...Community Health-HIV Transmission and Prevention Kimberly Welch Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V Jude Belmonte June 14, 2015 Community Health-HIV Transmission & Prevention One of the most complicated and complex communicable diseases in the world population today is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is estimated that 78 million people have been infected and 39 million people have died worldwide since the virus was first identified ("AIDS statistics," 2015, para. 1). HIV is contracted by direct contact with contaminated blood or body fluids. This infection modifies and destroys the specific cells of the immune system ("HIV basics," 2015, para. 1). The result of HIV infection is the eventual progression to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease) (Klatt, 2015, p. 6). HIV and AIDS are commonly used interchangeably when discussing the disease processes in general terms, but there is a distinctive evolution that identifies the presence of HIV to the development of AIDS. Since HIV targets specific cells, massive cellular destruction leads to the state know as acquired immune deficiency syndrome ("HIV basics," 2015). HIV infection currently has no cure and once acquired. However, with early detection and use of new medication combinations, it can be managed ("HIV Treatment," 2014, para. 3). Epidemiology is the medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population. Epidemiologist target specific strategies...
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...Communicable Disease Paper Felicia Pinckney HCS/457 January 24, 2013 Communicable Disease Paper In this paper the author was given an assignment by her instructor to write a paper on a communicable disease. The author has to describe the disease that she has chosen to write about and discuss different efforts to control the communicable disease. The author must include all data that she finds during her research on the communicable disease that she has chosen to write about, evidence- base interventions, and discuss plans to ensure quality of health. The author will identify available resources that will assist with the treatment and care of the communicable disease that the author has chosen to write about. The author will identify environmental factors related to the chosen disease. The author will discuss what kind of influence the communicable disease will have on a person’s lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and how to manage the disease. The author will identify gaps and methods for linking to other resources to meet the needs that are not locally available to the population. The author will include recommendations to expand community programs if there is a gap. In conclusion the author will proved three or more references. The communicable disease the author chose to write about is Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency (HIV/AIDS). HIV is a virus that is transmitted from one person to another person through the exchange of body fluids such as...
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...the human immunosufficiency virus (HIV). HIV is considered to be one of the most severe communicable diseases worldwide. Unfortunately, it has become a global pandemic. This paper will serve to discuss HIV, the signs and symptoms, the mode of transmission, treatments, demographics and more. HIV was first reported in Africa in 1981. By 1987, HIV had spread to over one hundred countries. By 2001, HIV became the primary infection leading to death. It takes several years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, in fact the latency period is ten years. Since 2008, the United Nation had estimated that approximately four million people were living with HIV, over two million people have been recently infected with HIV and approximately two million people worldwide have died from HIV. Africa has the highest ratings of people living with HIV. African Americans account for almost half of HIV infections each year. Both African Americans and Hispanics are at eight to nine times greater than Caucasians to become infected with HIV. Most states have implemented HIV surveillance reports, however most cases are unreliable because many individuals do not want to know their HIV status and they refuse to be tested. An estimate twenty seven percent of individuals are unaware that they are infected with the virus (Maurer &Smith). HIV can be transmitted by three modes of transmission. These three modes include sexual, parenteral and mother to child. HIV can also be contracted through bodily...
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...Communicable Diseases Jodi L. Smith HCS 457 June 4, 2012 Ms. Sally Kohls Communicable Diseases A communicable disease is an illness that is transmitted through contact of microorganisms. People, animals, and foods are all carriers of microorganisms that can pass an infectious illness from one host to another. A simple touch or exchange of fluids can be all it takes to spread a disease from one individual to another. There are several relevant communicable diseases in America today. In 1993, one communicable disease became more prevalent in today’s culture. The outbreak of the human immunodeficiency virus infection/ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has impacted many lives. Although today, the death rates are not as high, it has taken all branches of the government to act together to manage the disease. Human immunodeficiency virus infection / Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).The illness interferes with the immune system, making people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic infections and tumors that do not affect people with working immune systems. This susceptibility gets worse as the disease continues. There have been many efforts taken by all branches of government to control the number of HIV/AIDS cases in America. One of the main organizations that have leaded the efforts is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention...
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...study of health-related trends in populations for the purposes of disease prevention health maintenance, and health protection (Lewis, 2011). In addition to that, it focuses on relationships among an agent a host, and an environment. Their interactions determine the development and cessation of communicable diseases, and they form a web of causality, which increases or decreases the risk of disease (Lewis, 2011).One of the communicable diseases that cause a great fear nowadays throughout the world is HIV. The layout of the paper focuses on the descriptions, demographics, health determinants and role of the community health nurse. Good intro Description of Communicable Disease HIV is a fragile virus. It can only be transmitted under specific conditions that allow contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk (Lewis, Sharon, 2011). Transmission of HIV occurs through sexual intercourse with an infected partner, exposure to HIV infected blood or blood products and perinatal transmission during pregnancy at delivery, or through breastfeeding (Lewis, Sharon, 2011). Causes The HIV is a RNA virus. RNA virus are called retroviruses (Lewis, Sharon, 2011). Like all viruses, HIV cannot replicate unless it is inside a living cell. Initial infection with HIV results in large amounts of virus in the blood. HIV infects human cells with CD4 receptors on their surfaces. Immune dysfunction in HIV disease is predominantly the result of damage to and destruction of CD4...
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...Red Crescent Societies Control of communicable diseases 7 This measles 'jab' will help prevent this child from the consequences of measles such as pneumonia, malnutrition, blindness and brain disease. Photo:Marko Kokic,Canadian Red Cross Control of communicable diseases in emergencies Description This chapter gives an overview of common and emerging communicable disease threats among displaced populations because of natural and human-made disasters. General and disease-specific strategies for monitoring, preventing and controlling disease outbreaks are discussed. Learning objectives To review communicable diseases of public health importance; To discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; To plan a communicable disease control programme for emergency settings; To discuss simple but effective ways of preventing outbreaks of communicable diseases; To describe how to manage specific disease outbreaks in emergency settings; To review re-emerging and other diseases that may affect displaced populations; To discuss how to monitor and evaluate communicable disease control programmes. Key competencies Identify communicable diseases of public health importance; Discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; Discuss how to design and evaluate disease control programmes; Describe common disease control strategies including prevention...
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...Communicable Disease Essay Shawna Bolin HCS/457 June 22, 2015 University of Phoenix Communicable Disease Essay Every day we walk around amongst thousands of people, many of whom we will never meet personally but in the same sense can share something unseen. Every time we leave our homes we put ourselves at risk for catching the unknown. It could be as little as catching a cold to catching something more severe such as HIV/AIDS. Every time there is a fluid exchange, contaminated substance or close contact from traveling there is a risk of catching a communicable disease. According to the CDC, more than 1.2 million people in the United States are living with HIV infection and almost 1 in 7 are unaware of their infection (CDC, 2015). What is it? Hearing the term HIV/AIDS can sound a little confusing and scary. Understanding what it is will not only help you understand the difference between HIV and AIDS but it will also help you learn how to prevent it. Although it can be easy to confuse the two it is actually pretty simple. HIV is a virus and particular exposure to it can lead to infection and AIDS is a condition or a syndrome that can be caused by having HIV (healthline, 2015). Understanding how to control and prevent HIV/AIDS is pretty easy. HIV can be spread through blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids and using a contaminated needle. HIV can even be passed to a child during pregnancy, childbirth and even breast...
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...Aids a Communicable Disease Aids a Communicable Disease Communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host; either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector or the inanimate environment (UCLA, 2011). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a communicable disease that has become a global epidemic. This paper will give the reader a description of the disease, demographic of interest, describe the determinants of health, the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to AIDS. This paper will also discuss the role of community health nurse and organizations that have made an impact on AIDS education and research. The first report of AIDS in medical literature was in 1981 at this time AIDS was known as a disease associated with being gay, this quickly changed when further research revealed a transfusion recipient had been diagnosed as well as an infant in 1982 (UCSF, 2003). The cause of AIDS comes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which destroys CD4 cells this weakens the bodies immune system, a patient could have HIV for many years before it progresses to AIDS. A person is considered to be infected with AIDS when their CD4 count falls below 200 or they show any of the following symptoms: * Tuberculosis * Cryptosporidiosis * Pneumocystis pneumonia ...
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...(M1) Communicable diseases are very contagious and can spread very easily from one person to another person, this also includes from animal to person. You can get infected straight away just by touching, eating, drinking or breathing in a substance that has a lot of germs on it. Communicable diseases are caused by agents such as bacteria, parasites, protozoa, fungus and virus. Bacteria exist on every surface including in the air and below sea level. Most bacteria are harmless but others are harmful to our body and can do bad to your health and internal organs, kidneys and the heart. Bacteria can invade into the body via the mouth, sexual organs, nose, eyes or any cuts which need to be cleaned and dressed. Bacteria can enter the body if food is full of bacteria or it isn’t cooked properly, this is called E.Coli. E.Coli is type of bacteria that causes the person to become seriously sick and possibly kill them. A bacterium causes infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. On the other hand, Viruses depend on the host to survive, grow and reproduce. Usually, a host can be an animal or a plan. Viruses are believed to be the smallest microbes on this planet. Once the virus is inside the body it can spread and make the person very ill. ‘‘They reproduce by injecting their genes into the cell to reproduce thousands of new viruses. Viruses cause chicken pox and flue.’’ (Hillendale Health n.d) Viruses can also cause Measles, Influenza and common cold. Fungi are multi-celled...
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...Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. The spread often happens via airborne viruses or bacteria, but also through blood or other bodily fluid. The terms infectious and contagious are also used to describe communicable disease. Examples: 1. HIV/AIDS AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses. HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding. HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles. Both the virus and the disease are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then develop AIDS. The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death. 2. Measles Measles is a highly infectious illness caused by a virus. The virus lives in the mucus of the...
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...(Communicable disease)-NRS 427 1. The social determinants of health are economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities (WHO, 2008). People's health is affected by how much money, power and resources that they have, how much education a person obtains, what kind of work a person does, how a person develops early childhood, etc. These are factors that are related to health outcomes by social determinants of health. 2. The social determinants of health contribute to the development of illness. For example, when a person was born in economically poor family and malnourished, malnutrition cause many health and developmental problems including growth retardation, increased risk of infectious disease, premature death, delayed mental development, and poor school performance( Maurer & Smith, 2009). 3. A communicable disease chain include agent(pathogen), reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of re-entry, and susceptible host. A communicable disease are spread by a chain of events that is all interconnected. Pathogens are viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal. Methods of transmission include mucus, blood, breath, saliva and sexual contact. Contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs, counter tops and playground equipment, provide a medium for passing disease from one human to another(Anderson, 2011) 4. All health caregivers including nurses have a responsibility to break the chain in any steps so that infections may not occur...
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...Communicable Disease HCS/457 June 18, 2012 Communicable Disease AIDS is a chronic, life-threatening conditions caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV interferes with the body’s ability to fight off viruses, bacteria, and fungi that cause disease. HIV makes the infected person more susceptible to certain types of cancers and to infections the body normally would resist, such as pneumonia and meningitis. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the name given to the later stages of an HIV infection (Do Something, n.d.). HIV is transmitted from person to person via exchange of bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk, HIV can be spread by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles/syringes with someone who is infected, through breastfeeding, during vaginal birth or less commonly through transfusions with infected blood. HIV has been found in saliva and tears in very low quantities and concentrations in some AIDS patients. However, contact with saliva, tears, or sweat has never been shown to result in HIV transmission (Wellness, 2012). Individuals who test positive for HIV do not necessarily have AIDS. Many individuals are HIV positive but do not show symptoms of illness for years. Individuals who do get AIDS can get very sick and die from infectious diseases and cancers that usually do not cause problems for other individuals. There is currently no cure for AIDS (Office of AIDS Administration, 2011). People with...
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...Epidemiology Paper –HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus attack the cells of the immune system, and leads to the loss of immune function, results in the development of Acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS]. The human retrovirus contains two copies of a 9,749- base ribonucleic add [RNA] molecule as its genetic material. There is an enzyme called reverse transcriptase carried by the virus transform the RNA genome into a DNA copy upon infection and this DNA copy integrates into human chromosome and is maintained in a form called provirus and once the provirus is integrated the infection is not reversible .Human immune viruses falls into the subgroup known as lent viruses or slow viruses that do not cause the state of disease for many years after the infection. The period of time between the between the HIV infection and the development of disease takes between five and ten years in an untreated person. This person can be infectious during this period. Human immunodeficiency virus transmits only through the body fluids including semen vaginal fluid and also human milk .That is why the primary mode of transmission is sexual transmission, repeated use of dirty needles by the intravenous drug users, needles used for tattoos and body piercing, and also the transmission is through the HIV contaminated breast milk or from a HIV positive mother to the newborn during child birth. In the early days of AIDS epidemic the blood and blood product transfusions were considered...
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... Health is a state of optimum well-being, a human right and a social goal. The public health mission is to provide and assure conditions that promote health in the community. Public health, epidemiology and nursing practice share the same goal of disease prevention and control. By definition, epidemiology is the study of population in order to monitor the health of the population, understand the determinants of health and disease in the community, and investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health. (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Epidemiology today is considered to be the core science of public health and is described as a constellation of disciplines with a common mission: optimal health for the whole community (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology has reformed public health and continues to strive for disease prevention and health promotion in communities across the world. The population and disease that will be discussed in relation to epidemiology in this paper with be of HIV in the homeless population. This paper will focus on the homeless population in regards to their vulnerability and susceptibility to HIV, along with the epidemiology and levels of prevention. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the...
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...Global Health has evolved over time in response to inequities resulting from racial, ethnic, economic, and other disparities among the world’s population. The World Health Organization and other global health response organizations, as well as individual governments define and gather relevant statistics that can assess a nations overall health status as compared to that of other nations. In doing so, the comparisons identify countries with high levels of negative health outcomes, how well they are being addressed, and what social, political, and economic factors contribute to such health disparities. South Africa is a nation that has complex health care needs and shortcomings even though it is the second wealthiest nation in Africa. Similar to the United States, with a health care system favoring those of certain ethnicities and social status, many others are left with healthcare that is inaccessible and unaffordable. However, the divide in South America is unlike any other nation. 2011 census data shows the majority of South African’s are African, at 79.2% of the population, colored and white, which make up 8.9%, and Indian and Asian races make up the remaining population at 2.5%. ("South Africa's population," 2014) South Africa is a nation that is infamous for the Apartheid movement that is one of the greatest examples of racial segregation in history. Poverty and inequality created by racial and gender segregation were meant to dismantle the divided social structures...
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