...President John F. Kennedy called for the bill on June 11th, 1963. The bill was formally introduced to Congress when Emanuel Celler brought the bill to the House floor. It passed the House on a vote of 290-130 on February 10th 1964 and passed the Senate to a vote of 73-27 on June 19th, 1964. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the bill into a law on July 2nd. The bill barred unequal application of voter registration, but did not abolish literacy tests. It outlawed discrimination in all public accommodations and privately owned businesses such as small hotels and restaurants. It permitted the desegregation of public facilities and public education. One of the key acts was it gave equal employment opportunities to minorities. The intended goal...
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...Washington Post analysis of 990 fatal police shootings in 2015 the research "suggests that police exhibit shooter bias by falsely perceiving blacks to be a greater threat than non-blacks to their safety." and "seven times as likely as unarmed white men to die from police gunfire" (Lowery 2016). Not only law enforcement but also fellow American's is displaying racial profiling against minorities. Instead of looking at each person as an individual, some Americans categorize people, according to a group, such as black American's...
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...and you’re being pulled over. The officer treats you as a suspect right off the bat, smothering you with questions concerning what you’re doing, where you’re going; yet never really telling you why you’ve been pulled over. Without any warranted reason the officer wants to search your car. After much hassle you are finally free to go, yet still have no explanation as to why you were pulled over to begin with. Now imagine you are black and the officer is white. You have probably just experienced racial profiling. Racial profiling is a problem which is gaining widespread notoriety in the United States. It may be the most important homeland issue we face today. Racial profiling is a clear violation of the civil rights of United States citizens. Not only does racial profiling affect civilians, but it actually makes law enforcement ineffective. Most efforts to investigate and eradicate racial profiling have failed due to unclear findings and a lack of accountability on the part of law enforcement. New measures must be taken in conjunction with current measures to curb racial profiling. A stringent federal program to monitor and survey our nation’s police officers is needed. The public also needs to become more involved in efforts to stop racial profiling. Until these measures are taken, racial profiling will continue to eat away at the heart of our nation. Racial profiling is one of the most important civil rights issues facing our country today. Not only does racial profiling...
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...Rights, Acts, and Discrimination Kristina Hager DeVry University Employment Law/HRM-320-64248 July 27, 2013 Justin Lawrence Rights, Acts, and Discrimination Rights and laws are put into effect every day to help support the rights against discrimination and the integrity of an organization. Sometimes our rights are taken advantage of and we are not able to fight for equal rights. Organizations, such as the BFOQ or the Federal Privacy Act, help assist in our rights and safety for human beings. The BFOQ or the Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications are a set of qualifications to help consider the right decision about hiring an individual or individuals for a specific job title. These qualifications should be related to the job descriptions which are a necessity for the best job performance. For instance, although protected from discrimination of age an employer may not hire a man older than 65 for a position as a police officer due to relevant factors from the performance of a much younger male. The Glass Ceiling Commission is based on how prepared minorities are for management positions or salary increases based on availability and not due to race or sex. The purpose for Glass Ceiling Commissions is to adhere to the Civil Rights Act of 1991 which opens the doors for women and employees of color to break through the glass ceiling of a company and obtain promotions that are rightfully theirs if they have acquired...
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...Agency Problems and Dividend Policies Around the World Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny* January 1999 Abstract This paper outlines and tests two agency models of dividends. According to the “outcome” model, dividends are the result of effective pressure by minority shareholders to force corporate insiders to disgorge cash. According to the “substitute” model, insiders interested in issuing equity in the future choose to pay dividends to establish a reputation for decent treatment of minority shareholders. The first model predicts that stronger minority shareholder rights should be associated with higher dividend payouts; the second model predicts the opposite. Tests on a cross-section of 4,000 companies from 33 countries with different levels of minority shareholder rights support the outcome agency model of dividends. The authors are from Harvard University, Harvard University, Harvard University and University of Chicago, respectively. They are grateful to Alexander Aganin for excellent research assistance, and to Lucian Bebchuk, Mihir Desai, Edward Glaeser, Denis Gromb, Oliver Hart, James Hines, Kose John, James Poterba, Roberta Romano, Raghu Rajan, Lemma Senbet, René Stulz, Daniel Wolfenzohn, Luigi Zingales, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. 2 The so-called dividend puzzle (Black 1976) has preoccupied the attention of financial economists at least since Modigliani and Miller’s (1958, 1961) seminal work...
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...Agency Problems and Dividend Policies Around the World Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny* January 1999 Abstract This paper outlines and tests two agency models of dividends. According to the “outcome” model, dividends are the result of effective pressure by minority shareholders to force corporate insiders to disgorge cash. According to the “substitute” model, insiders interested in issuing equity in the future choose to pay dividends to establish a reputation for decent treatment of minority shareholders. The first model predicts that stronger minority shareholder rights should be associated with higher dividend payouts; the second model predicts the opposite. Tests on a cross-section of 4,000 companies from 33 countries with different levels of minority shareholder rights support the outcome agency model of dividends. The authors are from Harvard University, Harvard University, Harvard University and University of Chicago, respectively. They are grateful to Alexander Aganin for excellent research assistance, and to Lucian Bebchuk, Mihir Desai, Edward Glaeser, Denis Gromb, Oliver Hart, James Hines, Kose John, James Poterba, Roberta Romano, Raghu Rajan, Lemma Senbet, René Stulz, Daniel Wolfenzohn, Luigi Zingales, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. 2 The so-called dividend puzzle (Black 1976) has preoccupied the attention of financial economists at least since Modigliani and Miller’s (1958, 1961) seminal work...
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...Case Study Analysis XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX HRM/552 Organizational Training and Development MBAX1CGU82 Sherri Johnson Workshop 2 May 26, 2014 Case Study Analysis The purpose of this paper is to review and select the case studies in Ch. 2 of Human Resource Management. The author will explain and summarize University of California Regents vs. Bakke case summary, the court’s ruling, how the court’s ruling may possibly impact the organization and for businesses in general, legal precedence the ruling sets for most businesses, and the role the federal enforcement agency plays in ensuring the organization’s compliance to regulation standards. Case Summary The University of California at Davis developed and implemented a special admissions program to increase enrollment of “disadvantaged” applicants, which meant minority students. The number of minority students increased. The special admissions goal was to fill 16 of the 100 positions with “disadvantaged” applicants whom would be selected by a special admissions committee. Allan Bakke, a Caucasian male, was denied admission to the school twice. Bakke brought a suit against the university on the grounds of Civil Rights Act violation and reverse discrimination, alleging preferential treatment of one group (minority or female) over another group opposed to equal opportunity (Byars & Rue, 2008). Court’s ruling The Supreme Court ruled in a five-to-four decision in favor of Allan Bakke and deemed the schools admissions...
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...Uniform Civil Code for India: Prospects and Constraint The need for a Uniform Civil code in India has been discussed and argued several times and it still remains one of the most controversial issues remarked in our Constitution. The uniform civil code would mean the codification of laws pertaining to all citizens, be they Hindus, Muslims or Christians. But now in India personal laws are the main cause of communal conflict among people. It is also intimately connected to the issue of gender justice. The present paper describes personal laws in India, the issues of uniform civil code and gender justice from a human rights point of view. KEYWORDS: India, Personal Laws, Uniform Civil Code, Gender Justice Introduction India is a secular state, world’s largest democracy and second most populous country (1,205,073,612 in 2012) emerged as a major power in the 1990s'. It is militarily strong, has major cultural influence and a fast-growing and powerful economy. With its many languages, cultures and religions, India is highly diverse. This is also reflected in its federal political system, whereby power is shared between the central government and 28 states. Religions not only have been serving as the foundation of the culture of India, but have had enormous effect on Indian politics and society. In India, religion is a way of life. It is an integral part of the entire Indian tradition. A vast majority of Indians, (over 93%) associate themselves with a religion. According to the...
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...our families for their support and encouragement while writing the thesis. And finally, We wish to thank all our friends who believed in us and were supporting through the period of our work. Abstract The aim of this research is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the historical data of the ethnic minority integration problems in Georgia and then to come to a reliable decision how to improve existing situation. Secondly, to contribute to national integration strategy and action plan. The data sets used in this study have been derived from USAID and UNAG reports, also the data were collected and analyzed by the freshmen of MA in finance. The main body of this paper contains a comparative analysis of national integration and tolerance in the places such as Rustavi and Bolnisi. The concluding section summarizes main findings, points out the problem of national integration and tolerance in Kvemo Kartli region and suggests the need of comprehensive solutions that combine Governmental regulations, social activities, people`s behavior, and political approaches to this complex problem. As a result many tendencies such as people`s intolerant attitude, separated life, the passivity of ethnic minorities in public life, participation in community, etc. were outlined. Also identifies future research avenues. This paper is a final report. The research has been conducted by three freshmen and was divided into two parts: qualitative and quantitative, included two cities: Rustavi and Bolnisi. The...
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...Ricci v. DeStefano Jennifer Drab Baker College Abstract Ricci v. DeStefano is case based on reverse discrimination. The New Haven firefighters that brought this suit against the city did so on the belief that the city in its efforts to avoid litigation violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Reverse discrimination is a term that is used widely; however, it is very difficult to move forward with this claim in a court of law. The New Haven firefighters that brought the suit had their case heard before the Supreme Court of the United States. This was not a case that the justices took lightly; they asked many difficult questions, which looked at many different aspects of Title VII. The answer from the high court is that rejecting the test scores in fear of Title VII litigation is not grounds enough to disqualify candidates that qualified for promotion. In the end, the high court upheld the firefighters claim that the city’s rejection of the exam scores violated the rights of those that qualified based on the exam. Introduction Ricci v. DeStefano, is case of reverse discrimination within the fire department of New Haven, Connecticut. This case is an illustration that affirmative action does not always result in fairness. New Haven city officials created a very comprehensive written examination for testing those fire fighters that were looking to be promoted to captain and lieutenant (Epstein, 2009). Unfortunately, the examination showed that there was disparity...
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...review of the legislative framework governing the protection of persons belonging to national minorities in Georgia. It also analyses public perceptions that affect the life of these persons in Georgia as a whole and more specifically in areas where persons belonging to national minorities live in large numbers. The report was prepared in the framework of the National Integration and Tolerance in Georgia Program (NITG) by the research group of the implementing agency – the United Nations Association of Georgia (UNAG), Institute of Social Researchers (ISR) and BCG Research sociological agencies and was supported through consultation and training by the Freedom House. Purpose and Context of the Report NITG program is supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The overall goal of the program is to elaborate a National Integration Strategy and Action Plan (NISAP) on national minorities through participatory approach, to ensure legitimacy, sustainability and sense of ownership towards the document among key stakeholders. Through this process, Georgia will test innovative policies and contribute to the development of best practices as a part of a legally compliant strategy document. The project also aims to build wide consensus, support networking among stakeholders and provoke public discussions, as well as raise awareness among citizens regarding national minority issues. For the purposes of NITG, the present report serves as a baseline study and is used...
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...racial categories | | |is determined by social, economic, and political forces. | |Segregation |The physical and social separation of categories of people. | |De jure segregation |Segregation that is imposed by law. | |Pluralism |A state in which people of all racial and ethnic categories have about the same overall social | | |standing. | |Assimilation |The process by which minorities gradually adopt cultural patterns from the dominant majority | | |population. | Part II Answer the following questions in 150 to 350 words each: • Throughout most of U.S. history in most locations, what race has been the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? The White race has been the majority of the population throughout most of U.S. history. The reason for this is that many immigrants came from Europe and began forming the colonies in what is now called the United...
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...Coalitions and Punctuated Equilibrium in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate: Learning from Pro-LGBT Policy Changes in Minneapolis and Minnesota LAKE DZIENGEL St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota Policy change to actualize same-sex marriage requires planning and practices that can be most effective to advance marriage equality. This case study examines how building and maintaining strong coalitions aided in attainment and preservation of civil rights and protections for same-sex couples in Minnesota. As a historical policy analysis, it dissects collaborative strategies and events that led to a municipal domestic partner ordinance and state civil rights protections for sexual minorities in Minnesota during 1983–1995. Viewed through the lens of Advocacy Coalition Framework and Punctuated Equilibrium theory, findings support and highlight the importance of strategic planning of developing capable leaders, building strong coalitions, and capitalizing on events to garner public support and advance public policy toward civil rights protections and legal recognition for same-sex couples. KEYWORDS advocacy coalitions, punctuated equilibrium, policy, lesbian, gay, domestic partner benefits INTRODUCTION The city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, a large urban community, passed a Domestic Partner Ordinance in 1991 as the result of intensive lobby efforts by community organizers and private citizens and liaison building with the city government. The ordinance was repeatedly challenged...
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...Discriminationn, Employee Turnover and Retention Abstract This is a case study that looks at a fictional company’s need to address employee turnover and retention. It explains possible routes Paul, the company’s Director of Human Resources, could take based on information found in our text which is referenced in the case study as well. It highlights terms we have covered in the past 3 weeks and answers questions presented in the explanation of what the case study should present. After analyzing and researching Plastecs company policies and talking to management one of the first approaches Paul should make as Director of Human Resources is to reevaluate some employee laws and regulations. The first of which should be Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964 which “Prohibits discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” (Mathis, 2011,2009). Roy and John both stated discriminatory reasons for not hiring Asians, which if ever were to be addressed legally could very well implicate the company. They also said that one of the reasons why they no longer considered women for managerial positions is because they felt as though they didn’t want that position. They’re not comfortable in the role”. Which could also fall under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 that states “Prohibition against women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; requires that they be treated as all other employees for employment-related purposes...
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...plateaued despite more education, more hours Some argue gap due to “Women’s choices” Civil Rights Act Most comprehensive piece of legislation in terms of diversity (gender, race, religion, ethnicity) Impacts employers of more than 15 employees working 20+ hours a week, unions, employment agencies Constructive Discharge Making the work environment so unpleasant than an employee is forced to quit. Disparate Treatment When an applicant or employee is treated differently because of their membership in a protected class (Intentional discrimination) > Women have poor math skills > People with Hispanic last names don’t speak English Disparate Impact Occurs when an apparently neutral, evenly applied policy or practice has a negative effect on the employment of people belonging to a protected class (Unintentional discrimination) Must demonstrate statistical evidence for lawsuit Examples > Education requirements > Height, weight requirements Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications In a limited number of cases, discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, and age is not illegal Affirmative Action Whereas Civil Rights Act is passive (prohibits discrimination), Affirmative Action Programs require action Affirmative action applies to employment and education of minorities in government subsidized institutions (public universities, government contractors) Not just for minorities and women, also covered white, male Vietnam Vets Affirmative Action (Cont.) Plans...
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