...TYPES AND SOURCES OF CORPORATE DEBT AND BOND COVENANTS Corporate debts may be short term or long term in nature. Short - term debts are incurred by the company in relation to its supplies of raw materials categorized as accounts payables and are normally paid within the accounting cycle or within one year. In the balance sheet, they fall under the current liabilities. These are supposed to be financed through the company’s current assets. Long term debts are those acquired by the company from banks and through issuance of bonds. For loans from banks, the requirements of the lenders are normally: evidences of the company’s sound financial standing as reflected in its financial statements, effective management, nature of products (quality), and good track record of credit relationship with other fund providers. At times, they must be backed by collaterals. Another option by which a company acquires addition funds is to issue bonds. This is a long term obligation of the company (issuer) to the bondholder to pay fixed interest rates periodically until the maturity date when the company must have to return the par value to the bondholder and terminates or redeem the bond. Hence, the financial obligation of the issuer or the company who opted to issue bonds for additional funds are: periodic fixed interest payments until the maturity date and the payment of the par value of the bond on the maturity date. The income of the bondholder is the periodic interest received (for coupon...
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...decision. The successful selection and use of capital is one of the key elements of the firms’ financial strategy. Hence, proper care and attention need to be given while determining capital structure decision. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between capital structure and profitability of ten listed Srilankan banks over the past 8 year period from 2002 to 2009.The data has been analyzed by using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to find out the association between the variables. Results of the analysis show that there is a negative association between capital structure and profitability except the association between debt to equity and return on equity. Further the results suggest that 89% of total assets in the banking sector of Sri Lanka are represented by debt, confirming the fact that banks are highly geared institutions. The outcomes of the study may guide banks,...
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...whose major shore holder is the family of the founder of Agile. The second largest shareholder JP Morgan Chase & Co holds 4.38%. Dimensional Fund Advisors Ltd and Blackrock hold 1.18% and 1.16% shares, respectively. The estimated public float is between 30% and 35%. Capital Structure The total assets account for RMB 124,367 million. The company owns short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings RMB 16,363 million and RMB 26,203 million. The shareholders’ equity is RMB 33,851 million. The company’s total debt accounts for 34.2% of total assets. Its net debt/total equity is 72.4% and debt/common stock is 125.8%. Benchmark against the comparables There are lots of property companies in China or listed companies in Hong Kong. However, the most comparable companies should be property companies operating in mainland China but list in Hong Kong. Thus, the eligible comparable companies are Country Garden, Evergrande, Longfor, China Aoyuan and Guangzhou R&F. Respect to the financial ratio, Agile has a better current ratio against the industry. Its total debt to assets is slightly higher than the industry average but its total debt to equity is still lower than the average level. Agile’s financing strategy is walking in the middle way in the industry. Company name | Current ratio | Total debt to assets | Total debt to equity...
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...of 150 respondents and 90 firms were selected for both primary data and secondary data respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the primary data, while Chi-Square was used to draw inference of perceived relationship between capital structure and firm value. The results of the study suggested that a positively significant relationship exists between a firm’s choice of capital structure and its market value in Nigeria. The study suggested that listed firms in Nigeria should strategically plan and manage their capital structure in order to maximize their market values. Keywords: Capital structure, market value, Nigeria, debt, equity. 1. Introduction 1.1 Background to the Study After the Modigliani-Miller (1958 and 1963) paradigms on firms’ capital structure and their market values, there have been considerable debates, both in theoretical and empirical researches on the nature of relationship that exists between a firm’s choice of capital structure and its market value. Debates have centred on whether there is an optimal capital structure for an individual firm or whether the proportion of debt usage is relevant to the individual firm's value (Baxter, 1967). Although, there have...
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...Roger Clarke Grant McQueen Revised 2001 Some Indicators of a Firm's Risk and Debt Capacity Introduction One notion of the riskiness of a firm is the extent to which the firm’s earnings can fluctuate from period to period in response to changes in total firm revenues. The variability of earnings relative to revenues is determined by two categories of risk. The first source of risk is business risk and is related to the basic industry and operating decisions of the firm. Business risk depends on a number of factors including the variability of demand for the firm’s products, the stability of sales prices and basic product input prices, and the extent to which the firm’s costs are fixed. Each of these factors is determined to some extent by the character of the firm's industry, but each of them is also controllable to some degree through the firm's strategic operating decisions. The second source of risk is financial risk. This risk is related to the firm’s financial policies, specifically the use of debt in financing operations. The use of debt obligates a firm to make interest and principal payments, regardless of profit levels. These fixed financial expenses compound fluctuations in operating income (EBIT) and introduce additional risk to stockholders. Separating business and financial risk convenient illustrates the division between firm operating and financial policies. Both are important and poor management in one area can easily undo good management...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Pecking Order, Trade-off, Signaling, and Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo University of Bridgeport 2010 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46691/ MPRA Paper No. 46691, posted 6. May 2013 19:07 UTC The Pecking Order, Trade-off, Signaling, and Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo Associate professor, University of Bridgeport, School of Business, Bridgeport, CT 06604, phone (203) 576-4366, email: amiglo@bridgeport.edu. This version: 2013 Initial version: 2010 Abstract. This paper surveys 4 major capital structure theories: trade-off, pecking order, signaling and market timing. For each theory, a basic model and its major implications are presented. These implications are compared to the available evidence. This is followed by an overview of pros and cons for each theory. A discussion of major recent papers and suggestions for future research are provided. Introduction The modern theory of capital structure began with and the famous proposition of Modigliani Miller (1958) that described the conditions of capital structure irrelevance. Since then, been changing these conditions to explain factors driving capital many economists have structure decisions. Harris and Raviv (1991) synthesized major theoretical literature in the field, related these to the known empirical evidence, and suggested promising avenues for future research. They argued...
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...mutual fund & fund Manager? Ans.: A mutual fund is a professionally managed type of collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments and other securities. Fund manager Textbook Definition- Person who manages the money on behalf of the investors by buying/selling stock, bonds etc. Internet Definition-The person(s) responsible for implementing a fund's investing strategy and managing its portfolio trading activities. A fund can be managed by one person, by two people as co-managers and by a team of three or more people. Fund managers are paid a fee for their work, which is a percentage of the fund's average assets under management. 2. How can a common man benefit from the Mutual Fund investment? Ans: Mutual fund investment gives common man opportunity to invest in different class of assets. It also includes investing in money market funds, bond or fixed income funds, stock or equity funds and hybrid funds. It gives diversified portfolio where different asset classes have different level of risk where risk can be covered. As it is managed by professional common man just have to invest. It gives high returns as compare to investing in only one asset class. Thus, instead of investing in particular money market or bond market investment mutual fund is better option to enjoy investment in different assets class and higher returns. 3. Which are the different Asset Classes Mutual Funds can...
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...important issues beyond risk and the effect on earnings per share that reflect a company’s unique and often complicated circumstances. INTRODUCTION Modigliani and Miller (1958) advanced the proposition that based upon several simplifying assumptions, capital structure has no effect on the value of a firm. However, recognizing the impact of taxes, bankruptcy, agency costs, and asymmetric information, capital structure theory has evolved to acknowledge that the use of debt does affect the value of a firm. Modern theories of capital structure can be classified into two categories: “static tradeoff models” and the “pecking order hypothesis.” Static tradeoff models imply an optimal debtequity mix which is determined by a tradeoff between the benefits and costs of debt (i.e., balancing the tax advantages of debt against the risk of bankruptcy and agency costs). The pecking order hypothesis implies a hierarchy in raising funds, in which the firm prefers internal to external financing and, if it obtains external funds, debt to equity. This empirically motivated hypothesis, which has been theoretically justified on the basis of asymmetric information by Myers (1984) and Myers and Majluf...
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...invest in is fixed deposit which is defacto choice for normal individual in India and considered as safe haven because there is certainty in returns, these days innovation in financial products gave normal investors flexibility in investing in fixed deposit like monthly fixed deposit where you invest certain sum monthly and counted as fixed deposit without the hassle of putting a lump sum value Lets look at how fixed deposit fairs when compared to different mutual fund scheme and evaluate the returns both of these financial instruments produce Fixed deposits vs. equity mutual fund: Equity markets offer highest return potential among any other asset classes i.e. if u look at Indian stock markets CAGR of 13% for 35 years but let’s take a example public sector of bank such as state bank of India which is safest bank in India fixed deposit offers 8 % patting up fixed deposit against equity mutual fund is unfair comparison but fixed deposit win with respect to risk which is no risk free fixed deposit need not be monitored only time when you think about fixed deposit is when you want to exit but equities need to be monitored and requires processing of information and capability of judgement but fixed deposit can be done by uneduacated also Fixed deposit vs debt mutual fund: Debt markets are fair comparison for fixed deposits...
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...State 2 Asset-in.place a 150 50 Investment Opportunity (NPV) b 20 10 P' I Debt (D) Lot of cash S E True Value (V) P'+E V V old new = = = 115 150 0 115 150 0 = = = = = 100 50 320 165 100 50 210 165 = 223,03 146,36 96,97 63,64 Little cash S E True value (V) P'+E V V old new = = = = 30 120 320 235 30 120 210 235 = 156,60 102,77 = 163,40 107,23 S↗ S↘ Payoff V in state 1 V in state 2 old old Issue & Invest (E=50) 223,03 146,36 Issue & Invest (E=120) 156,60 102,77 Do nothing (E=0) 150 50 With this example we can easily state that more cash bring more value to the old stockholders and most importantly, to the firm. c) Retained earnings – could avoid to issues stocks (assumption: the firm only uses risk-free borrowing to reduce the required investment and the investors are passive). “Firms should go to bond markets for external capital, but raise equity by retention if possible.” (Page 219 of the paper). Firms can build up financial slack by restricting dividends when investment requirements are modest. The cash saved is held as marketable securities or reserve borrowing power. Debt – makes possible to create value through tax benefits and by the non-necessity of revealing proprietary information to competitors, only to a financial institution (bank). The bank could then finance a new project on terms which are fair to old stockholders. New Equity – the best time line to issues stocks is when the firm is overvalued or the...
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...Capital Structure Capital Structure is the proportion of debt, preference and equity capitals in the total financing of the firm’s assets. The main objective of financial management is to maximize the value of the equity shares of the firm. Given this objective, the firm has to choose that financing mix/capital structure that results in maximizing the wealth of the equity shareholders. Such a capital structure is called as the optimum capital structure. At the optimum capital structure, the weighted average cost of capital would be the minimum. The capital structure decision influences the value of the firm through its cost of capital and can affect the share of the earnings that pertain to the equity shareholders. Introduction to Capital Structure Theories There are 4 basic Capital Structure theories. They are: 1. Net Income Approach 2. Net Operating Income Approach 3. Modigliani-Miller (MM) Approach and 4. Traditional Approach Generally, the capital structure theories have the following assumptions: 1. There are no corporate taxes (this assumption has been removed later). 2. The firms use only 2 sources of financing namely perpetual debts ad equity shares 3. The firms pay 100% of the earnings as dividend. This means that the dividend pay-out ratio is 100% and there are no earnings that are retained by the firms. 4. The total assets are given which do not change and the investment decisions are assumed to be constant. ...
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...Words) | 1641 Views | 12345 Report | This is a Premium essay for members like you Executive Summary DuPont has been known for its low reliance on borrowings. In the 1970’s, the company had to assume a substantial portion of debt of Conoco, a newly acquired company. In 1983, the managers have to decide about the future optimal target debt ratio. Should the company continue to keep about 40% of its assets financed via debt or should it strive to lower its borrowings to 25%? We defined several criteria to determine our choice – return, risks and other quantitative and qualitative factors. Targeting a debt ratio of 40% will maximize the firm’s value. A higher earning’s per share and dividends per share will lead to a higher stock price in the future. Due to leveraging, return on equity is higher because debt is the major source of financing capital expenditures. To maintain the 40% debt ratio, no equity issues will be declared until 1985. DuPont will be financing the needed funds by debt. For 1986 onwards, minimum equity funds will be issued. It will be timed to take advantage of favorable market condition. The rest of the financing required will be acquired by issuing debt. Case Context DuPont is a very big company with a low debt policy designed to maximize financial flexibility and insulate operations from financial constraints. It is one of the few AAA rated manufacturing companies due its investments are primarily financed from internal sources. However, because...
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...make large acquisitions without having to commit a lot of capital. | | In an LBO, there is usually a ratio of 90% debt to 10% equity. Because of this high debt/equity ratio, the bonds usually are not investment grade and are referred to as junk bonds. Leveraged buyouts have had a notorious history, especially in the 1980s when several prominent buyouts led to the eventual bankruptcy of the acquired companies. This was mainly due to the fact that the leverage ratio was nearly 100% and the interest payments were so large that the company's operating cash flows were unable to meet the obligation. One of the largest LBOs on record was the acquisition of HCA Inc. in 2006 by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), Bain & Co., and Merrill Lynch. The three companies paid around $33 billion for the acquisition. It can be considered ironic that a company's success (in the form of assets on the balance sheet) can be used against it as collateral by a hostile company that acquires it. For this reason, some regard LBOs as an especially ruthless, predatory tactic. | 2. When you decide the capital structure of a firm, what factors you should consider?? Capital Structure is referred to as the ratio of different kinds of securities raised by a firm as long-term finance. The capital structure involves two decisions- a. Type of securities to be issued are equity shares, preference shares and long term borrowings (Debentures). b. Relative ratio of securities can be determined...
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...She does not want to spend much time in managing her investments and has a medium-low risk level. Her goal on investment is seeking for growth for down payments on a house if she decides to pay 25 percent down payment. However, if she decides to pay less than 25 percent down payment, her investment goal is seeking for income. Different investment goal differentiates investment choices. The purpose of this case study is to recommend possible investment choices for Jane and the criteria used to evaluate those investment choices. Introduction Jane has inherited $30,000 from her grandmother and plans to invest this money for a future down payment on a house. Her plan is to buy a house outside of Toronto area in the next three to four years. She has a lost risk level of four out of ten as she does not want to lose the money she got from her grandmother. Moreover, she would like to obtain tax relief on her investment. At the same time, she only wants to spend about one hour per month in managing her investment. She has an adequate emergency fund on hand; therefore, she does not need to access these funds. Her travel expenses will be paid by her income. Investment Goals The primary investment goal is to obtain a future down payment on a house outside of Toronto in the next three to four years. She has a medium-low risk level of four out of ten. Moreover, she only wants to spend one hour per month in managing her investment. For the purpose of this assignment, I assume she...
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...This is because wealth maximization is also known as net worth maximization. Finance managers are the agents of shareholders and their job is to look after the interest of the shareholders. The objective of any shareholder or investor would be a good return on their capital and safety of their capital. Both these objectives are well served by wealth maximization as a decision criterion to business. What is a 'Factor' A factor is a financial intermediary that purchases receivables from a company. A factor is essentially a funding source that agrees to pay the company the value of the invoice less a discount for commission and fees. The factor advances most of the invoiced amount to the company immediately and the balance upon receipt of funds from the invoiced party. How it works • The business client enters into an agreement with the factoring company whereby the company will manage their sales ledger and credit...
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