...Infectious diseases are now the world's biggest killer of children and young adults. They account for more than 13 million deaths a year - one in two deaths in developing countries. Over the next hour alone, 1 500 people will die from an infectious disease - over half of them children under five (WHO, 1999). The main causes of these deaths from infectious diseases occur in developing countries - the countries with the least money to spend on health care. Instead of this, in wealthy countries people are suffering from non-communicable diseases, just because of their illness related behaviour.Non communicable diseases are the top cause of death worldwide, killing more than 36 million people in 2008. Cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 48% of these deaths, cancers 21%, chronic respiratory diseases 12%, and diabetes 3% (WHO, 2011). This health inequality effects not just how people live, but often dictates how and at what age they die. In this essay I would like to reflect upon the main causes, preventions about all diseases whether it is infectious or lifestyle related diseases, and my response to the global health inequalities that is existing. According to Willi (2004) the sociological imagination consist of four interrelated parts:1) Historical factors, 2) Cultural factors, 3) Structural factors, and 4) Critical factors. I would like to explain historical factors in relation of my topic. I am born and grew up in Asian region, there People are likely to try native...
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...Tuberculosis Mabel Soto Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-437V Kelly Davis May 10, 2015 Tuberculosis A communicable disease is any disease or infection that is transmitted from one person to another. The spread could happen via different types of transmission depending the disease it could be airborne or contact with bodily fluids. As health care providers it is our duty to teach and educate the population about communicable diseases to inform them on how they are spread and prevented. The following essay will briefly discuss tuberculosis and the role of a community health nurse. “Tuberculosis is a highly communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection” (Winkelman, Workman, & Hausman, 2010). It is transmitted via airborne route for example if an infected person laughs, whistles, coughs or sneezes. The population at risk for developing tuberculosis are people who have direct contact with a person infected with tuberculosis. People who have a low immune system are also at risk for developing tuberculosis. As well as people that live in crowded areas like long term facilities or prisons and homeless people. Signs and symptoms include persistent cough, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, fever or chills and dyspnea. Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with the tuberculin skin test a small amount of fluid is injected to the patient’s forearm the test needs to be read within 48 to 72 hours. A raised red induration means...
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...to the following essay, two models; biomedical model and social model will be discussed and compared in terms of their relevancy in the modern times. The second half of the essay will focus on the effectiveness of the social model in explaining the increasing prevalence of health conditions related to the obesity epidemic. During the early part of the 20th century, infectious diseases predominated as the highest cause of mortality in both developing and non-developing counties affecting 42% of the world’s population (Tulchinsky and Varavikova,2000; Boutayeb and Boutayeb,2005). This is the era that was heavily reliant on the biomedical model to diagnose illness which focused primarily on the proximal causes of disease (factors that act directly to cause a disease) and was confined to the objective measures for disease treatment (diagnosis solely based on medical facts without considering other possibilities)(Johnson,2012). Since the leading causes of death at those times were infections based i.e. pneumonia (11.8%), T.B. (11.3%) and diarrhoea (8.3%) (National Office of Vital Statistics,1947), the biomedical model’s germ theory which stated that all diseases were caused by pathogens that lead to a biological defect in the body, proved to be effective in the treatment and understanding of the communicable diseases(Johnson,2012). However, this also meant that the biomedical model was only limited to the biological factors (faulty genes, infections etc.) of disease and failed to acknowledge...
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...Module 2 DQ 1 According to world health organization, health is a state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not the absence of diseases or infirmity. Health starts at home, school, workplace, neighborhood, and communities. Eating well, no smoking, immunization, screening tests, seeing doctors when we are sick, good food and relationships. (HP 2020 data)The social determinants, these includes (1) Personal income, like if the income is low, it will affect the daily living. (2)social support (3)Education ;for example, the more educated you are the more you are likely to live healthy life style.(4) Employment; like if one is employed, it will determine the geographical location of that individual. (5) working conditions; If there no industry, no job, no schools, there will be unemployment, creating problem to the society. (6)social And physical environment; like if the area, where the water is polluted or swampy area like in sub-urban areas.in social, like in interpersonal relationships or social gatherings, or recreational centers, or fitness centers, health centers, parks, amusement centers, tourist centers to mention a few. All these also determine health. (7) Personal health practices. Like in exercises, eating healthy, having rest, and maintaining quality of good health. (8) Socio-Economic status; like the more money you have ,the more likely you will take care of yourself, eat well, do exercise and under take preventive health and more. (9) Health care rationing...
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...significant increase interest on the issue of globalization within public health, although a contested one, since authors on public health are still undecided not only on the exact conclusion on the impact of globalization on public health, whether bad or good, but also as to whether globalization has actually cemented its place in the public health lexicon. Nevertheless, it is know that a broad-based public health should take note of significant economic, political and social changes that determine and shape people’s health, and this definitely will call for a proper theoretical approach to globalization in understanding the nature of these contemporary economic, political and social changes (Stuart McClean in Orme et. al. 2007). This essay will describe the relationship between globalization and public health. It will first begin, by exploring history of Globalization to suggest how long this relationship has existed. Secondly, it will discuss about various concepts and perception on globalization, so as to arrive at some of its multiple definitions. Thirdly, public health shall be define in its global context. The fourth discussion will be identifying the determinants of health in a global context. The link between...
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...Communicable Disease Outbreak - Hat Task 3 Essay 9 Environmental and Global Health Issues 8 Emergency Response Final Steps The WGU Library Center for Writing Excellence: The WGU Writing Center Feedback Course Material Learning Resources All Notes SZT1 - Community and Population Health This course supports the assessment for SZT1. The course covers 4 competencies and represents 3 competency units. Introduction The study of community health nursing includes multiple issues, including vulnerable populations, families, violence, safety, disaster preparedness, communicable disease, and immunization. The content of this course will provide you with an opportunity to expand your practice perspective from the individual level to that of the community and system level. The activities in this course are directed to enhance your appreciation of the effort of making the United States a healthier nation. Watch the following video introduction for this course: Competencies This course provides guidance to help you demonstrate the following 4 competencies: •Competency 725.8.1: Community Health EpidemiologyThe graduate assesses and analyzes the health status of populations using data, community resources identification, input from the population, and professional judgment; and determines...
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...sure quality care is accessible to its consumers and is value added care that will result in clinical outcomes aimed at reducing the nation’s mortality rate and increasing or extending the average life expectancy. In order to achieve that goal the system is divided into different segments, with each segment responsible for a specific function. For example, there are agencies that are responsible for the safety of prescriptions drugs; credentialing and accreditation; payments and reimbursements; and infectious diseases just to name a few. In addition to the agency’s specific function, the agency’s goals and objectives are driven by a specific mission and operate within their assigned scope; one such agency is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (commonly referred to as the CDC). This essay will examine: the mission of the CDC; issues that are addressed by the CDC; the impact and influence the CDC has on policy and delivery and current initiatives of the CDC. The essay will also address the need to utilize political and legal analysis when considering policy problems. Plagues, epidemics, and pandemics have occurred throughout the history of the U.S. public health care system. The public health system originally created a project to address malaria called the Malaria Control in War Areas in 1946 which was later converted to the...
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...Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a disease that only infects humans, weakens the immune system, and like other viruses, reproduces itself by taking over cells within the body of its host. HIV is similar to other viruses such as those that cause the common cold or flu. The difference is that with most viruses, the body’s natural immune system is able to rid the body of it. With HIV, the body’s immune system cannot clear the virus and the reason behind this is still trying to be figured out by scientists (AIDS.gov, 2014). Scientists believe that the source of HIV came from a certain type of chimpanzee in Western Africa and was transmitted to humans when these infected animals were hunted and eaten. Studies have shown that HIV may have transmitted to humans as far back as the 1800s and slowly spread across Africa, eventually making its way to different parts of the world. HIV has existed here in the United States since the mid to late 1970s (CDC, 2014). So what causes HIV? How does one get infected with this non-curable disease? In this short essay we will explore this communicable disease in detail, discuss factors that contribute to the development of this disease, discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to HIV, and lastly explain the role that a community nurse has in regards to prevention. HIV is a non-curable disease and once you have it, you have it for life. HIV is found in bodily fluids such as, blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, breast milk, vaginal...
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...Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that spreads through sharing the air with an infected person. Being infected with tuberculosis is hard, but it can be treated. Tuberculosis is likely to develop into several stages, but this does not always happen. This essay will describe the main stage of tuberculosis, the potential outcomes of it, and the treatment steps. The main stage of tuberculosis is exposure. First, the person has to inhale the air which contains the TB bacteria, but to be afflicted with the TB infection requires a long time of exposure. For example, spending a long time with someone who has active TB disease such as a family member or roommate may lead a person to get TB infection, but shaking hands and sharing both clothing and eating utensils does not transmit this infection. (1) However, TB bacteria evolve slowly, so there is no instant danger to the person who is exposed to TB bacteria or to those who are around him/her....
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...Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence on the occurrence of diseases. It was until the nineteenth century when the distribution of the disease specific in human population group was measured to a large extent as beginnings of epidemiology and road to the most spectacular achievement. The other aspect practice that became common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s was the comparing of rates of the disease...
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...1 Occupational Health and Safety Issues of Police Officers in Canada, the United States and Europe: A Review Essay © Jennifer R. L. Parsons June, 2004 2 Introduction Police officers play a pivotal role in North American and European societies. They are involved in many aspects of North American and European life. Officers’ involvement ranges from general, daily, proactive patrol activities to specific criminal activities such as narcotic investigations. Because there is such a wide range of activities involved in police work, there are many health and safety issues surrounding policing as an occupation. Police officers may be exposed to different health and safety risks in their occupation. For example, police officers are at risk of assault and homicide; the dynamics of policing as an occupation creates opportunities for them to experience many psychosocial hazards such as stress, suicide, sexual harassment, and discrimination. It is important that research be completed on the health and safety issues of police officers in order to identify hazards and identify ways to reduce risk. The failure to identify and solve health and safety concerns of officers has potentially serious consequences for the health and well being of officers and their families. These consequences can include depression, divorce, suicide, and disease. Not addressing the health and safety issues associated with policing may also impact the general public. For example, if an officer is...
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...expectancy and improving health. (Public Health) PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES: Public health strategies are devised in order to prevent the spread of diseases, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc. Monitoring the health status of the community – Is a key aspect of health strategies that are in place within the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the population, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems. Health throughout the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expectancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded before being compared to the health of other communities across the country. Local information on health is an important aspect as it is collected on a geographical basis throughout the UK, for example vaccination rates, hospital admissions etc. This is one way on health can be monitored, as in the cases of other communities they may have higher incidence rates of certain diseases whereas...
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...are many viruses that effects the human population. Herpes is one of these diseases. It is no less then a self-limited communicable disease. Yet its "victims" describe it as devastating, and society treats those with it like lepers. Until recently most people had never heard of herpes virus. Even doctors were familiar with the virus, yet in the past few years , it has become an epidemic. Why I chose to study this topic is more on how herpes affects a person emotionally. Why should a disease like this which rarely causes great physical problems, be such trouble to many people? It is not as devastating as tuberculosis. Its not a killer like cancer. And it is not as disabling as the flu. It isn't as bad a smoking is to your health, so why should so many people care about it. I think that the main reason is that herpes affects the persons personality. To many, there is nothing more important then that persons genitals. One's genitals gives one the ability to love and to be loved. Another reason is that this virus, unlike many in today's society, is incurable. With todays fast food restaurants, great health insurance, and one hour prescriptions, people have a hard time dealing with herpes being incurable. The incurability and recurrent nature of herpes makes it a control issue and no one likes to lose control. There is an unbuilding factor in this issue. There is always new research going on for this disease. This topic interests me on an great level. I myself get cold sores and I...
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...Term Papers and Free EssaysBrowse Essays Read full version essay Aca Ethics Aca Ethics Print version essay is available for you! You can search Free Term Papers and College Essay Examples written by students!. Join Essays24.com and get instant access to Aca Ethics and over 30,000 other Papers and Essays Category: Psychology Autor: anton 15 November 2010 Words: 1489 | Pages: 6 Running head: Ethics Paper ACA Code of Ethics and AACC Code of Ethics; what are the Similarities and Differences? Abstract The American Counseling Association Code of Ethics (ACA Code) and the American Association of Christian Counselors Code of Ethics (AACC Code) has many similarities as well as differences. Codes of ethics are designed to protect the client, counselor and the profession. This report will compare and contrast three separate areas within each of the two ethics codes. All areas of the ethics codes are important; however the three that have been chosen are of particular interest to the writer. Two of the areas that are addressed, confidentiality and sexual intimacies, come from duties to the client and the last area, reporting colleagues, comes from duties to the profession. ACA CODE OF ETHICS AND AACC CODE OF ETHICS, WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES? In the field of counseling, either secular counseling or Christian counseling ethics play a large and vital role. The ACA Code serves five main purposes. The five purposes...
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...debating whether or not illegal immigrants affect the economy of the country. Those who are in favor of helping illegal immigrants state that immigrants “benefit the economy by increasing demand, spurring investment, and keeping receiving-country industries competitive through enhancing capital productivity (Borjas 1994)”. Those who are against state that illegal immigrants cause high costs to the government that include medical aid, welfare, and enrollment in public schools. According to Jeffrey T. Kullgren, MD, MPH “many cases of infectious disease are identified not when symptoms manifest themselves, but when patients seek medical care for other unrelated conditions. Consequently, identifying and treating communicable diseases in their earliest stages requires that undocumented immigrants be able to access services for all health conditions, not just those that have progressed to an emergency level or include symptoms of infectious disease before others in the community are exposed.” That is to say that if illegal immigrants have no access to health services they could have an infection and infect the population because they are not aware of what is affecting them. For this reason they should be allowed to have access to medical treatment like every person in the country. Humanists state that societies must provide to documented and undocumented immigrants with moderately and comprehensive...
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