Free Essay

Chinese Philosophy

In:

Submitted By fransiskahuang
Words 1510
Pages 7
Chinese Philosophy (Confusisus) by Abraham Timothy on Saturday, December 13, 2008 at 3:18pm
Confusius membagi manusia menjadi seorang gentleman (jun zi - 君子) yaitu orang yang memiliki karakter agung, jiwa yang besar, pengertian, serta warisan tata krama yang baik dan orang kecil (xiao ren - 小人). Seorang gentleman adalah orang yang bertanggung jawab atas segala sesuatu yang dia kerjakan dan dia betul-betul meneliti dan menjalankan kebajikan sejauh yang dia tahu, sedangkan orang kecil selalu sembunyi-sembunyi, tidak pernah terbuka atau jujur.

Confusius mengajarkan perbedaan antara seorang gentleman dan orang kecil:
1. Jun zi yu yu yi, xiao ren yu yu li (君子俞於義, 小人俞於利)
Seorang gentleman mementingkan kebenaran dan keadilan, sedangkan orang kecil mementingkan keuntungan semata. Di dunia ini untung-rugi seringkali menutupi benar-salah. Kita perlu tahu kebenaran untuk membentuk kita menjadi orang yang lebih bertanggung jawab. Yesus berkata, "Kalau kebenaranmu tidak melampaui kebenaran orang Farisi, engkau tidak bisa masuk kerajaan Surga." Apakah kita mengutamakan keuntungan atau kebenaran?

2. Jun zi shang da, xiao ren xia da (君子上達, 小人下達)
Seorang gentleman selalu berjuang untuk maju, sedangkan orang kecil selalu melihat ke bawah, yang dipikirkan selalu hal yang remeh dan kecil. Seorang gentleman memiliki hasrat untuk maju walaupun banyak kesulitan. Walaupun membutuhkan banyak tenaga dan pengorbanan, hal ini justru membentuk karakter yang semakin baik. Janganlah kita menjatuhkan diri dalam hal yang tidak beres hanya karena lebih enak dan lancar. Meluncur ke bawah itu gampang, mendaki gunung itu sulit.

3. Jun zi you san wei (君子有三畏)
Seorang gentleman mempunyai perasaan takut akan 3 hal, yaitu:
• Wei tian ming 畏天命) artinya takut kepada mandat surgawi. Kehendak Tuhan harus dilakukan, mandat surgawi tidak boleh ditunda.
• Wei ta ren (畏大人) artinya takut dan hormat kepada atasan yang agung.
• Wei sheng ren zhi yan (畏聖人之言) artinya takut kepada perkataan orang suci.
Dalam kekristenan rasa takut ini dapat diartikan sebagai takut kepada Allah, takut kepada nabi, dan takut kepada pengajaran orang besar.

4. Jun zi qiu zhu ji, xiao ren qiu zhu ren (君子求諸己, 小人求諸人)
Seorang gentleman senantiasa menuntut, mengajar, dan mendisiplinkan diri sendiri. Orang kecil senantiasa menuntut dan menyalahkan orang lain. A gentleman demands from himself, a small man only demands from others. Orang Farisi menyuruh orang lain kerja ini dan itu, tetapi dia sendiri satu jari pun tidak bergerak. Kong Fu Zi mengatakan, “Yang tidak kamu inginkan, jangan kamu lakukan pada orang lain.” Tapi Yesus mengatakan, “Yang kamu inginkan, lakukan dulu pada orang lain.”

5. Jun zi bu qi (君子不器)
Seorang gentleman tidak hanya berguna untuk satu hal saja. Qi disini adalah suatu alat, seperti halnya suatu bejana dibuat untuk minum dan tidak bisa dipakai untuk hal yang lain. Kegunaannya terbatas. Seorang gentleman harus belajar sebanyak mungkin sehingga banyak gunanya. Ada satu buku berjudul "Between Japanese and Jewish" yang ditulis oleh seseorang yang ayahnya adalah seorang Yahudi dan ibunya berkebangsaan Jepang. Dia menyimpulkan, "Orang Timur itu generalis, tidak spesialis. Orang Barat itu spesialis, tidak generalis. Hanya orang Israel satu-satunya yang mengatakan semua harus dipelajari. Pertama mereka akan belajar sebagai generalis, semua harus dimengerti. Sesudah itu memuncak untuk belajar satu spesialisasi. Sehingga mereka memiliki keahlian yang tinggi dalam satu bidang. Tetapi kalau tidak bekerja di bidang itu, bidang yang lain pun bisa. Orang Jepang mengikuti hal ini, walau tidak sehebat orang Yahudi.”

6. Jun zi zhou er bu bi, xiao ren bi er bu zhou (君子周
而不比, 小人比而不周)
Seorang gentleman menyatukan keseluruhan dan tidak mendirikan partai kecil untuk kelompoknya sendiri, contohnya negarawan. Orang kecil hanya baik dengan kelompoknya sendiri, tetapi keseluruhan diabaikan. Dalam lingkungan rohani pun, banyak orang yang hanya mau bergaul dengan orang yang cocok dengan dirinya sendiri.

7. Jun zi jin er bu zheng, jin er bu dang 君子衿而不
筝,衿而不黨)
Seorang gentleman menyatukan keseluruhan dengan tegas. Dia tidak mencari muka dan tidak menyenangkan orang-orang tertentu saja.

8. Jun zi he er bu tong, tong er bu he (君子和而不同,
同而不和)
Seorang gentleman harmonis dengan semua orang, tetapi tidak menyetujui pendirian yang salah. Walaupun dia tidak setuju dengan teori orang lain dan tetap berpegang teguh pada pendiriannya sendiri, tetapi dia tetap dapat hidup berdamai dan saling menghormati.

9. Jun zi tai er bu jiao, xiao ren jiao er bu tai (君子泰而不驕,
小人驕而不泰)
Seorang gentleman memiliki jiwa yang stabil, mantap, tidak sombong, dan tidak membanggakan diri. Sedangkan orang kecil selalu menyombongkan dan membanggakan diri sendiri, tetapi itu justru menyatakan bahwa dia tidak punya kestabilan jiwa. Dalam keadaan bahaya pun, seorang gentleman tidak menjadi gelisah, dia tetap mantap dan tenang.

10. Jun zi na yu yan, er min yu xing 君子納於言, 而
敏於行)
Seorang gentleman bicaranya tidak lancar tetapi sangat rajin dan lincah dalam melakukan sesuatu.Dia lebih pandai melakukan apa yang dia tahu daripada membicarakan teorinya.

11. Jun zi zhen er bu liang 君子貞而不諒)
Seorang gentleman kokoh mempertahankan kebenaran dengan tidak kompromi. Orang yang selalu memperhatikan hal-hal kecil mungkin lebih rapi, bersih, dan bagus, tetapi tidak pernah memberikan sumbangsih yang besar kepada dunia. Mungkin seorang gentleman itu lalai dalam hal-hal kecil, tetapi ia berkonsentrasi kepada hal-hal yang lebih besar dan mulia.

12.Jun zi tan dang dang, xiao ren chang qi qi (君子坦
蕩蕩,小人長戚戚)
Seorang gentleman memiliki hati yang lapang, sedangkan orang kecil menggerutu sepanjang hari dan tidak pernah merasa puas. Kita sebagai orang Kristen dalam kondisi apa pun seharusnya tidak boleh bersungut- sungut ataupun mengomel, tetapi mengatur diri untuk senantiasa mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan.

13. Jun zi gu qiong, xiao ren qiong si lan yi (君子固窮,
小人窮斯懢矣)
Seorang gentleman juga ada waktunya mengalami kemiskinan. Tetapi di dalam kesusahan dia tetap mempertahankan sifat dan karakternya yang agung. Sedangkan orang kecil kalau mengalami kemiskinan akan terlihat karakternya yang hancur-hancuran, misalnya langsung pergi mencuri. Sebaliknya, jika kaya raya tetap saja karakternya hancur, misalnya pergi melacur. Paulus mengatakan, “Aku tahu bagaimana menghadapi kekayaan dan bagaimana menghadapi kemiskinan.”

14. Jun zi cheng ren zhi mei, xiao ren fan zhi (君子成之美, 小人反`之)
Seorang gentleman selalu menginginkan orang lain bahagia, sedangkan orang kecil tidak suka melihat orang lain menjadi sukses. Kalau ada seseorang yang memiliki rencana agung lalu memberitahu kamu, apa yang akan kamu lakukan? Jangan iri! Restui dia! Kalau perlu bantu dia. Kalimat ini jelas dapat membedakan mana orang yang agung dan mana yang bukan. Kalau melihat orang kecil, doakan dia agar dia dapat menjadi orang yang agung. Dan yang paling penting, kita sendiri harus menjadi orang agung yang mempengaruhi dan mendidik anak kita sehingga memupuk karakter mereka menuju keagungan. Ketika kita melihat bagaimana orang lain diberkati melalui kita, maka kita akan mendapatkan sukacita yang tidak bisa dibeli dengan uang, karena memang sungguh luar biasa ketika kita yang remeh ini bisa dipakai oleh Tuhan.

15.Jun zi bu ke xiao zhi, er ke da shou (君子不可小
知, 而可大受)
Seorang gentleman jangan dinilai dari kelemahannya yang kecil. Kalau kamu tahu kelemahan kecil seseorang, jangan langsung memvonis dia berdasarkan kelemahan kecil tersebut. Kalau dia memiliki pekerjaan-pekerjaan besar, hal-hal kecil jangan dinilai. Jangan berteman dengan orang yang selalu membicarakan kejelekan orang lain. Seorang gentleman apabila dipercayakan dengan hal yang besar, dia dapat mengerjakannya dengan tuntas dan baik. Xiao ren bu ke da shou (小人不可大受) artinya orang kecil jangan diberikan tugas yang besar karena besok akan dirusak semua.

16.Jun zi yi shi er nan ye ye (君子易事, 而難説也)
Seorang gentleman tidak menuntut banyak dalam hal materi dan kepribadiannya mudah dilayani. Tetapi sulit untuk menyenangkan dia, karena dia memiliki ide-ide yang terlalu tinggi. Jadi dalam pekerjaan, karakter, pelayanan, dan cara bertata krama ada tuntutan-tuntutan yang tinggi, tetapi pribadi orang itu tidak perlu dilayani dengan susah payah. Yesus tetap yang paling tinggi, karena Yesus datang bukan untuk dilayani, melainkan untuk melayani. Ye zhi bu yu dao, bu ye ye (説之不於道, 不説也) artinya kalau engkau berusaha menyenangkan seorang gentleman bukan dengan kebenaran, pasti dia akan marah. Shi ren ye qi zhi (使人也器之) artinya kalau seorang gentleman memperkerjakan seseorang, dia akan memakai orang itu sesuai dengan bakatnya dan akan membuat orang itu menjadi lebih berguna. Xiao ren nan shi, er yi ye ye (小人難事, 而易説也) artinya orang kecil susah sekali dilayani, tetapi mudah menyenangkan dia, contohnya asal diberi uang atau perempuan, dia sudah senang. Orang kecil tidak bicara soal benar atau tidak benar, yang penting dia mendapatkan keuntungan, kesenangan, dan seks. Yue zi sui bu yi dao, ye ye (説之雖不於道, 説也) artinya mau menyenangkan seseorang walaupun tanpa kebenaran. Dengan cara apakah kamu menyenangkan bosmu? Apakah dengan hasil pekerjaanmu yang baik atau dengan menyodorkan dia seorang perempuan? Hal inilah yang terjadi dalam dunia bisnis sekarang ini. Shi ren ye qiu quan bei (使人也求全備) artinya kalau memperkerjakan seseorang, dia menuntut harus menuruti kemauannya 100%.

17. Jun zi bo xue yi wen yue zhi yu li (君子博學於文,約之於礼)
Seorang gentleman mempunyai pengetahuan yang luas dan membatasi semuanya itu dengan tata krama. Semua pengetahuannya digunakan dengan peraturan yang betul-betul mengikat dan tidak sembarangan.

18. Jun zi huai de, xiao ren huai tu (君子壞德, 小人壞土)
Seorang gentleman memiliki moral di dalam jiwanya. Sedangkan orang kecil hanya memiliki keuntungan yang remeh saja.

19. Jun zi huai xing, xiao ren huai hui (君子壞刑, 小人壞惠)
Seorang gentleman takut akan hukuman di dalam hatinya. Sedangkan hati orang kecil hanya tahunya keuntungan pribadi. Kalau orang kecil diberi uang meski hanya sedikit, disuruh mengerjakan apa pun mau, walaupun itu melanggar hukum.

Pada bagian terakhir dari seri Chinese Philosophy ini, sekali lagi kita akan belajar bahwa yang ditulis/dikatakan oleh Kong Fu Zi bukanlah wahyu, melainkan hanya reaksi manusia terhadap wahyu.

by Pdt. Dr. Stephen Tong quote from: Buletin pillar agustus 2004

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Education in Chinese Philosophy

...Erik Thomas Chinese Civilization 10/24/12 Jingyu XUE Compare the attitude towards education in Confucian, Taoist, and Legalist thought There were several salient schools of philosophy that arose during early years of the development of Chinese civilization. The era was subject to not only political fragmentation and excessive warfare, but also the birth of unique intellectual foundations as well. Confucius rallied together a school of thought that underscored the utmost importance of humanism and virtue. Han Fei and the legalist movement advocated for a centralized, domineering government that subordinated all citizens to absolute obedience. Taoism insisted on a spontaneous, free-spirited, and laissez-faire approach to life. These three prominent philosophies of the time were very different. For instance, they all placed radically different values on education. In particular, Confucianism promoted intellectual pursuit for both the individual and the populace, whereas Legalism and Taoism had a diverging attitude that was strongly against education. The Confucian ideology is the only one of the aforementioned schools to place a heavy emphasis on intellectual cultivation for both personal purposes and for the sake of a virtuous government. The philosophy looks down on those with faith in intuition and natural understanding, which is a notion that is present in Taoism. They believe that genuine understanding derives primarily from studying a subject; it does not necessarily...

Words: 1700 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Chinese Philosophies

...Chinese Philosophies Persuasive Speech China is being destroyed with this war, and we need to stop this. People such as lords are fighting for the place of the throne, and in the process killing enormous amount of people. What is the answer? Legalism. After learning about the three philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, I have chosen the philosophy that will bring certain peace and stability to our empire. Any of the other philosophies will do us no good and will only bring more destruction and chaos to our empire. Legalism is the only solution to the chaos and instability in China. Without having strict rules with harsh punishments, nobody will comply to any rules. If we choose to let people have more freedom than they need,...

Words: 734 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Chinese Philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, And Legalism

...The Three Chinese Philosophies We will be learning about the three chinese philosophies. They had a major influence of China’s culture. The three philosophies are Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Let's get started. The first philosophy is confucianism. Confucianism was made by confucius. He deeply respected the chinese government and culture. He did this because he thought that it was a good way to give honor to scholars and ancestors. Confucianism was mostly about respecting elder. You would have to be kind, honest, wise, and faithful in return. Before confucianism the government would just hire you they wouldn’t ask you any questions. After confucianism the government made you take an exam that might graded by the emperor. They would...

Words: 355 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Confucian

...#33 Rasul, Nashwina A. February 24, 2014 2ASN2 Confucian Philosophy of Man More than a million years ago, primitive human beings lived on a land known as China. China is recognized as one of the four greatest ancient civilizations of the world, together with ancient Egypt, Babylon, and India. It is known for its rich history based on the written records that were found nearly 5,000 years ago. From 475 BC to the end of the 19th century, China went through a long feudal period. It experienced two seemingly contradictory and paradoxical phenomena. Knowing that it was the most violent and chaotic period in ancient Chinese history due to the conflict between the collapse of the traditional Chinese culture and the establishment of a universal empire, it was also considered to be the most creative and innovative one since it was indeed an age wherein philosophers tried to give their personal opinions regarding the world and attempted to contribute something in the history of Chinese philosophy. All the competing Chinese philosophical traditions – Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism and Mohism, among others – trace their origins back to this period which is closely identified with the wellspring of Chinese philosophical, political, and social thought. The battle of ideas among the fabled numerous masters and hundred schools of thought that lasted for more than three centuries, was fought, but at the same...

Words: 2190 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Science

...Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692) was a Chinese philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties. Wang Fuzhi inherited and further developed the materialism of his predecessors and established the system of Simple Materialism. He believes that the world is material; material is primary and eternal. Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692) was a Chinese philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties. Wang Fuzhi inherited and further developed the materialism of his predecessors and established the system of Simple Materialism. He believes that the world is material; material is primary and eternal. Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who was the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His synthesis of Neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. He assigned special significance to the The Four Books and emphsized on the investigation of things (Gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts. Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who was the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His synthesis of Neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. He assigned special significance to the The Four Books and emphsized on the investigation of things (Gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts. Huang Zongxi (1610 – 1695) was a Chinese thinker during the latter part of the Ming dynasty and the early part the Qing Dynasty. Huang was well-known for being one of the first...

Words: 1044 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Rel 101

...Ashley Colvin Confucianism and Daoism (Taoism) REL 212: World Religion Instructor: Professor Joel Goldstein Daoism is one of China’s major religions indigenous to the country. The primary belief is in learning and practicing “The Way” (Dao) which is the ultimate truth to the universe. Confucianism and Taoism are both ancient Chinese styles of living. Confucianism believes in setting good examples for others to follow primarily in 5 key relationships: ruler & subject, wife & husband, older & younger sibling, friend & friend, father & son. While Daoism (Or Taoism) was a way of living in which there were not many rules and believes in the dialectical philosophy of inaction. Through nature and harmony you can be happy. This is where yin and yang come from. Daoism is also known as Taoism, Daoism traces its beginnings to Sixth Century BC when Chinese philosopher Laozi wrote the iconic book Dao De Jing on the tenets of the Dao. Laozi’s successor, Zhuangzi, further developed Daoist principles. Daoism is an organized religious tradition that has been continuously developing through China, Korea and Japan for a little over two thousand years. Daoism has now spread around the globe from Sydney to Toronto and includes among its followers people from a whole range of ethnicities and cultural backgrounds. Day by day, Daoism is truly becoming a...

Words: 1189 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Lord Shang

...dominant states were in consistent struggles to take power over the others. Even though they all put much emphasis on military and warfare, the state of Qin was the one who concluded the period with the wars of conquest, annexing other contender states through exceptionally cruel administration. On the background of the rise of Qin existed the two most eminent administrators, Lord Shang and Han Fei zi, whose philosophies are demonstrated as Legalism. The Legalists emphasized an establishment of effective institutional structures based on impersonal and objective norms and standards: “laws, administrative regulations, clearly defined rules of promotion and demotion, and the like” (Watkins). Through the strict legislation, the Legalists “sought to attain a ‘rich [and empowered] state with powerful army’” (Pines). Adopting their philosophies and practicing them through reformation, the Qin administration could conquer its competitors; we can recognize the influence of Legalism on the state administration by analyzing the laws of Qin before the empire and comparing them to the philosophies of the two prominent Legalists. During the regime of Duke Xiao, the state of Qin went through a series of reforms successfully conducted by Lord Shang, and the characteristics of the reformation are well reflected on the laws of the state. First and foremost, Lord Shang emphasized on a powerful government with a centralized power and strict authorities. As he believed that powerful subordinates hinder...

Words: 2057 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Taoism

...History and Beliefs Joseph R Batson Regis University Taoism is one of the “Three Doctrines”, along with Buddhism and Confucianism that has helped to shape Chinese culture and history (Molloy, 2013.) Taoism is based on the earliest beliefs of the Chinese people, and includes several elements of the ancient indigenous religion. These include a belief in spirits, both good and bad; the concept of T’ien, translated as Heaven, and described as an impersonal divine force and a cosmic moral principle; the discernment of patterns in nature, some easy to see like the progression of seasons, others not so much like the ripple of waves; and Yin and Yang, two opposing yet complimentary principles such as light and dark or hot and cold (Molloy, 2013.) The actual origins of Taoism are shrouded in mystery. The founder was Lao Tzu, meaning “old sage” (Chebucto.ns.ca, 2014) a legendary figure who may or may not have existed, and possible may be the blending of several historical figures (Molloy, 2013.) Lao Tzu, according to traditional stories, was born in the early sixth century BCE (circa 600 BCE) and worked as an archivist at the imperial court. Eventually Lao Tzu tired of his position and travelled to Western China, where he was stopped by a guard and asked to write his teachings down. This writing, which consisted of five thousand Chinese characters, became the Tao Te Ching (The Way and Its Power, considered to be one of the central scriptures of Taoism (Chebucto.ns.ca, 2014.) In many of the...

Words: 2533 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

The Chinese Management

...THE CHINESE MANAGEMENT Confucius on Management History has shown that China is a significant creator and repository of great philosophies, yet we know little of Chinese philosophies on leadership. With China becoming a global economic and political force, we need to learn from and to understand Chinese leadership philosophies. We must also consider that China is now in the process of blending its tradition, customs and practices with Western concepts and ideas. In the business world, it is the blending of its wisdom and Western practices. Successful leadership behavior of today's more culturally diverse workforce is one of the most important challenges organizations face. CHINA The People's Republic of China today seems to be entering the modern world, coming out of the shadow of the warlords, the 20-year struggle between communism and nationalism, and the Cultural Revolution. Moves are afoot to shift the Chinese economy more toward the market-oriented end of the spectrum. China’s 1978 open door policy initiated rapid economic development, and consequently exposed china to a flood to Western management practices. CHINA 2 China is a country of old and new and one that is in transition. With the rise of China in the global economy, it has never been more important for business leaders to understand Chinese leadership philosophies and practices. Ancient Chinese thinking and Western ideas have shaped the development of leadership styles in China. Leadership theories (paternalistic...

Words: 2123 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Compare And Contrast: Daoism

...ASIAN RELIGIONS NARRATIVE ROUGH DRAFT: TAOISM I am Taoism, also known as Daoism. I am considered both an indigenous Chinese religion and philosophy due to the diversity of Taoist belief. My philosophical side accepts death as a natural returning to the Tao while my religious side is magical and emphasizes health and healing as ways to gain immortality. The root word in my name is Tao, which means “way”, is the central harmony. Tao is part of all things yet greater than all things. It refers to the road extending in one direction. For example, a road with many forks and or directions is not considered Tao. Tao is not a substance nor can it be perceived. It is often described as formless, nameless and defying convention. You could say it is...

Words: 1083 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Van Norden Virtue Ethics

...Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early Chinese Philosophy is a book by Bryan W. Van Norden that presents an encompassing view of Confucianism in light of virtue ethics and of Mohism in light of consequentialism. Throughout the book, Van Norden makes excellent and understandable bridges to compare the philosophies of the East and the West. He takes the perspectives presented by Aristotle’s virtue ethics and other western philosophers and contrasts them with the conceptions that Confucianism offers towards leading a virtuous life and the process of the ethical cultivation of one's self, as well as drawing analogues between Mohism and consequentialism through obviously thorough archaeological and philosophical research into Chinese history....

Words: 1414 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Introduction and General Remarks for Ancient China

...Introduction and General Remarks for Ancient China Ancient civilizations of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians have long disappeared, but Ancient Chinese civilization and its transformation to modern times has lasted as the largest and most enduring one in human history. This is even more remarkable when observing the numerous leitmotifs of the Chinese society that were inaugurated so long ago, and many of these themes still resonate today. Ancestral worship, the Mandate of Heaven, and the numerous philosophical ideas, especially of Confucius, have been practiced or used for thousands of years. Remote and mysterious are two adjectives that Western Society has applied to China until recently. China is the only civilization where western thought had no influence until modern times, and also practically the only large region in the world where western men never ruled. For westerners, Chinese customs seem reversed to theirs. White is the color of mourning for the Chinese not black, and for them the left side is one of honor not the right side. Writing is read vertically from the top right-hand corner downward. These few differences reveal that Chinese culture evolved independently of western influences. One can only marvel at the longevity of Chinese civilization. Influence of Geography 2 Geography has played an important role in Chinese History as in most ancient, medieval, and modern cultures. While 85% of China is arid or inaccessible steppes, deserts or mountains, this...

Words: 3234 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Zhou Dynasty Philosophy

...In the midst of the chaos caused by political instability and the period of the Seven Warring States that marked the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, emanated an assortment of philosophical intellectuals who would present solutions to the numerous political, religious, and philosophical issues that the government was facing. Respected philosophers such as Confucius, Laozi, and Han Feizi each proposed their own ideas for an idealistic political system and lifestyle (Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, respectfully), and the influence that these three main philosophies left on society still occur today in the modern world. Consequentially, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were vastly diverse in terms of regulating government affairs and the perception...

Words: 296 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Negotiation

...Negotiation: the Chinese style Tony Fang School of Business, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Purpose – To examine the nature of Chinese business negotiating style in Sino-Western business negotiations in business-to-business markets involving large industrial projects from a social cultural point of view. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual approach developed from personal interviews. Findings – This study reveals that the Chinese negotiator does not possess an absolute negotiating style but rather embraces a mixture of different roles together: “Maoist bureaucrat in learning”, “Confucian gentleman”, and “Sun Tzu-like strategist”. The Chinese negotiating strategy is essentially a combination of cooperation and competition (termed as the “coop-comp” negotiation strategy in this study). Trust is the ultimate indicator of Chinese negotiating propensities and role choices. Research limitations/implications – The focus of this study is on Chinese negotiating style shown in large B2B negotiations with Chinese SOEs. Originality/value – Differing from most other studies on Chinese negotiating style which tend to depict the Chinese negotiator as either sincere or deceptive, this study points out that there exists an intrinsic paradox in Chinese negotiating style which reflects the Yin Yang thinking. The Chinese negotiator has a cultural capacity to negotiate both sincerely and deceptively and he/she changes coping strategies according to situation and context...

Words: 11190 - Pages: 45

Free Essay

Shintoism

...Confucianism Shinto http://www.diffen.com/difference/Confucianism_vs_Shinto Geographical predominance: Asia Japan, Hawaii. Place of worship: Temple. Shrines. Founder: Confucius Unknown Place of origin: China Japan. Belief of God: One God. Ancestors also worshipped, though. Numerous deities. Status of Adam: N/A. N/A. Clergy: Sages, bureaucrats, etc. Priests, etc. Definition: Follower of Confucius. Way of the gods. Concept of Deity: Most believe in One God(Ti'en; or Heaven), but, in the way that a Deist would, rather than as a Christian or a Sikh would. Ancestors are also worshipped. Numerous deities. The sun is one of the most important ones(they believe that the sun is a goddess). Practices: Visit to temples to pay homage to Ti'en(God or Heaven), Confucius, and/or ancestors. Neo-Confucianists practice 'Jing zuo,' or 'Quiet Sitting,' as a kind of meditation. Visit to shrines to pay homage to Shinto deities; Shamanism, etc. Use of statues and pictures: Permitted. Permitted. Branches: Neo Confucianism, Han Confucianism, Contemporary Confucianism, Japanese Confucianism, Vietnamese Confucianism, Singapore Confucianism. State Shinto, Religious Shinto, and Folk Shinto. Literal Meaning: Follower of Confucius. The Way of the gods. Goal of religion: To have a structured society. To serve the Shinto deities, or Kami, as they are known. View of other Abrahamic religions: Confucianism sees no contradiction in following more than one path. N/A. View of the...

Words: 666 - Pages: 3