples of good and bad paragraphs. She also decides to go over the outline several times because Fred and Alex have a reading disability. In her plan, there is also a note to herself to find a bigger pencil and wide-lined paper for Suzy, who requires these modifications according to her IEP. Based on past writing experiences, she expects Monica to finish writing her paragraph pretty quickly, so she needs to think about an appropriate second task to keep her busy and motivated—most likely, a creative writing assignment. Ms. Branson feels about ready for the lesson, except for Jung Ju, a recent immigrant from South Korea. He seems to be falling behind despite her efforts to help him develop English skills. After giving it some thought, she decides to have Jung Ju...
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