...Anaerobic bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by chloroethenes Introduction Chloroethenes, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) are one of the contaminants in soil and groundwater which is a significant problem domestically and internationally. Without extracting these contaminants from the ground, the in-situ treatment which directly degrades contaminants in soil or groundwater is now closely watched as an economical remediation technique. Especially, the in-situ bioremediation which degrades contaminants in-situ by activities of microbes is a safer and more economical technique than the physicochemical one and is being developed for practical application. This paper describes that anaerobic bioremediation which cleans up soil and groundwater contaminated by chloroethene such as TCE in-situ by anaerobic bacteria. 1. Degradative mechanism Anaerobic bioremediation is a remediation technique which injects organics, which become electron donors, together with nutrient salts such as nitrogen and phosphorus into groundwater and degrades contaminants by anaerobic bacteria. It is known that PCE and TCE are dechlorinated reductively by anaerobic bacteria and degraded into dichloroethylene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethylene and likewise, ethane (Fig. 1). Various types of anaerobic bacteria can degrade not only PCE and TCE but also cis-1,2-DCE. Its speed of degradation is relatively fast. On the other hand, by using cis-1,2- DCE and...
Words: 825 - Pages: 4
...Marco Crespo Professor Joyce Martin En12 07 February, 2014 Phytoremediation: Seeing Through a Beneficial Solution An accident happened on April 26, 1986, when a unexpected surge of power during a system test destroyed unit 4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl in Ukraine, former Soviet Union. A devastating amount of radioactive material was released into the environment. 30 kilometres around the plant around the plant was closed after the accident. About one hundred fifteen thousand people were evacuated around 1986 and in the following years, about two hundred thousand more were also forced to vacate. Sadly, the problem did not end there. Three years after the incident, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) assessed the situation around the Chernobyl. Toxic metals and radioactive emission like iodine, cesium-137, plutonium and strontium were found in the plants, soil and even animals. Ever since 1991, the Canadian Nuclear Association also noted that there is a sudden increase in the rate of thyroid cancer. This is happened because cesium-137 or radioactive cesium, with a mass number of 137, has the capability to enter the food chain and can be delivered around an internal dosage of radiation before it can be metabolically eliminated. To prevent this from spreading, livestock were only fed plants that are uncontaminated or plants that cannot accumulate heavy metals. After that, a method was introduced to clean the soil from the toxins. This is called...
Words: 2221 - Pages: 9
...Mid-Michigan 3340 Ranger Road Lansing, MI 48906 Ph. 517-321-3331 Fax 517-323-7228 pme@pmenv.com Metro Detroit 22655 S. Chrysler Drive Hazel Park, MI 48030 Ph. 248-336-9988 Fax 248-336-9989 pmehazelpark@pmenv.com West Michigan 1441 Arboretum Dr. SE, Suite 200 Grand Rapids, MI 49546 Ph. 616-285-8857 Fax 616-285-8026 pmegr@pmenv.com ISO 9001 REGISTERED CATEGORY-N BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FORMER ACTIVE HOMES MANUFACTURING BUILDING LOCATED AT 7876 VAN DYKE, MARLETTE, LAPEER COUNTY, MICHIGAN June 2, 2006 May 19, 2006 District Supervisor Remediation and Redevelopment Division Lansing District Office Constitutional Hall North Tower, 4th Floor 525 W. Allegan Street Lansing, Michigan 48909 RE: Category-N Baseline Environmental Assessment of Former Active Homes Manufacturing Building Located at 7876 Van Dyke, Marlette, Lapeer County, Michigan PM Environmental, Inc., Project No. 22-692A Dear District Supervisor: Enclosed is one copy of the above-referenced document prepared in accordance with the March 11, 1999 “Instructions for Preparing and Disclosing Baseline Environmental Assessments by PM Environmental, Inc., on behalf of Outlook Properties LLC. An affidavit signed by Mr. Bob Gilling, for a Disclosure Baseline Environmental Assessment has been included. If you have any questions regarding the information in this report, please contact our office at (248) 336-9988. Sincerely, PM Environmental, Inc. Rachael...
Words: 53730 - Pages: 215
...followed by a prescribed date. The Company needs to determine if the contaminated soil and smoke filter requirement should be disclosed on the financial statements as an asset retirement obligation, loss contingency, or an environmental obligation. APPLICABLE AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 410 Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 450 Contingencies DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES The following section will address the alternative treatments accounting for both the remedial action and smoke filtration system under US GAAP. Recording both issues as a loss contingency will be discussed first, followed by soil contamination as environmental remediation, then applying the asset retirement obligation treatment for pollution from normal operations. Alternative 1: Contaminated Soil and Smoke Filter Disclose both environmental issues as a loss contingency using a footnote. Soil contamination and smoke filters both meet the definition of contingent loss. ASC 450-20-20 states: “An existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible loss to an entity that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur…” Cleanup costs, extent of the pollution,...
Words: 1077 - Pages: 5
...Introduction There has been an emergence of interest in the use of biological systems and bioremediation to degrade, modify, move, transform or sequester environmental contaminants. Traditional methods of remediation include chemical and physical processing and are often plagued with problems such as the creation of toxic bi-products and environmental damage. Bioremediation of a site offers the advantages of lower costs, environmental soundness, insitu or exsitu solutions, higher aesthetics, and increased public acceptance. The following will focus on how microorganisms can be used and manipulated to remediate various sites of environmental contaminants. Bioremediation Definition Bioremediation is the use of microbes, fungi or plants to remove toxic contaminants from a site. This can be accomplished in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves remediating the contaminant at the site of contamination. In situ remediation requires extensive monitoring to ensure the success of the remediation effort and to control environmental impacts. Ex situ remediation involves removing the contaminants from the site and treating them at a processing location in a bioreactor. While this method may be more financially and environmentally costly, it allows more control over the remediation process. This includes setting growth conditions in the reactor and choosing foreign or engineered microbes that may be more efficient at remediating than native organisms. Advantages Interest...
Words: 1392 - Pages: 6
...particular country. In addition, Energy has a widely published environmental policy in which it undertakes clean up all contamination that it causes. Energy is currently involved in environmental obligations, such as clean up the lands. ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Does Energy recognizes and accrues the liability of clean up costs in this year? What is the accounting treatment? 2. Is Energy has the obligations to undertake soil remediation in Dirty country? What is the accounting treatment for this operation in Dirty country? 3. What is the accounting treatment for new income tax? What is the accounting treatment for training employees? 4. Does Energy have obligations to install smoke filters this year? What is the accounting treatment for installing smoke filters in Energy’s factories next year? SUMMARY CONCLUSION ON ACCOUNTING QUESTIONS 1. Energy should recognize and accrue the liability of clean up lands in this year. Energy should charge clean up costs to expenses. 2. Energy has no obligations to undertake the soil remediation in Dirty country. 3. Energy should recognize the retraining costs to compensation expenses. 4. Energy should recognize install smoke filters to expense. AUTHORITATIVE AND INTERPRETIVE GUIDANCE CONSIDERED Refer to ASC 410-20-25-1 (Background for...
Words: 1277 - Pages: 6
...Cycle 7 SOIL POLLUTION 7 Main Causes of Soil Pollution: 7 Main Effects of Soil Pollution: 7 SOIL BIOREMEDIATION 8 EX SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 8 EX SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Ex situ thermal processes 9 2) Ex situ chemical/physical remediation ( Soil scrubbing ) 9 EX SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 9 1) Composting 10 2) Land farming 11 3)Biopiling ( Heap technique) 12 4) Bioslurry reactor 13 IN SITU REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 13 IN SITU BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 14 1) Bioventing 14 2) Biosparging 15 3) Bioaugmentation: 15 4)Biostimulation 15 4) Bioslurping : 16 5) Phytoremediation 16 IN SITU NON-BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES 16 1) In situ thermal processes 16 2) In situ chemical/physical process: Pump and treat processes 16 INFLUENCING FACTORS 16 CONCLUSION 17 Table of figures: Figure 1. Soil microorganisms pie chart 3 Figure 2. Acquisition of phosphate by Mycorrhizal roots………………………………...3 Figure 3. Mycorrhizal roots……………………………………………………………….4 Figure 4. Carbon Cycle 5 Figure 5. Nitrogen Cycle 6 Figure 6. Sulfur Cycle 7 Figure 7: Rotary Kiln 8 Figure 8: Biological remediation techniques 10 Figure 9: Compost 10 Figure 10: Land Farming 11 Figure 11: Heap technique 12 Figure 12: Biolsurry Reactor 13 Figure 13 : Bioslurry remediation technique 13 Figure 14: Bioventing technique 14 Figure 15 : Biosparging Technique 15 INTRODUCTION Overviewing contaminated soil...
Words: 3689 - Pages: 15
...Facts: • An accrual basis taxpayer Charles Cho engages in a Section 351 transaction with the newly-formed Patten Corporation. • In the transaction, Cho transferred his gas station to Patten, in exchange for the stock of Patten and assumption of the contingent environmental liabilities. • The land underneath the gas station has potential environmental problems but Cho did not take any remediation to fix environmental problems before the exchange. • A year later, Patten pays a third party $100,000 for environmental clean-up costs to remediate the site. • The transaction does not have tax avoidance purpose. Issues The main issue encountered in this case is whether the contingent environmental liabilities assumed by Patten is a liability that would give rise to a deduction within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 357 (c)(3) and whether Cho’s basis in the stock is determined by reference to Section358 (d)(1) or Section 358 (d)(2). The issue for Patten is how to determine the tax consequence based on the transaction. Applicable Laws The most pertinent Sections are directly cited form Code and listed as below: IRC Section 351(a): “No gain or loss shall be recognized if property is transferred to a corporation by one or more persons solely in exchange for stock in such corporation and immediately after the exchange such person or persons are in control (as defined in section 368(c) of the corporation.” IRC Section 357(a): “Except as provided...
Words: 1702 - Pages: 7
...Strategic planning, learning theory, and training needs analysis Benoitte Muzitu Professor JEANETTE HORNER-SMITH BUS 407 07/28/2011 1. The training process model refers to steps which are taken in order to ensure company growth, and business change. When managing any training process, it is usually recommend that company leaders work closely with functional department heads and Human Resources personnel in following a systematic approach to training. A good system will help attack training problems using a “rifle” approach, rather than a “shotgun” approach. The following are five generic steps or phases in the model that we as trainers simply call A.D.D.I.E. These steps will help build a training program, and will increase chances of assembling an effective program. By analyzing the need, or performing a “needs assessment,” is crucial in identifying the information that must be addressed in the program. This is where the question, “What do we want our employees to get out of the program?” is asked. A great way to complete this phase is to perform a “gap analysis” by comparing current results to the desired performance. Another way to perform this phase is to treat team members as stakeholders in the process, much like we treat customers. Get their help by asking for specifications for the training. After all, they know where they need help...particularly when it comes to delivering a better product or dealing with customers. This analysis is also useful in creating...
Words: 1773 - Pages: 8
...surfaces with commercial products, soap and water, or a bleach solution of no more than 1 cup of bleach in 1 gallon of water. Discard any fabric or papers with mold infection. When treating mold growth areas,wear appropriate protective equipments to avoid inhalation of mold or spores. Recommended protective devices are1-95 mask,goggles,and gloves. For larger area of mold growth,seek professional assistance. Useful Resources http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.html: This site is about mold basics,prevention tips,health risks,guidance in mold clean up and protective equipments information. If mold growth covers more than 10 square feet,consult EPA's .This site gives directions for investigation,evaluation,and remediation for moisture and mold problems. Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. If you are hiring a contractor for mold treatment,ask him to follow EPA guidelines. web address:http://www.epa.gov/mold/mold_remediation.html Mailing Address: EPA,1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460. http://www.fema.gov/removing-mold-your-home:This web site...
Words: 343 - Pages: 2
...Pursuit of Happiness Happiness can be defined by everyone differently. Everyone I know says they are on a path seeking happiness but they can never truly define it, or their path toward it. So how do they know they are happy? Is it just a mind set? Being happy cannot be measured with wealth or possession of objects. A new mansion, expensive clothing, or a new car does not equate to happy feelings. Sure, I should think someone with these items would be happy, but it is never guaranteed. Having material possessions is just a mental distraction of the mind avoiding pain. Attaining perfect happiness would be achieved if only I could avoid all pain. Pain is what counter acts happiness, yet without pain we could never feel a sense of happiness. To me, being happy is attaining goals and always striving to go further. It gives me a sense of purpose. A sense of sanctification, which in a way equates to happiness. An example of me attaining happiness would be going to college and getting a job after graduating. Having a goal and a plan and knowing I could be something bigger makes me happy enough to move on. Yet, there is no such thing as “perfect happiness”. I say that because one can ever be perfectly happy with what they have done and what they want to do. There is always bumps in my life that make unhappy again. So I believe being happy is simply just a state of mind that it always changing. It's a never ending cycle in the pursuit of...
Words: 268 - Pages: 2
...It is easy to say something is hard to do if you never tried doing it. This saying hits home for me because there was a time I thought I could not play sports or thought that it would be a struggle because I had asthma. After beating myself up over not having the courage to try, my friends encouraged me to try out for basketball. When starting out it was a little hard to run and bounce the ball at the same time, it took even more energy and effort to shoot the ball. This did not help in keeping my spirit high. I felt defeated and stopped trying. While feeling bad about not being good right away I remembered what my mom told me “Everything does not come easy, you have to work for it”. This made me feel better and I practiced every day after school until I learned how to play the game. Now basketball is my favourite sport, if I had not tried it wouldn’t have been possible for me to brag about my accomplishments today. If you do not try to do something, you will never know if you are good at it. Confidence is the key when it comes to trying something new. Don’t be a failure by thinking you cannot do something or not even try. When making a mistake, try harder the next time and it will eventually become easy. You will be very happy and pleases with yourself when you try to do something and succeed. When attempting to do something put in the effort so you can be the best at it. I have learned that not trying is worst than trying and failing. I have so much...
Words: 302 - Pages: 2
...For all things listed as a study make sure you know the IV, DV, results and any theory that might be associated. Verbal Knowledge Lecture 16/ chapter 9/ Meyer What is a concept, categorization, and why do we categorize? What is the definitional approach? The prototype approach? The exemplar Approach? What do we wactually use? Rosch’s study of family resemblance. What is the typicality effect? Rosch’s study of it with priming colors. What are the types of categories according to Rosch? What is the evidence that Basic level categories are special? How can experience change this? What is the hierarchical model of Collins and Quillian? What are the flaws? What is spreading activation? What is Collins and Loftus’ Semantic model? What are the flaws? What is the connectionist approach? How does it simulate actual learning? How are categories represented in the brain? Freedman’s cat-dog study. Lexical Decisions: Meyer: Know the hypothesis in addition to the usual. Understand how the word types can be broken into different IVs. Mental Imagery Lecture 17/ chapter 10/ Shepard and Meltzer What is mental Imagery? Visual Imagery Study of paired associate learning (dog flower) Paivio’s study of nouns that can evoke an image What are the spatial and propositional representation of visual imagery? Kossyln’s studies (2) of visual imagery, know the criticism that lead to the second study (the island study). What is mental scanning? ...
Words: 692 - Pages: 3
...Outline and evaluate the working memory model In the working memory model, there are four main components; The central executive is the most important component as it is involved in problem solving and decision making. It controls attention and plays a vast part in planning and processing information from subsidiary systems and LTM. It is flexible and can process information. It has a limited capacity and can only contain a limited amount of information at one time, Secondly the phonological loop stores a limited amount of speech-based sounds for quick periods. It contains two components. The phonological store (inner ear) allows acoustically coded items to be stored for a brief timing. The articulatory control process (inner voice) allows subvocal repetition of the items stored in the phonological store. Repetition can be prevented by a technique known as ‘articulatory suppression’. The visuo-spatial scratch pad (inner eye) stores visual and spatial information. It is responsible for setting up and manipulating mental images. It has a limited capacity but the limits of the system are independent. The episodic buffer interrogates and manipulates material in the working memory. It has a limited capacity, depending a lot on executive processing. It is capable of binding together information from different sources into chunks/episodes. It interrogates material from LTM to meet the requirements of working memory. The working memory model has many advantages which are that it...
Words: 525 - Pages: 3
...There is also an issue of nomothetic vs idiographic; some theorists adopt a nomothetic approach while others adopt an idiographic approach. Individuals that adopt a nomothetic approach create theories based on what we share with others, and find general laws that can be applied to large groups of people, for example behaviourism is a nomothetic approach. On the other hand the idiographic approach goes into large detail for the individual to investigate why we are unique, for example Freud’s theory is an idiographic approach. There are six principle psychological perspectives which are applied to the understanding which includes; behaviourism, social learning, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and developmental. These perspectives can be used to explain the development of individuals. Cognitive development starts when developing from when we are born. It refers to how intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving develop from infancy. As well as improving the ability to think, learn and reason. Jean Piaget...
Words: 7676 - Pages: 31
