...The Circulatory System Rajat Goyal and Michelle Fater Table of Contents Table of Contents Human Organ Systems The Circulatory System Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System Functions of the System Heart Pulse Chambers of the Heart Arteries Veins Blood Oxygenation of Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Antigens Plasma Cells and Platelets Circulatory Systems of Other Organisms Mammals and Birds Amphibians and Reptiles Fish First Aid Glossary About the Authors Illustration Credits 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 1 Human Organ Systems Humans have several organ systems: the immune system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the lymphatic System, the digestive system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the endocrine system, the excretory system, the reproductive system, the integumentary system, and the nervous system. Each of these systems are responsible for carrying out unique functions that are essential for human life. Humans cannot live if one of these systems malfunctions. This book focuses on the circulatory system and its components. 2 The Circulatory System The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and muscles that help to control the flow of blood throughout the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of this system are the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins through which the blood flows. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle...
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...Cardiology Practice and Training Guide LouAnn Hollihan July 4, 2010 American InterContinental University Introduction Cardiologists diagnose and treat diseases and conditions of the heart and cardiovascular system, including the arteries. Cardiologists are not surgeons; doctors that actually perform the surgery are known as cardio-thoracic surgeons and will complete a surgical residency program, where a cardiologist does an internal medicine residency. There are a number of different specialty cardiologists that perform different procedures depending on the amount of training and specialty they have completed (Santiago, 2010). Some of the different cardiologist specialist includes the interventional cardiologist (UAB Health, 2008) that specializes in catheter-based treatment of the structural heart diseases and pediatric cardiologists (UAB Health, 2008). A cardiologist will review medical history and do a physical examination that may include checking your blood pressure, weight, heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Cardiologists usually serve as a consultant to other doctors (American College of Cardiology Foundation, 2010). Some conditions treated by a cardiologist are (American College of Cardiology, 2010): * Echocardiogram: sound wave picture to look at the condition of the heart. * Ambulatory ECG: is a recording during exercise to look for abnormal heart rhythms. * Exercise test: is a study measuring the heart’s performance and limits. * Cardiac Catheterization:...
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...11-25;44-71 23 Discussion of How to Study; Structure of the Cell ---------------------------- ” 25 “ ” 30 Physiology of the Cell ------------------------------------------------------------- 25-43;72-108 Sept. 1 “ ” 6 LABOR DAY HOLIDAY 8 “ ” 13 Cellular Genetics ------------------------------------------------------------------- 109-205 15 “ ” 15 In Class Review Session for First Examination 20 EXAMINATION (CELL STRUCTURE THROUGH CELL PHYSIOLOGY) 20 Cellular Genetics ------------------------------------------------------------------- 109-205 22 “ ” 27 “ ” 29 The Immune System and Hypersensitivity ------------------------------------- 356-380 Oct. 4 “ ” 6 The Respiratory System -----------------------------------------------------------...
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...the ventricles to fill with or eject blood” (King, Kingery, & Casey, 2012, p. 1). Heart failure can be seen as a widespread disease, affecting around five million Americans. (Titler et al. n.d.) It is a chronic condition that is disabling and costly and common to our aging population. With the advancement in therapy and early diagnosis, survival increases from previously fatal acute cardiac events to patients feeling better and living longer. Millions of Americans living with heart failure are 65 years of age or older. (Roger et al, 2004) A1. Pathophysiology The Circulatory system focuses on the heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood through a complex network of blood vessels throughout the body. Blood that is pumped from the heart carries oxygen and nutrients that fuel body, tissues, and organs activities. The heart also plays a major role in removing waste products from the body. (Circulatory System, n.d. para. 1) Blood is composed of a straw- colored fluid, plasma and large amount of blood cells. Two types of blood cells are the red blood cells which carry oxygen to the body’s tissues and white blood cells which helps defend the body against infection....
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...2014 Instructor Y. Rogers Introduction Septic shock is the most common type of circulatory shock. Sepsis or septic shock is systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) secondary to a documented infection. This response is a state of acute circulatory failure characterized by persistent arterial hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation or by tissue hypoperfusion (manifested by a lactate concentration >4 mg/dL) unexplained by other causes. Sepsis can occur in stages that may progress from uncomplicated sepsis, to severe sepsis, to shock. Despite efforts to decrease shock with the use of antibiotics, the incidences continue. Septic shock is the leading cause of death in noncoronary ICU patients. More than 18 million cases of severe sepsis occur each year, this results in 1,400 deaths worldwide every day (Hinkle, 2014). Background In the past, the terms sepsis and septicemia have referred to several ill-defined clinical conditions present in a patient with bacteremia. These 2 terms have often been used interchangeably; however, only about half of patients with signs and symptoms of sepsis have positive results on blood culture. Serious bacterial infections at any site in the body, with or without bacteremia, are usually associated with important changes in the function of every organ system in the body. These changes are mediated mostly by elements of the host immune system against infection. Shock is deemed present when volume replacement fails to increase blood...
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...Marieb, E. (2008). Fundamentals of human anatomy and physiology, 8th ed. The Circulatory System is the main transportation and cooling system for the body. The Red Blood Cells act like billions of little UPS trucks carrying all sorts of packages that are needed by all the cells in the body. Instead of UPS, I'll call them RBC's. RBC's carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Every cell in the body requires oxygen to remain alive. Besides RBC's, there are also White Blood Cells moving in the circulatory system traffic. White Blood Cells are the paramedics, police and street cleaners of the circulatory system. Anytime we have a cold, a cut, or an infection the WBC's go to work. The highway system of the Circulatory System consist a lot of one way streets. The superhighways of the circulatory system are the veins and arteries. Veins are used to carry blood to the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Most of the time, blood in the veins is blood where most of the oxygen and nutrients have already been delivered to the cells. This blood is called deoxygenated and is very dark red. Most of the time blood in the arteries is loaded with oxygen and nutrients and the color is very bright red. There is one artery that carries deoxygenated blood and there are some veins that carry oxygenated blood. To get to the bottom of this little mystery we need to talk about the Heart and Lungs. The heart is a two sided, four-chambered pump. It is made up mostly of muscle. Heart...
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...Animal Diversity Part I Introduction One of the primary goals of the second half of Biol 106 is to understand evolutionary relationships among animals and to gain an appreciation for the diversity of animal form and function. The huge diversity of animals requires us to divide our survey of different animals into a number of labs. Because of time limitations, we will consider only the major groups of animals, but your textbook can provide information about other groups represented by few or little known species. The study of animal phylogeny is an important and ongoing scientific investigation. Because there are differing hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships between animals, we will use a simplified phylogeny (Figure 1) to help us organize and understand the enormous diversity among animals. It is helpful to group animals according to certain unifying characteristics. The largest grouping of animals is the phylum (plural phyla). As you have learned in lecture, there are a few simple questions one can ask about animals to put them into different phyla. The first question is, “What type of symmetry does the animal exhibit?” Animals can be asymmetrical, that is, possessing no organized body plan. Only the Sponges fall into this category. Animals can also be radially symmetrical, where the body is arranged around a central point at all stages of life. Many in the phylum Cnidaria (pronounced “knee dare ya”) are radially symmetrical. All other animals are bilaterally...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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...Study guide questions: Chapter 42: Important terms: Cardiac cycle, systole, diastole, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, heart murmur (page 903); the sinoatrial (SA) node (pace maker) (page 904); vasoconstriction, vasodilation (page 907); hemoglobin (page 911, also 924), heart attack, stroke, hypertension, etherosclerosis (pages 913-915). 1. Distinguish between a) open and closed circulatory systems; b) single and double circulation; c) pulmonary and systemic circuits (Pages 889-901). 2. Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals. De-oxygenated blood from the body enters the heart, which is then pumped to the lung to be oxygenated. The newly oxygenated blood enters the heart and then pumped to the whole body. Use the structures given below to describe the direction of blood flow. Start with the first structure that takes the de-oxygenated blood to the heart and end with the last structure that takes the oxygenated blood to the body (Pages 902, Fig 42.6). Left semilunar valve, right semilunar valve, left AV valve, right AV valve, left ventricle, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, lungs, the superior/inferior vena cava. What specifically does each of the four valves of the heart do? 3. What percentage of the brains blood supply arrives from the hearts right half? 4. Label the figure given below (page 903, Fig 42.7). [pic] 5. In vertebrates...
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...digestive system and then transported to each cell, which was on the other hand discussed in Grade 7 to be the basic unit of life. The learners have also discovered that cells divide to produce new cells by mitosis and meiosis. They have understood that meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction that leads to variation. Students have been introduced to genetics to be able to appreciate evolutionary differences among species. Learners have also found out that biodiversity is the collective variety of species living in an ecosystem, and by studying the ecosystem; they have come across the various cycling of materials and energy transformation. DRAFT April 29, 2014 All modules in Grade 9 Unit 1-Living Things and Their Environment present student-centered activities that will allow the learners to discover and develop concepts that they may consider useful to their everyday life. At the end of each lesson, key concepts are provided for the students to grasp ideas and information that they will remember even after they have left school. Instructional activities are designed to build up the students’ knowledge, understanding, skills, and ability to transfer learning. The modules generally use authentic assessment for the students to perform real-world tasks demonstrating meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. There are four modules in this quarter, namely: Module 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working Together with the other Organ Systems Module 2:...
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...Mink Dissection – Laboratory Guidelines 1. BE PRESENT AND ON TIME!! a. The only good reason for missing lab is DEATH (your own). b. You may be given notes or special instructions during the first few minutes of lab. Make special note of any changes in materials to be used or procedures to be followed. 2. BRING MATERIALS/SUPPLIES. a. Bring your laboratory manual and notebook to class everyday. b. Be sure to put your name on everything (including boxes of gloves, if you brought them). 3. COME PREPARED TO WORK. a. Prepare yourself BEFORE lab by reading the assigned exercise. It is important to have some understanding of what you are to do since the class periods are not very long, and some classes are large. b. Be prepared for a poptest on the material covered the day before or material to be covered each day. 4. CHECK IN. a. Use only equipment that is assigned to you. b. Each day you will assemble the following dissection material: dissection tray and specimen, blunt probe, sharp probe, forceps (tweezers), scissors, and a scalpel. c. BEFORE YOU BEGIN EACH DAY, check to see that all dissection equipment is clean and in place. Report any dirty or misplaced equipment to the instructor immediately. Dirty or misplace equipment will result in a daily grade of zero for the prior users. 5. BE SAFE. a. NEVER eat, drink, or chew gum while dissecting in the laboratory...
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...obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before 28 weeks. Half of women with severe pre-eclampsia give birth pre-term. Pre-eclampsia is responsible for up to 12% of infants born small-for-gestational-age...
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...1: The Human Body: An Orientation I. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 1–3) A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. ...
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...This isn’t necessarily true; animal testing has made several life saving discoveries- and no good alternative exists for producing reliable reactions of products on a living body system-”“Animal Testing - ProCon.org.” Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing?” Animals have been used for testing everything from disease cures to cosmetics- just to see if the product is safe to use. You may ask, isn’t this cruel? Well, yes, in ways it is, but would it be more ethical to test on humans instead? Another point to why animals are not so unreliable when it comes to proving sources is because of how shockingly similar our anatomies actually are; Chimps share 99% of their DNA with humans and mice are 98% genetically similar. While humans are arguably very similar to other animals, it’s also extremely hard to replicate the exact anatomy, since genetics aren’t everything. Since all mammals descended from the same common ancestor we share several similar organ sets (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that function in essentially the same way. Animal testing doesn’t have to be cruel to be effective as several laws try to enforce this. The IACUC states, “ In the U.S., under the provisions of the Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide), published by the National Academy of Sciences, any procedure can be performed on an animal if it can be successfully...
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...Obesity in Children Veronica Zepeda BSHS 361 February 6, 2012 Joycelyn Benett Obesity in Children Childhood obesity is a growing crisis in the United States. A mixture of cultural factors influence children eating and exercise habits. The media, television, video games, and movies take place of exercising or playing outside. Other factors that led to childhood obesity are cultures, working parents, eating fast foods versus healthy low fat foods. The Cause Countless factors contribute to childhood obesity; some of these factors are poor eating habits, overeating, lack of exercise, family eating patterns, activity level, types of foods, and overfeeding. Most children grow up to follow their parents eating examples in the form of lifestyle, therefore; modeling by parents about their eating habits is another cause to childhood obesity. Children tend to model their parents exercise habits. Stressors and emotional reactions promote overeating habits for children, for instance; divorce, marital problems, fighting among parents. Other causes include physical activity classes are being removed from schools are feeding children with unhealthy foods in the school districts. When children sit and watch television they sit for hours at a time, while watching television they consume unhealthy snacks, commercials shown promote eating junk food that encourage children to eat sweets, salty, saturated fats, carbohydrates, and mal-nourished foods. Medical Health Effects ...
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