...Erik Thomas Chinese Civilization 10/24/12 Jingyu XUE Compare the attitude towards education in Confucian, Taoist, and Legalist thought There were several salient schools of philosophy that arose during early years of the development of Chinese civilization. The era was subject to not only political fragmentation and excessive warfare, but also the birth of unique intellectual foundations as well. Confucius rallied together a school of thought that underscored the utmost importance of humanism and virtue. Han Fei and the legalist movement advocated for a centralized, domineering government that subordinated all citizens to absolute obedience. Taoism insisted on a spontaneous, free-spirited, and laissez-faire approach to life. These three prominent philosophies of the time were very different. For instance, they all placed radically different values on education. In particular, Confucianism promoted intellectual pursuit for both the individual and the populace, whereas Legalism and Taoism had a diverging attitude that was strongly against education. The Confucian ideology is the only one of the aforementioned schools to place a heavy emphasis on intellectual cultivation for both personal purposes and for the sake of a virtuous government. The philosophy looks down on those with faith in intuition and natural understanding, which is a notion that is present in Taoism. They believe that genuine understanding derives primarily from studying a subject; it does not necessarily...
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...Chinese Philosophy (Confusisus) by Abraham Timothy on Saturday, December 13, 2008 at 3:18pm Confusius membagi manusia menjadi seorang gentleman (jun zi - 君子) yaitu orang yang memiliki karakter agung, jiwa yang besar, pengertian, serta warisan tata krama yang baik dan orang kecil (xiao ren - 小人). Seorang gentleman adalah orang yang bertanggung jawab atas segala sesuatu yang dia kerjakan dan dia betul-betul meneliti dan menjalankan kebajikan sejauh yang dia tahu, sedangkan orang kecil selalu sembunyi-sembunyi, tidak pernah terbuka atau jujur. Confusius mengajarkan perbedaan antara seorang gentleman dan orang kecil: 1. Jun zi yu yu yi, xiao ren yu yu li (君子俞於義, 小人俞於利) Seorang gentleman mementingkan kebenaran dan keadilan, sedangkan orang kecil mementingkan keuntungan semata. Di dunia ini untung-rugi seringkali menutupi benar-salah. Kita perlu tahu kebenaran untuk membentuk kita menjadi orang yang lebih bertanggung jawab. Yesus berkata, "Kalau kebenaranmu tidak melampaui kebenaran orang Farisi, engkau tidak bisa masuk kerajaan Surga." Apakah kita mengutamakan keuntungan atau kebenaran? 2. Jun zi shang da, xiao ren xia da (君子上達, 小人下達) Seorang gentleman selalu berjuang untuk maju, sedangkan orang kecil selalu melihat ke bawah, yang dipikirkan selalu hal yang remeh dan kecil. Seorang gentleman memiliki hasrat untuk maju walaupun banyak kesulitan. Walaupun membutuhkan banyak tenaga dan pengorbanan, hal ini justru membentuk karakter yang semakin baik. Janganlah kita menjatuhkan...
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...The Three Chinese Philosophies We will be learning about the three chinese philosophies. They had a major influence of China’s culture. The three philosophies are Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Let's get started. The first philosophy is confucianism. Confucianism was made by confucius. He deeply respected the chinese government and culture. He did this because he thought that it was a good way to give honor to scholars and ancestors. Confucianism was mostly about respecting elder. You would have to be kind, honest, wise, and faithful in return. Before confucianism the government would just hire you they wouldn’t ask you any questions. After confucianism the government made you take an exam that might graded by the emperor. They would...
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...#33 Rasul, Nashwina A. February 24, 2014 2ASN2 Confucian Philosophy of Man More than a million years ago, primitive human beings lived on a land known as China. China is recognized as one of the four greatest ancient civilizations of the world, together with ancient Egypt, Babylon, and India. It is known for its rich history based on the written records that were found nearly 5,000 years ago. From 475 BC to the end of the 19th century, China went through a long feudal period. It experienced two seemingly contradictory and paradoxical phenomena. Knowing that it was the most violent and chaotic period in ancient Chinese history due to the conflict between the collapse of the traditional Chinese culture and the establishment of a universal empire, it was also considered to be the most creative and innovative one since it was indeed an age wherein philosophers tried to give their personal opinions regarding the world and attempted to contribute something in the history of Chinese philosophy. All the competing Chinese philosophical traditions – Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism and Mohism, among others – trace their origins back to this period which is closely identified with the wellspring of Chinese philosophical, political, and social thought. The battle of ideas among the fabled numerous masters and hundred schools of thought that lasted for more than three centuries, was fought, but at the same...
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...Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692) was a Chinese philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties. Wang Fuzhi inherited and further developed the materialism of his predecessors and established the system of Simple Materialism. He believes that the world is material; material is primary and eternal. Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692) was a Chinese philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties. Wang Fuzhi inherited and further developed the materialism of his predecessors and established the system of Simple Materialism. He believes that the world is material; material is primary and eternal. Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who was the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His synthesis of Neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. He assigned special significance to the The Four Books and emphsized on the investigation of things (Gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts. Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who was the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His synthesis of Neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. He assigned special significance to the The Four Books and emphsized on the investigation of things (Gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts. Huang Zongxi (1610 – 1695) was a Chinese thinker during the latter part of the Ming dynasty and the early part the Qing Dynasty. Huang was well-known for being one of the first...
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...Ashley Colvin Confucianism and Daoism (Taoism) REL 212: World Religion Instructor: Professor Joel Goldstein Daoism is one of China’s major religions indigenous to the country. The primary belief is in learning and practicing “The Way” (Dao) which is the ultimate truth to the universe. Confucianism and Taoism are both ancient Chinese styles of living. Confucianism believes in setting good examples for others to follow primarily in 5 key relationships: ruler & subject, wife & husband, older & younger sibling, friend & friend, father & son. While Daoism (Or Taoism) was a way of living in which there were not many rules and believes in the dialectical philosophy of inaction. Through nature and harmony you can be happy. This is where yin and yang come from. Daoism is also known as Taoism, Daoism traces its beginnings to Sixth Century BC when Chinese philosopher Laozi wrote the iconic book Dao De Jing on the tenets of the Dao. Laozi’s successor, Zhuangzi, further developed Daoist principles. Daoism is an organized religious tradition that has been continuously developing through China, Korea and Japan for a little over two thousand years. Daoism has now spread around the globe from Sydney to Toronto and includes among its followers people from a whole range of ethnicities and cultural backgrounds. Day by day, Daoism is truly becoming a...
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...dominant states were in consistent struggles to take power over the others. Even though they all put much emphasis on military and warfare, the state of Qin was the one who concluded the period with the wars of conquest, annexing other contender states through exceptionally cruel administration. On the background of the rise of Qin existed the two most eminent administrators, Lord Shang and Han Fei zi, whose philosophies are demonstrated as Legalism. The Legalists emphasized an establishment of effective institutional structures based on impersonal and objective norms and standards: “laws, administrative regulations, clearly defined rules of promotion and demotion, and the like” (Watkins). Through the strict legislation, the Legalists “sought to attain a ‘rich [and empowered] state with powerful army’” (Pines). Adopting their philosophies and practicing them through reformation, the Qin administration could conquer its competitors; we can recognize the influence of Legalism on the state administration by analyzing the laws of Qin before the empire and comparing them to the philosophies of the two prominent Legalists. During the regime of Duke Xiao, the state of Qin went through a series of reforms successfully conducted by Lord Shang, and the characteristics of the reformation are well reflected on the laws of the state. First and foremost, Lord Shang emphasized on a powerful government with a centralized power and strict authorities. As he believed that powerful subordinates hinder...
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...History and Beliefs Joseph R Batson Regis University Taoism is one of the “Three Doctrines”, along with Buddhism and Confucianism that has helped to shape Chinese culture and history (Molloy, 2013.) Taoism is based on the earliest beliefs of the Chinese people, and includes several elements of the ancient indigenous religion. These include a belief in spirits, both good and bad; the concept of T’ien, translated as Heaven, and described as an impersonal divine force and a cosmic moral principle; the discernment of patterns in nature, some easy to see like the progression of seasons, others not so much like the ripple of waves; and Yin and Yang, two opposing yet complimentary principles such as light and dark or hot and cold (Molloy, 2013.) The actual origins of Taoism are shrouded in mystery. The founder was Lao Tzu, meaning “old sage” (Chebucto.ns.ca, 2014) a legendary figure who may or may not have existed, and possible may be the blending of several historical figures (Molloy, 2013.) Lao Tzu, according to traditional stories, was born in the early sixth century BCE (circa 600 BCE) and worked as an archivist at the imperial court. Eventually Lao Tzu tired of his position and travelled to Western China, where he was stopped by a guard and asked to write his teachings down. This writing, which consisted of five thousand Chinese characters, became the Tao Te Ching (The Way and Its Power, considered to be one of the central scriptures of Taoism (Chebucto.ns.ca, 2014.) In many of the...
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...THE CHINESE MANAGEMENT Confucius on Management History has shown that China is a significant creator and repository of great philosophies, yet we know little of Chinese philosophies on leadership. With China becoming a global economic and political force, we need to learn from and to understand Chinese leadership philosophies. We must also consider that China is now in the process of blending its tradition, customs and practices with Western concepts and ideas. In the business world, it is the blending of its wisdom and Western practices. Successful leadership behavior of today's more culturally diverse workforce is one of the most important challenges organizations face. CHINA The People's Republic of China today seems to be entering the modern world, coming out of the shadow of the warlords, the 20-year struggle between communism and nationalism, and the Cultural Revolution. Moves are afoot to shift the Chinese economy more toward the market-oriented end of the spectrum. China’s 1978 open door policy initiated rapid economic development, and consequently exposed china to a flood to Western management practices. CHINA 2 China is a country of old and new and one that is in transition. With the rise of China in the global economy, it has never been more important for business leaders to understand Chinese leadership philosophies and practices. Ancient Chinese thinking and Western ideas have shaped the development of leadership styles in China. Leadership theories (paternalistic...
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...ASIAN RELIGIONS NARRATIVE ROUGH DRAFT: TAOISM I am Taoism, also known as Daoism. I am considered both an indigenous Chinese religion and philosophy due to the diversity of Taoist belief. My philosophical side accepts death as a natural returning to the Tao while my religious side is magical and emphasizes health and healing as ways to gain immortality. The root word in my name is Tao, which means “way”, is the central harmony. Tao is part of all things yet greater than all things. It refers to the road extending in one direction. For example, a road with many forks and or directions is not considered Tao. Tao is not a substance nor can it be perceived. It is often described as formless, nameless and defying convention. You could say it is...
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...Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early Chinese Philosophy is a book by Bryan W. Van Norden that presents an encompassing view of Confucianism in light of virtue ethics and of Mohism in light of consequentialism. Throughout the book, Van Norden makes excellent and understandable bridges to compare the philosophies of the East and the West. He takes the perspectives presented by Aristotle’s virtue ethics and other western philosophers and contrasts them with the conceptions that Confucianism offers towards leading a virtuous life and the process of the ethical cultivation of one's self, as well as drawing analogues between Mohism and consequentialism through obviously thorough archaeological and philosophical research into Chinese history....
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...Introduction and General Remarks for Ancient China Ancient civilizations of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians have long disappeared, but Ancient Chinese civilization and its transformation to modern times has lasted as the largest and most enduring one in human history. This is even more remarkable when observing the numerous leitmotifs of the Chinese society that were inaugurated so long ago, and many of these themes still resonate today. Ancestral worship, the Mandate of Heaven, and the numerous philosophical ideas, especially of Confucius, have been practiced or used for thousands of years. Remote and mysterious are two adjectives that Western Society has applied to China until recently. China is the only civilization where western thought had no influence until modern times, and also practically the only large region in the world where western men never ruled. For westerners, Chinese customs seem reversed to theirs. White is the color of mourning for the Chinese not black, and for them the left side is one of honor not the right side. Writing is read vertically from the top right-hand corner downward. These few differences reveal that Chinese culture evolved independently of western influences. One can only marvel at the longevity of Chinese civilization. Influence of Geography 2 Geography has played an important role in Chinese History as in most ancient, medieval, and modern cultures. While 85% of China is arid or inaccessible steppes, deserts or mountains, this...
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...In the midst of the chaos caused by political instability and the period of the Seven Warring States that marked the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, emanated an assortment of philosophical intellectuals who would present solutions to the numerous political, religious, and philosophical issues that the government was facing. Respected philosophers such as Confucius, Laozi, and Han Feizi each proposed their own ideas for an idealistic political system and lifestyle (Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, respectfully), and the influence that these three main philosophies left on society still occur today in the modern world. Consequentially, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were vastly diverse in terms of regulating government affairs and the perception...
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...Negotiation: the Chinese style Tony Fang School of Business, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Purpose – To examine the nature of Chinese business negotiating style in Sino-Western business negotiations in business-to-business markets involving large industrial projects from a social cultural point of view. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual approach developed from personal interviews. Findings – This study reveals that the Chinese negotiator does not possess an absolute negotiating style but rather embraces a mixture of different roles together: “Maoist bureaucrat in learning”, “Confucian gentleman”, and “Sun Tzu-like strategist”. The Chinese negotiating strategy is essentially a combination of cooperation and competition (termed as the “coop-comp” negotiation strategy in this study). Trust is the ultimate indicator of Chinese negotiating propensities and role choices. Research limitations/implications – The focus of this study is on Chinese negotiating style shown in large B2B negotiations with Chinese SOEs. Originality/value – Differing from most other studies on Chinese negotiating style which tend to depict the Chinese negotiator as either sincere or deceptive, this study points out that there exists an intrinsic paradox in Chinese negotiating style which reflects the Yin Yang thinking. The Chinese negotiator has a cultural capacity to negotiate both sincerely and deceptively and he/she changes coping strategies according to situation and context...
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...Confucianism Shinto http://www.diffen.com/difference/Confucianism_vs_Shinto Geographical predominance: Asia Japan, Hawaii. Place of worship: Temple. Shrines. Founder: Confucius Unknown Place of origin: China Japan. Belief of God: One God. Ancestors also worshipped, though. Numerous deities. Status of Adam: N/A. N/A. Clergy: Sages, bureaucrats, etc. Priests, etc. Definition: Follower of Confucius. Way of the gods. Concept of Deity: Most believe in One God(Ti'en; or Heaven), but, in the way that a Deist would, rather than as a Christian or a Sikh would. Ancestors are also worshipped. Numerous deities. The sun is one of the most important ones(they believe that the sun is a goddess). Practices: Visit to temples to pay homage to Ti'en(God or Heaven), Confucius, and/or ancestors. Neo-Confucianists practice 'Jing zuo,' or 'Quiet Sitting,' as a kind of meditation. Visit to shrines to pay homage to Shinto deities; Shamanism, etc. Use of statues and pictures: Permitted. Permitted. Branches: Neo Confucianism, Han Confucianism, Contemporary Confucianism, Japanese Confucianism, Vietnamese Confucianism, Singapore Confucianism. State Shinto, Religious Shinto, and Folk Shinto. Literal Meaning: Follower of Confucius. The Way of the gods. Goal of religion: To have a structured society. To serve the Shinto deities, or Kami, as they are known. View of other Abrahamic religions: Confucianism sees no contradiction in following more than one path. N/A. View of the...
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