...Introduction Classical theorists strived to develop one all encompassing theory that would improve management’s effectiveness within an organization and methods for dealing with the challenges they faced (Hartman, n.d.). There are three primary “classical” theories: Scientific Management, Bureaucratic Management / Autocratic management, and Administrative Management. This paper will discuss the three primary management theories as well as discuss several other theories relating to some of the primaries, and some that were slight precursors to the classical movement such as Change Management and Autocratic Management (Sridhar, n.d.). Classical Perspective The oldest of the "formal" viewpoints of management emerged during the late nineteenth and came to be known as the classical perspective. The classical perspective roots in management occurred rapidly through expanding manufacturing organizations that typified U.S and European industrialization. Early contributions were made by management practitioners and theorist from several corners of the world (Eastern, n.d.). The classical perspective consists of three main subfields: 1. Scientific Management (by Frederick Taylor) 2. Bureaucracy Management (by Max Weber) 3. Administrative Management (by Henry Fayol) Scientific Management Theory In the 19th century machinery was changing the means of production, and managers needed to find more efficient ways of production. Traditional methods of production, where a worker...
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... 400 COURSE TITLE: MANAGEMENT THEORY COURSE CODE: BUS 413 ASSIGNMENT: Write about the Classical school of thought in Management in 2 pages. DATE: 26th of March 2014. CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN MANAGEMENT The classical school is the oldest formal school of management thought. Its roots predate the twentieth century. The classical school of thought generally concerns ways to manage work and organisations efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical school are scientific management, administrative management and bureaucratic management. The classical school (of management) has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. The classical school’s management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job satisfaction either don’t exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labour, centralized decision-making and profit maximization. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories. Classical theories and the principles derived...
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...I. Classical Management Theory The Evolution of Classical Management Theory The Industrial Revolution was a time where innovation really began to change the way that products were produced and sold. The invention of machines to produce goods in the 19th century drastically improved productivity, which in turn lowered the cost to the consumer. The lower price resulted in a greater demand for products and thus a greater need for more factories and workers. Responsibilities of a manager As factories increased in number, managers continued to search for ways to improve productivity, lower cost, increase quality of their products, improve employee/manager relationships and increase efficiency. The focus shifted from using machines to increase productivity to how they could increase employee productivity and efficiency. When they did this, they began to notice some new problems inside their factory systems. Employees were dissatisfied with their current working conditions, and many lacked the necessary training for how to do their work efficiently. Managers then began to formulate and test possible solutions, one of which was to find the best possible way for workers to perform and manage their tasks. The research resulted in the development of classical management theory. Factory workers must be placed in suitable job roles. Expansion of Classical Management Theory Classical Management theory expanded throughout the first half of the...
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...Care April 16, 2013 Damarie Nix Unit 7 Project The classical school of management focuses on the best way to do a job. I identify with the classical school of management style because in the field in which I work I can use this style of management in problem solving, organizing, planning and directing. The classical school of management approach is a standard method of performing each job. Employees are selected with the appropriate abilities to do their job; this eliminates the issues of having an employee in a position that they are not trained to do. Although I can identify with the classical school of management because of its aim at achieving high productivity and fairness between managers and workers it does not recognize that there are some consequences that can occur on the job. With the classical school of management style there is an emphasis on rules. Rules often establish a minimum level of performance that is expected from employees; so a minimum level of performance is really all employees will aim to achieve. Home healthcare organizations have adopted the classical school of management style. The healthcare industry is always changing and managers are working hard to stay on top of their organizations needs. A new challenge in the home healthcare organization creates the need for new managerial approaches. There is no one way to approach management in the home healthcare field so leaders in management turn to different organizational theories that are common...
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...CLASSICAL STRUCTURE AND JOB DESIGN IN TODAY’S ORGANIZATION Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. Some of the management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many organizations, like: • Military organizations • Manufacturing and service organizations • Non-profit organizations STRICT HIERARCHY Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of its contributions that are prevalent today is the hierarchal structure of an organization. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities. The top management is usually the board of directors or the chief executives who are responsible for the long-term goals of the organization. Middle management oversees the supervisors, setting department goals according to the approved budget. At the lowest level are the supervisors who oversee day-to-day activities, address employee issues and provide employee training. The levels of leadership and responsibilities are clear and well defined. DIVISION OF LABOR Another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labour. Projects are broken down into...
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...“Classical approach of management professes the body of management thought based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs that the social needs and need for job satisfaction either does not exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, it advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making and profit maximization”. It is the oldest formal school of thought which began in the late 1800s and continued through the 1950s. its main focus is on “efficiency” and includes bureaucratic, scientific, and administrative management. "Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, Henry Gantt, and Max Weber are theorists who believed in structured management approaches, and that money motivates employees" (Dunn 26). "Fayol, the author of General and Industrial Management (1916), is the founder of the classical school of management, which emphasizes “command and control” (Robinson 2005). “He identified five functions of management: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He further categorized the features of management into 14 principles: “division of work/labor through specialization, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the organization’s needs, employee compensation (Hoffman 2005, 107), centralization, scalar chain (line of authority), order, equity, personnel stability, initiative, and esprit de corps (shared devotion to a common cause)” (Dunn 27) Henri...
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...For this assignment I have to critically examine the classical school of organisation and management and describe to what extent is this school of thought still applicable and relevant in the context of business organisations today and the challenges currently facing UK management. At present, training of modern manager professionals becomes very important. It is not possible without knowledge of the history management development. Management has evolved over the centuries, before becoming an independent branch of knowledge science. Significant influence on the formation of management provided by: 1. The classical school 2. The behavioral school 3. The quantitative or management science school 4. The systems school 5. The contingency school Distinguish the main directions of the classical school of management are scientific management, administrative management and bureaucracy management. The main strength of the classical school of management is that they are considered management as a universal process consisting of several interrelated functions, and the basic principles of management. They formulated a systematic theory of management throughout the organization by providing management as a special kind of activity. The representatives of this school were Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol and Max Weber. F. Taylor (1856-1915) made the first major step to consider management as a science. His idea of the division of work on the most simple operations lead...
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...evaluate the classical and human relations approaches of management theory. One of the most important human activities is managing. Since the development of the first human civilizations managing has been essential to accomplish aims and objectives and ensure the coordination of individuals Olum (2004). Management is defined as the combination of the skills and talents of individuals concerned with getting things done through people by taking into account the resources for profitable activities Pettinger (1994). In the early twentieth century, Henry Fayol defined management as the process of “forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling” Fayol (1949). Subsequently, Koontz and O’donell (1988) suggested the definition of management as “an operational process dissected by analyzing the managerial functions such as planning and organizing”. Over the last centuries management has been studied with the view of establishing what constitutes a successful manager Petinger (1994). The search for applicable principles of management initiated in the last years of nineteenth century in Europe and America Cole (2004). Like any other social practice, at the heart of management is theory that managers can deploy to achieve competition advantage and use more incisive interventions McAuley et al (2007). In addition the basic requirement of managers for meeting the challenges like competition, use of sources and maximum output is the knowledge of management theories...
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...Explain the applications and criticisms of Fredrick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber to educational administration and management. Fredrick Taylor Definition of Taylorism It’s the management process that scientific skills were to be applied to improve the productivity of workers. The characteristics of Taylorism 1. He used scientifically trained workers to improve the productivity. 2. Division of labour managers and workers so that managers can apply scientific method to planning the work and workers to perform the task. 3. Co-operation between the management and the workers, the management should that ensure the workers uses scientifically developed methods 4. He replaced the rule of the thumb, with scientific management 5. There was transfer of knowledge between the workers and from workers into tools 6. Enumerations were according to work produces. 7. Dictatorship was necessary because humans are lazy in nature and the scientific management required strict supervision 8. Scientific theory ensured efficiency and minimized waste. Applications of the scientific theory in Education Management 1. Members of staff, teaching and non- teaching, should know the aims and objectives of the school. With well-defined aims and objectives, better performance is expected and accountability is facilitated. 2. In school, all teachers must know the direction in which to move and work together for a joint objective specified...
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...A Summary of the Key Thought Leaders of the Classical School of Management Beth J. Beal Mary Baldwin College BUAD200L WA SP2014 Principles of Management A Summary of the Key Thought Leaders of the Classical School of Management Introduction According to Daft (2009) "Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources." The classical school of management often referred to as the "Classical School of Thought" was born in the early 1900s out of a need to run organizations efficiently, and it is so named because it comprises the first works and contributions that make up the core of modern management theory. Classical theorists viewed workers as a production instrument and were interested in finding ways to use people efficiently or in "one best way" through the application of science (Lindsey, 1998). It was also during this period of development that the five basic functions of management were identified: planning, organizing, command, coordination, and controlling (Wren, 1994). These five functions are often referred to as "the management process" (Wren, 1994). The classical viewpoint sought to find ways to manage work and run the organization in the most efficient manner, and is made up of the following three major approaches. The scientific management approach represented by the work of Frederick W. Taylor and supporting efforts of Frank and Lillian...
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...A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISPARATE SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT Scholars in the field of management, from the late 19th century till modern times, have come up with different perspectives on how to manage people and organizations. These gave rise to what is called ‘Management Schools of Thought’. This study looks at the Classical School of Thought in relation to modern day management, as it pertains to the built environment. Though so many years have passed since the Classical School of Thought was developed, it is widely used in modern day management as the preferred choice by many organizations in the built environment. One major area that arose from the Classical School of Thought is productivity and efficiency in the workplace [http://www.cliffnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8851.html]. Managers were so much inclined to assign workers to areas that best fitted their expertise. This was in order to increase their productivity and efficiency in their various responsibilities. A facilities services provider, ISS, uses a system that effectively manages its workers and all facets of a worker’s responsibilities by placing the right people in the right positions, based on their qualifications (BOOTY, 2008). This is also evident in Faceo FM UK, according to its Chief Executive, Chris Kenneally. In his words, “Our focus has been on the sustainability of our customers and putting the right people in the right positions to deliver what the client wants, as evidenced...
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...Evaluate the main traditional approaches to management (classical, humanistic, systems, contingency) and contrast them with post-modern ideas of management Introduction As any other activity managing an organization has got various approaches to rely on. To be successful managers have to possess enough knowledge on different approaches to management and discriminate them from one another, perceive advantages and disadvantages of each. In this work traditional approaches to management and post-modern ideas are present as well. Classical approach Classical concepts in management appeared in the end of 19th century. Manufacturing system at that period faced with tasks which were never taken into account before. Development of large and sophisticated organizations forced to search for new coordination and control methods. From this step evolution of modern management has started and as a result classical approach was established. This approach implied three specific areas: scientific management, bureaucracy organizations and administrative principles. Frederick Winslow Taylor suggested that low productivity which restrained economical development was caused by bad organization of labor and lack of scientifically-proved norms and standards. Moreover, decision-making must be based not on previous traditions and rules but on exact prescriptions made after thorough examining of specific situations. The main principles of scientific management, formulated by Taylor, are: * Developing...
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...about Deal and Kennedy’s elements of culture and the Classical Management approach, I noticed they are almost polar opposites. Deal and Kennedy’s approach is based on five basic elements of organized culture: business environment, values, heroes, rites and rituals, and the cultural network. They believed “what companies do in their competitive environments shapes the reality of how organizations manage activity and whether they are successful.” (Shockley-Zalabak, 2012) Values help people put effort towards the right things. These values allow people to be dedicated to a cause, which guides decisions about different kinds of situations and behaviors. These values could both help and limit change when it may be necessary to make certain changes in organizational environments. Deal and Kennedy (1982) believe that heroes are every day human beings who become role models for the values of the culture. Stories of these heroes help guide members of the organization in what they should do and what is expected and valued. Rites and rituals serve the same purpose. Management rituals are described by Deal and Kennedy as “formal meetings in which rituals develop about the number held, the setting, the table’s shape, who sits there, and who is in attendance.” (Shockley-Zalabak, 2012) They feel this form of organizational communication is the cultural network and the only way to be truly successful, in a sense. The Classical Management approach comes from an era of scientific and technological...
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...appear in the market. In order to compete with their competitor and maintain their famousness, UPS increased its parcel weight and size limits. The drivers have to accept the changing on how to use the new rules and services like speedier deliveries or heavier loads. Other than that, it also starts to deliver the letters to most of the country from early in the morning until midnight. Due to this entire problem, the UPS workers start to complaint and feel stress. After the productivity of UPS getting slowly decline, they realize that the style and technique they used in the past would not work within the company. UPS need to have some improvement to restrain the company rather than suffering the workers. 1. Which approach under the Classical management had UPS practiced that made UPS successful in the past? Explain the advantages of the approach 1.1 Introduction After being established for many years, UPS has built their reputation through their unbeatable efficiency and reliability of their deliveries to their customers. Their success is attributed through a managerial philosophy that embraces structure and rigidity within their organization. UPS sets strict rules regulation policies and procedures in order to maintain a well-defined hierarchy of workers and a well organize division of...
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...The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashion and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organization today. Is this really the case? The classical theory is the earliest form of management that perceived that a set of universal principles would apply to all the organizations in all situations to achieve efficiency and organization's goals. Scientific management and bureaucratic theory were one of the several components of the classical school of organization. Important pioneers among them are Frederick Taylor and Max Weber. The classical theories have been contested of little relevance to work and organization today simply because today’s organizations have moved from industrial revolution to the information age due to the fast-paced change in technology (Toffler, 1984). Although bureaucracy has been synonymous to red tape and has negatives effects such as “rigidity, alienation and low commitment” (Adler, 1999, p.37) and dehumanizing people (Grey, 2009), the characteristics of bureaucracy such as specialization, hierarchy of authority, system of rules and impersonality (Stewart, 1986) as well as evidence of ongoing existence of this management method, bureaucracy is proved to remain noteworthy. This essay will examine the situation presented in organization today, and determine whether bureaucracy and scientific management can be considered as old fashioned,...
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