...THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION THEORIES: A Critique Paper Since the inception of communication as a discipline of knowledge, scholars have come up with many theories related to its components. In fact, the encyclopaedia of communication theories (Littlejohn, 2009) has identified more than 300 relevant theories, a testament that the field is already making a big wave in the academic arena. It has been a product of many minds converging into one vision – to enrich the communication field. However, it was not an easy road for these intellectual minds as they are confronted with issues that still need to be resolved. In this paper I will try to present first the rich beginning of communication theories and in light with this development context follows my presentation on the varied problems confronted the field of communication theories as well my personal views on the matter. Historical Beginning There are two insights into how communication theory came into being – the religious view and the philosophical aspect. Although most of communication theories book do not include the religious view, I find it necessary to take into account the dogmatic view to present the variations of its origin. The religious view is demonstrated in the Holy Bible especially in Genesis when God communicated with man and man had the ability to communicate with Him and with each other. It is no wonder then that other writers of Bible theorize about communication. Notably, the Old Testament portrays...
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...Models of communication refers to the conceptual model used to explain the human communication process. The first major model for communication came in 1949 by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories[1] Following the basic concept, communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part (sender) to another (receiver).[2] ------------------------------------------------- Shannon and Weaver to[edit] The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal.[1] In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message innatural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Social scientists...
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...Professional Health Care Communication Personal and Professional Health Care Communication In the health care setting, effective health care communication is essential to deliver the best care for the patients. Different disciplines in the health care field collaborate to provide the safest and highest quality care for the patients. The care of patients involves different individuals with different specialty in the heath care field that needs to communicate effectively to share and discuss patient’s information and treatment goals. To communicate effectively with other professionals in the health care field is as important as professional-client communication. In this paper, the importance of professional and personal health care communication and relevancy of effective professional health care communication to health outcomes will be discuss. The lack of professional and personal health care communications contributes to poor health outcomes and the principles and theories of therapeutic communication in health care settings for the health care professional will also covered in this paper. Communication in health care field is essential. Whether a person works in the dietary services, hospital volunteer, or as a nurse’s assistant, health care professionals should learn the skills to communicate effectively. These communication skills are use to interact with patients, co workers, and management. A lack of effective communication skills in the health...
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...Helen Wiggins Comm Theory Spee 390 Dr. Almeida EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY Judee K. Burgoon is an American academic. She is Professor of Communication and Professor of Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona. She is also Director of Human Communication Research for the Center for the Management of Information and Site Director for Center for Identification Technology Research at the university, and currently holds an appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor with the Department of Communication at the University of Oklahoma, and the Center for Applied Social Research at the University of Oklahoma. She has published over 240 articles and 7 books. Among the theories that she is most notably linked to are: Interpersonal Adaptation Theory, Expectancy Violations Theory, and Interpersonal Deception Theory. This paper will give insight about two journals that elaborate on Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory. It will also compare the difference of the journals with Em Griffin’s approach about the theory and how I personally feel that the journals may be the same or different than the views of Griffin. Journal 1: “Nonverbal Expectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors” By: Judee Burgoon & Jerold Hale The journal discusses that nonverbal expectancy violations theory holds that positive violations produce more favorable communication outcomes than conformity to expectations, while negative violations...
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...Communications/ Human Relations Essay Grand Canyon University: EDA-575 January 28, 2011 Human Relations Introduction In all fields and disciplines of study, indeed in all aspects of life, human relations and communication play a pivotal role. They allow for the simplest exchanges and the most profound and powerful ability to make progress and improvements. They carry the weight of ideas, opinions, motivations, and concerns. Human relations and the ability to communicate effectively are the catalyst for connectivity and progress. This is especially true in the arena of education. With so many people involved in the day to day running of a school, positive communication is paramount. Within the field of education, specifically educational leadership, there is a broad history of human relation and communication theories, movements, and practices. While some of these theories, movements, and practices have been widely adopted and promoted, the field of educational leadership still allows for significant amounts of autonomy and express for individual school leaders and administrative teams. While human relations have always existed, the study and application of these principles are fairly new; and it was not until the late 19th century that researchers began exploring how human relations, communication, and motivation affected workers (Razik & Swawnson, 2010). When looking specifically at human relations and its applications to educational administration, this field of...
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...http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.312014 Review of Family Functioning Liangtie Dai, Lingna Wang School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Received 25 November 2015; accepted 19 December 2015; published 22 December 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract This article introduces the theories of family functions, including two kind of theory. The first is result oriented, defining family functioning by specific features of family. The second is process oriented, describing family function from the tasks families need to complete. The authors review Olson annular mode theory and Beavers system theory as representatives of result oriented family function. Then, the authors introduce McMaster family functioning mode theory and Skinner’s Family process model theory as representatives of process oriented family function. At the end of this paper, the authors analyze some possible research directions in the future. Keywords Family Functioning, Result Oriented Family Function, Process Oriented Family Function, Measure 1. Introduction and Overview Family is not only the basic unit of society, but also an important place for individual physical and mental growth. A family is made up of every member in the family. At the same time, it affects the growth of every member...
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...Qualification | Unit number and title | Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Business (QCF) | Unit 47: Employability Skills Level 5 | Student name and ID number | Assessor name | | | Date issued | Completion date | Submitted on | 25thJanuary 2016 | | | Internal Verifier | | Assignment title | Training and Development- GE | InstructionsAbbreviation | * An electronic copy of your assessment must be fully uploaded by the deadline date and time. * You must submit one single PDF or MS Office Word document. Any relevant images or screenshots must be included within the same MS Office Word or PDF document. * The last version you upload will be the one that is marked. Your paper will be marked if you have indicated this as your final submission. * Review the mitigating circumstances policy for information relating to extensions. * The file size must not exceed 20MB. * Answer the criteria in order, clearly indicating the pass criteria number. * Ensure that all work has been proof-read and checked prior to submission. * Ensure that the layout of your documents are in a professional format with font style Arial, font size 12 for the text, font 14 for sub heading and font 16 for main heading, line spacing 1.5 and justified. * Use the Harvard referencing system; otherwise it will be considered as plagiarised work. * Ensure that you back-up your work regularly and apply version control to your documents. * Ensure that any file you upload is virus-free...
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...Communications/ Human Relations Essay John Smith Grand Canyon University: EDA-575 January 28, 2013 Human Relations Introduction In all fields and disciplines of study, indeed in all aspects of life, human relations and communication play a pivotal role. They allow for the simplest exchanges and the most profound and powerful ability to make progress and improvements. They carry the weight of ideas, opinions, motivations, and concerns. Human relations and the ability to communicate effectively are the catalyst for connectivity and progress. This is especially true in the arena of education. With so many people involved in the day to day running of a school, positive communication is paramount. Within the field of education, specifically educational leadership, there is a broad history of human relation and communication theories, movements, and practices. While some of these theories, movements, and practices have been widely adopted and promoted, the field of educational leadership still allows for significant amounts of autonomy and express for individual school leaders and administrative teams. While human relations have always existed, the study and application of these principles are fairly new; and it was not until the late 19th century that researchers began exploring how human relations, communication, and motivation affected workers (Razik & Swawnson, 2010). When looking specifically at human relations and its applications to educational administration, this...
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...Innovation Diffusion in Mobile Communication Industry Introduction The word innovation is derived from the Latin word ‘innovatio’ which means renew or change. Innovation is connected with the renewal or improvement in things, it brings a change in the existing things or brings completely new thing into the market and the consequence of innovation is novelty. Innovation is that idea, practice or object which is perceived as new by an individual of unit of adoption (Rogers 1962). Innovation, first of all influences the thinking process of an individual, when one changes the way he makes a decision or makes choices outside of their norm. When innovation comes it changes the old settings and develops a space for new and better process and establishes a completely better system. Innovation and creativity are somewhere connected with each other; creativity can be described as coming up with new ideas, while innovation is about instilling life to ideas that is actually implementing the ideas. Innovation can be described differently at different levels, like on the lower level it is about changing the way the activities are performed and application of inventions; on the other hand, at the higher levels, it is about complete transformation of the organisation. In context to the organisation, innovation is concerned with positive changes in market shares, efficiency, competitive positioning, and quality productivity and so on and all these forces...
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...REPORT Analysis of issues of Harbor Inn Hotel Human resources in the hotel industry play a vital role for the success of the business. There are several issues in the hotel Harbor Inn in Sydney, which are directly responsible for job dissatisfaction and excessive staff turnover occurred in last few years A- Issues related with motivation 1. Lack of motivation Susan and David experienced that the management has never motivated them to maximize their efforts in achieving the goals of organization. 2. Lack of adequate training: Susan’s training was very slow and inadequate, upsetting the prospects of Susan’s career. Training is usually uncommon in hotel industry due to high employee turnover; even then the success of the hotel industry relies on training the workforce. Training is an essential ingredient to enhance the quality experience to employees and travelers alike (Janes). 3. Loss of trust in management Managers did not fulfill the promises of increasing the work hours of Susan and providing car-parking slot. Managers never cared how Susan is making both ends meet with her limited salary. Many employees have lost trust in their managers. Nohria et al. (2008, pp. 2-4) argued that when the managers betray an employee, the employ feels loneliness and frustration. Attachment with organization improves employees’ commitment to the organization. 4. Issues of security of job and safety Employees need security of job and safe environment...
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...in Business Research Describe the business research process When the organization wants an inclusive and full understanding of a developing theory and information practices a case study is conducted. A case study creates a complete assessment of what the customer wants by researching the product or field in every aspect. Case studies involve on-site analysis, and interviews of people that use the product or individuals that are in that particular field that is being researched. The Case Study method involves extensive information gathering, and most case studies are typically time demanding. Identify the research problem and the research method Accounting research is often challenged about its relevance and achievements. Accounting research matters for the development and for improving the practice. This specific case study questions the complexity of the different variables, and the actual practices that detail the ordinary, unusual, or infrequent. This case study was created to answer the how and why questions of accounting, evaluating the importance and application of accounting research and how it relates to professional proficiency. According to Cooper, D. J., & Morgan, W. (2008), “Case study research comes in many forms, and is extremely useful in raising questions, highlighting issues, developing and testing theory, and providing guidance to make accounting research more successful. The case study research method used here is called “Phronesis” or “practical...
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...Organizational communication 1 Organizational communication Organizational communication is a subfield of the larger discipline of communication studies. Organizational communication, as a field, is the consideration, analysis, and criticism of the role of communication in organizational contexts. History of Organizational Communication The field traces its lineage through business information, business communication, and early mass communication studies published in the 1930s through the 1950s. Until then, organizational communication as a discipline consisted of a few professors within speech departments who had a particular interest in speaking and writing in business settings. The current field is well established with its own theories and empirical concerns distinct from other communication subfields and other approaches to organizations. Several seminal publications stand out as works broadening the scope and recognizing the importance of communication in the organizing process, and in using the term "organizational communication". Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon wrote in 1947 about "organization communications systems", saying communication is "absolutely essential to organizations".[1] W. Charles Redding played a prominent role in the establishment of organizational communication as a discipline. In the 1950s, organizational communication focused largely on the role of communication in improving organizational life and organizational output. In the 1980s, the field turned...
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...University Transitioning from a trainee to a seasoned MFT takes years of experience, practice, and continual education. Seasoned MFT have a foundational philosophy, extensive toolkit theories they can pull from, and their ability to create a detailed map of the client and create a treatment plan that allows one to see the big picture efficiently. The key point being that the seasoned MFT can quickly assess their client and the situation with great detail in order to determine the best path to take for treatment. Theory helps to lay the foundation for the approach the MFT will use when working with clients. Having a solid understanding of theory allows MFTs to focus on other factors such as the diversity concerns and the therapeutic relationship in order to increase the outcome of successful treatment. Being competent as a MFT means being able to navigate through the five steps of competent therapy: (1) determine what the situation entails, (2) identifying the obstacles and resources that can effect a client, (3) develop a treatment plan, (4) assessing the client’s progress, and (5) document the process. Common factors research shows us the correlation of importance of therapeutic relationships to the positive response to treatment. My interpretation when looking at Lambert and Wampold’s theories are that outside of the relationship bond formed with a client, therapists can only directly influence 8%-15% of the effectiveness of therapy. In Lambert’s model it should be noted that...
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...Computer science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.[1][2] Computer scientists invent algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information and formulate suitable abstractions to model complex systems. Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computational complexity theory, study the fundamental properties of computational problems, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describe computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. The general public sometimes confuses computer science with careers that deal with computers (such as information technology), or think that it relates to their own experience of computers, which typically involves activities such as gaming, web-browsing, and word-processing. However, the focus of computer science is more on understanding the properties of the programs used to implement...
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...Strategic Communication ARTICLE in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION · MARCH 2007 DOI: 10.1080/15531180701285244 CITATIONS READS 112 457 5 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Kirk Hallahan Betteke van Ruler Colorado State University University of Amsterdam 37 PUBLICATIONS 894 CITATIONS 36 PUBLICATIONS 513 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Dejan Verčič Krishnamurthy Sriramesh University of Ljubljana Purdue University 102 PUBLICATIONS 742 CITATIONS 44 PUBLICATIONS 712 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. SEE PROFILE Available from: Betteke van Ruler Retrieved on: 10 April 2016 This article was downloaded by: On: 8 September 2010 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 3741 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Strategic Communication Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t775653701 Defining Strategic Communication Kirk Hallahana; Derina Holtzhausenb; Betteke van Rulerc; Dejan Verčičd; Krishnamurthy Srirameshe a Journalism and Technical Communication Colorado State University, b School of Mass Communications, University...
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