...clinical epidemipology of Alzheimer’s disease the author is trying to assess the sex and gender differences observed in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. The author is also trying to research on the protective factors and gender-specific risk of Alzheimer disease. Both sex and gender play crucial roles in the development and progression of the Alzheimer disease. Researchers have a required to understand both sex and gender precise risk and Alzheimer protective factors in order for them to develop ways of the disease prevention and cure. The other uses the findings of David Barlow where he states that Alzheimer disease is the most prevalent type of dementia. Serge Gauthier previously found out that Alxheimer’s disease is characterized by loss of memory. This is a characteristic that distinguishes the disease from other cortical degenerative diseases. The author supports Hebert and Scherr findings that fourteen to sixteen million Americans will be diagnosed with the illness by 2050 unless research comes up with new treatment of the disease. The author supports a finding by Petersen RC that says the men have a higher threat of developing mild cognitive impairment. Knopman DC also supports that men have higher chances of being diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment. These previous findings show that Alzheimer’s disease have incidence and prevalence differences between men and women. The author of the article main purpose of investigating...
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...Functional Impairment CPSY 6341 – Psychological Assessment Walden University Symptom Severity and Functional Impairment The treatment of individuals with suspected psychological issues can be a very complicated process. In trying to design the best and most effective treatment plan, a clinician or psychologist must first employ the use of certain tests, which are aimed at examining and assessing the mental status and mental functional ability of a client. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of two tests of symptom severity and two tests of functional impairment. The tests of symptom severity are the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS-2). The functional impairment tests are the Ohio Functional Assessment Battery (OFAB) and the Burns Brief Inventory of Communication and Cognition. Comparing and analyzing these tests will allow for the choosing of which test is the most appropriate for a client who have exhibited several different symptoms that indicates a possible presence of dementia, or a related cognitive deficit. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) Folstein, Folstein, McHugh & Fanjiang (2001) describes the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) as “a brief, individually administered measure mental state, which is an assessable measure of cognitive status in adults.” The purpose of the MMSE is use to screen patients and determine if there’s an existence of cognitive impairment...
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...Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Screening Mammography Use in Older US Women Kala M. Mehta, DSc, MPH, Kathy Z. Fung, MS, Christine E. Kistler, MD, Anna Chang, MD, and Louise C. Walter, MD Screening mammography guidelines suggest that women with a life expectancy less than 4 to 5 years at the time of screening are unlikely to benefit from breast cancer screening and, thus, should not be screened.1–3 Although some cancer screening guidelines specify upper-age cutoffs for stopping screening as a surrogate for life expectancy (e.g., prostate-specific antigen screening guidelines suggest stopping at age 75 years),4 we do not know of any guidelines that specify the types of comorbidity that would preclude screening. This is despite the fact that certain comorbid conditions, such as dementia, are stronger predictors of life expectancy than age.5 Specifically, patients with dementia generally live less than 5 years6–12 and therefore are unlikely to benefit from screeningmammography. In addition, having dementia or severe cognitive impairment increases the likelihood that elderly women will experience harm from screening mammography (e.g., more psychological distress from false-positive results because of the inability to understand screening procedures, and more complications from the treatment of clinically insignificant disease).13,14 Moreover, screeningmammography can distract care away from more pressing medical problems arising from either the cognitive...
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...response to current antipsychotic medications. One of the symptoms of schizophrenia that is least responsive to treatment is cognitive impairment of memory and attention; however, there are no adequate pharmacological treatments that able to restore the cognitive function. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with abnormalities of prefrontal cortex and hippocampal region. Sex hormones have positive effects in both cortex and hippocampus that may affect the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has a greater different in women compared with men. In women, the symptoms of schizophrenia are exacerbated when estrogen level is low, whereas the symptoms can reduce during pregnancy...
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...multiple communication impairments. One type of communication impairment is speech that is difficult to understand or disorganized, or formal thought disorder. Another type of communication impairment is decreased verbal productivity or poverty of speech” (Kerns 2007). As a devastating disorder, treatment, awareness, and having an active involvement to recovery for both the patient and their family is an important aspect of those affected with the disorder. Schizophrenia exists within Axis II, categorized as a personality disorder. Describing the first two dimensions, psychoticism consists of hallucinations and delusional experiences, expressed through disorganized speech and behavior, inappropriate affect, motor disturbances and disordered thought. The third dimension is the occurrence of negative symptoms which arise before the onset of illness, as displayed through social function. Treatments may involve programs combining drugs with psychotherapy, support counseling, behavior therapy, and family intervention to adjust communication patterns. In a research study supported by National Institute of Mental Health, researchers examined whether formal thought disorder, a form of communication impairment, and poverty of speech were differentially associated with distinct aspects of cognitive control. Because many communication impairments are present amongst those with schizophrenia, it is unclear whether these variables have areas in different cognitive processes, such as working...
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...functioning. The article Poor Decision Making Is a Consequence of Cognitive Decline among Older Persons without Alzheimer’s Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment is about decision making is an important determinant of health and well-being across the lifespan but is critical in aging, when many influential decisions are made just as cognitive function declines. The increasing evidence suggests that older adults, even those without dementia, often make poor decisions and are selectively vulnerable to scams. The memory and aging project did a experiment with 420 non-demented persons to see if cognitive evaluations and subsequently completed assessments of decision making and susceptibility to scams. In this study, the researchers tested the hypothesis that poor decision making is consequence of cognitive decline among older people without AD or MCI. Decision making is a complex behavior that require higher order cognitive functions and is critical in aging when some of life’s most influential decision are made. For reasons unknown, older person are highly vulnerable to poor decision choices. Using data from 420 non-demented persons, they first tested the hypothesis that the rate of cognitive decline prior to the decision making assessment predicted the level of decision making. Then, they excluded persons with MCI at the time of decision making assessment and directly examined the relation of the prior rate of cognitive decline with decision making amongst people without any...
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... In the journal of Geriatrics &Gerontology International, there is an interesting article by Vassallo et al. that discusses the fall risk factors in older patients with cognitive impairment. The issue addressed is almost identical title, which is “Fall Risk Factors in Elderly Patients with Cognitive Impairment on Rehabilitation Wards.” It is a clear and concise title, which states the population (the elderly) and major variables. (the mentally cognitive and the cognitively impaired). The researchers who conducted the study are qualified doctors who are familiar with both the risk factors affecting the elderly in a rehabilitation facility and/ or environment. The abstract discusses various components. First, the purpose of the study is to discover why cognitively impaired patients are more likely to have reoccurring falls, and how they differ from the cognitively intact. Second, the use of sample variable of all males over 80 with past history of falls, recurrent falls, medical records, and medication were taken into consideration during this...
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... Quantitive and Qualitative Article Review Quantitive and qualitative studies in research are an important aspect of the nursing profession. Researching and reviewing quantitive and qualitative articles is a process of systematic examination of materials to enhance, validate and learn new knowledge (Schmidt and Brown, 2012, p. 67). As Schmidt and Brown (2012) state, quantitive research design is used to predict relationships and explain relationships and causality whereas qualitative research design gives meaning to events of phenomenon’s (p.72). The purpose of this paper is to identify and interpret research questions, study designs, sample sizes and representativeness, the strengths and weakness of the designs, as well as results of data analysis of both quantitive and qualitative research designs. Overview of Quantitive Design Using the Research Study “A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections.” Research Question The basis of a research question is to pose an interrogatory question that describes the variables and population of the research study (Schmidt & Brown, 2012, p. 72). In the article “A Bundle Strategy Including Patient Hand Hygiene to Decrease Clostridium difficile Infections.”, (Pokrywka et al., 2014), Pokrywka et al. (2014) present the research question; will the effect of an expanded bundle strategy, to include patient hand hygiene, make an impact on the rate of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) of hospitalized...
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...Debate Summary Analysis Depressed individuals in contrast to those who have not been diagnosed perform less adequately in the tasks of every day living. Ruminative thinking patterns impair judgment. The self-concept that an individual performance is inadequate to another clouds executive control resource allocation. A firm building block for analyzing depression would be to approach the issue from a cognitive behavioral perspective because this angle of methodology outlines the basis for how the spiraling effects of change alter the minds subconscious and argumentatively the actions of persons influence by the disorder. Supporting Argument 1: Ruminative thinking impairs judgment. "The majority of research on cognitive functioning in depression to date has focused on loss of motivation and rumination (r.g., Fossati, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Hertel, 2000; Scheurich et el., 2008), on cognitive impairments in effortful tasks (Wenzlaff & Eisenberg, 2001; Wenzlaff & Luxton, 2003), and on valence specific deficits in working memory" (Joormann & Gotlib, 2008; Levens & Gotlib, 2009). "Findings complement research reported by Hertel (1998) and the dual-process model of cognitive vulnerability in depression (Beevers, 2005), which posits that rumination weakens cognitive performance by capturing attention and cognitive resources, thereby preventing allocation to effortful tasks. "Rumination or negative schemata (Beck, 1976) may underlie the impairment in executive procession...
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...“The Wisdom Paradox” (Goldberg, 2005) is a fascinating book about the biology of cognitive wisdom, including its unique costs and benefits. This book provides a thorough explanation of how people in later stages of life successfully undertake major cognitive tasks, as well as how this aptitude can be maximized. With vigorous and life-long mental activity in novel tasks learning new information, an aging person can gain wisdom and minimize clinical brain injury. Wisdom has intellectual, practical, moral, and spiritual facets. It can be defined as extensive pattern recognition of new information or situations as accurately being in some way similar to familiar information or situations, thus leading to successful problem-solving and reasoning abilities. There are many types of wisdom, including genetic, phylum wisdom, species or cultural wisdom, group wisdom, and individual wisdom. The wisdom of the phylum, which is contained in the amygdala, includes genetically-programmed, innate fears and survival mechanisms that have existed in all species for millions of years through evolution. This type of wisdom uses sensory and motor regions of the cortex, as well as subcortical regions of the brain. Cultural wisdom is expressed as language and other symbolic systems passed down through the generations for thousands of years. Language is made up of a self-organizing, complex neural network widely spread throughout various regions of the cortex that are not pre-wired. Group wisdom includes...
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...April J. LaytonPsychology Branz Narcissistic Personality Disorder Overview of the study Narcissistic Personality Disorder, NPD, in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Fourth Edition describes that the foundation “lack of empathy” in NPD is entirely based on clinical observation and expert consensus. However, a similar apprehension and empirical, or publicly observed, evaluation of the criterion “lack of empathy” in this disorder are inadequate, making the intent in this study was to empirically determine compassion in patients with narcissism according to the DSM-IV. This disorder is a severe mental disorder with popular rates of up to 6% in general population, unrelenting functional impairment, and high suicide rates. This disorder was established as an individual foundation, criterion 8, in the DSM-III-R (1994), which explains the “inability to recognize and experience how others feel”. It was also affirmed in the DSM-IV and the DSM-IV-TR as criterion seven. More studies that have been based on the DSM-IV also uncovered low diagnostic accuracy of the criterion “lack of empathy”. The hypothesis is: the discrepancy is due to the fact that no theoretical constitute influences the NPD criterion “lack of empathy” in the DSM (1983), and so its assessment may be destitute. Participants Recruited were 47 inpatients that had been diagnosed with NPD by the Department of Psychiatry, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin and contributing German...
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...Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) marks the first significant revision of the publication since the DSM-IV in 1994. Changes to the DSM were largely informed by advancements in neuroscience, clinical and public health need, and identified problems with the classification system and criteria put forth” (Regier, Kuhl, and Kupfer, 2013). Because of the new movement in psychology, the requirements of utility usage in psychological measurements, can now help aid with diagnosing mental illness. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia that causes a change in the brain resulting in the loss of memory, changes the way an individual think, and eventually affects the language. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is classified as a syndrome that decrease cognitive ability, although it does not interfere with daily living, people with (MCI) are at risk to developing dementia. The first article introduced the use of the NAB List Learning test using diagnostic utility, which was found to be a promising for...
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...day performance(Fountain & Finely, 2011). Majoring in less rigorous programs allows the student-athletes to stay eligible and remain on course to graduation. It has been argued that it’s unethical, but it is not illegal to coerce athletes to these friendly majors. For university, student-athletes are the limiting factor of winning or losing a game, conference or even a championship. It has been debated that academic clustering allows the student-athlete to concentrate on their sport and not so much of the cognitive calisthenics these college classes offer. Student-athletes generally to take advice from their coaches and advisers about academic issues. However, majoring in more demanding majors may cause more unwanted and anxiety for the student athlete. Diminishing any outside anxiety for student-athletes may resort in optimal performance. Conversely, amplified levels of anxiety may results in subpar performance. “Stress and anxiety can have a debilitating effect on cognitive and motor performance”(Cox, 2012). I propose the use of Academic Clustering of student-athletes into less rigorous majors, is used to reduce the effects academic anxiety to ensure optimal athletic performance. A demographic survey will be constructed to identify student-athletes and academic clustered majors. A correlation design with be utilized to link the effects academic clustering and anxiety on sports performance. Review of the Literature The definition of student-athlete is derived from two words...
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...Disorder of Interest Paper Deidre Johnson PSY/275 June 8, 2015 Kristi Collins Disorder of Interest Paper Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is one of the most general childhood brain condition that can proceed throughout adolescence into adulthood. Indications of ADHD regards an individual experience of complexity involving focusing, attentive, determining, and hyperactivity (excessively active). These indication potentially establishes challenges for a child who is influence by ADHD, to succeed in school, a relationship with others, or duties within the home. Neuroimaging have disclosed the reason why youth experience attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ADHD was determine through investigation that it is because an individual brain has develop within the normal standard, however, it has been detained at an intermediate level of 3 years. This detainment is most strongly distinctive within the area of the brain that regards reasoning, focusing, and conception. Previous investigation have that the extreme layer of an individual brain acknowledge as the cortex, indicates a detained process before becoming mature in general, and that the brain indicates an abnormal development pattern. These detainments and abnormalities potentially emphasize the characteristics indication of ADHD, and to be of assist to justified how condition is establish. Intervention can provide much relief for several indication of ADHD, but, a remedy for this disorder have yet...
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...Car accidents can happen for several different reasons, but one common reason is that people just did not see, or were not aware of what was in their visual field. They could have been so focused on something else that they failed to notice other salient objects in their visual field. This is called inattentional blindness. This takes a significant amount of cognitive ability, and there are things that can make it even harder. Alcohol can impair cognitive functioning immensely, so when alcohol and driving are combined, it can be quite dangerous. Clifasefi, Takarangi and Bergman (2006) wanted to know if people under the influence of alcohol, or people who believe they are under the influence of alcohol, are more or less likely to notice these unexpected objects. The researchers expected that they would find that participants that actually received alcohol, not considering if they were told they had alcohol or a placebo, would find it hard to focus their attention outside of the requested task. They also expected the participants that received the placebo to notice the unexpected object an equal number of times, regardless of if they were told they had alcohol or the placebo. To test their hypotheses the researchers used a 2x2 balanced placebo design. They randomly assigned 47 adult participants, aged 21 to 35, to one of four conditions: told alcohol/ got alcohol, told alcohol/ got placebo, told placebo/ got alcohol, or told placebo/ got placebo. All of the participants were...
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