...CITY AND ISLINGTON COLLEGE Assignment BriefFront Cover Centre: | Centre for Applied Sciences | | | Learner name: | Mohamed elrraik | | | Course Code: | AS2212A11/AS2211A11 | | | Programme Level &Title: | BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science | | | Unit Number & Title: | Unit 18 Genetics & Genetic Engineering | | | Assignment Title: | Assignment 1 – DNA & Protein synthesis | | | Assessor Name: | Jasmin Bongrani | | | Date Issued: | AS2212A11 12/09/11AS2211A11 30/01/12 | DateDue: | AS2212A11 10/10/11AS2211A11 05/03/12 | | | | | Turn It In Score: | | Referral Due Date: | | | | | | Internal Verifier Name: | Lee Walker | Date IVed: | 08/09/11 | Grading criteria | Y/N | Feedback(including action where necessary) | P1 | Compare and contrast the structure of various nucleic acids | | | M1 | Explain how genetic information an be stored in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA | | | D1 | Explain the steps involved in biosynthesis of protein including the roles of RNA | | | Additional Feedback and/or Action Plan: Date marked: | | Learner Declaration | I declare that all the work submitted for this assignment is my own work or, in the case of group work,the work of myself and the other members of the group in which I worked, and that no part of it has beencopied from any source. I understand that if any part of the...
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...Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. You will be able to 1. Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA 2. Describe how DNA replicates 3. Explain how a protein is produced 4. Distinguish between the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in translation 5. Determine DNA, RNA, and protein sequences when given any complementary sequence Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. You will be able to 6. Distinguish between exons and introns and describe the steps in RNA processing that lead to a mature mRNA Explain the relationship between DNA genotype and the action of proteins in influencing phenotype Distinguish between the effects of base substitution and insertion or deletion mutations 7. 8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. You will be able to 9. Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic viral reproductive cycles and describe how RNA viruses are duplicated within a host cell 10. Explain how an emerging virus can become a threat to human health 11. Identify three methods of transfer for bacterial genes 12. Distinguish between viroids and prions 13. Describe the effects of transferring plasmids from donor to recipient cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Transcription Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus Messenger RNA (mRNA) contains codons for protein sequences Eukaryotic mRNA has interrupting sequences called introns...
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...Brandon samas February 16 2012 Biology 2 Part 2 of examination 1 1. Compare and contrast, in detail, the relationship between the following: Euchromatin and heterochromatin, discussing the significance/importance of each. Euchromatin is a form of chromatin that is lightly packed and rich in gene concentration. It’s also found in eukaryotes and prokaryotic cells. It’s often but not always under active transcription. Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. On the other hand Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA and it also comes in two different forms constitutive and facultative heterochromatin. Both play a factor in expression of gene. Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. Heterochromatin has been associated with several functions, from gene regulation to the protection of the integrity of chromosomes. Some of these roles can be attributed to the dense packing of DNA, which makes it less accessible to protein factors that usually bind DNA or its associated factors. Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. The unfolded structure allows gene regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase complexes to bind to the DNA sequence, which can then initiate the transcription process. Not all Euchromatin is necessarily transcribed, but in general that which is not is transformed into heterochromatin to protect...
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...BIOL 4200 Bioinformatics DNA, RNA, and protein structure exercises; MEGA5 This summary exercise focuses on the survey of the databases of RNA and protein structures with the goal of searching these databases to identify DNA or protein sequences that might be appropriate for your class project. This exercise will also start the phylogenetic analysis of DNA and protein sequences using MEGA5 Name: Sohaib Iqbal 1. Please click through these websites of RNA and protein structures. Please describe briefly what these websites are, in other words, what biological research activities you can conduct using these websites. Please rephrase your words, do not copy and paste, for any information you obtain from any other sources. Vienna RNA package: RNA Secondary Structure Prediction and Comparison http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/RNA/ * This website shows research group bioinformatics and computational biology. This website represents the Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, which is a part of University of Vienna. They use and develop algorithms to detect RNA genes, folding dynamics of melecules, RNA design and chemical reaction networks. Vienna RNA webservers: http://rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/ * This page shows programs and web services that can be used to show and discuss RNA secondary structures. They also consist of folding kinetics, sequence design, and genome wide screening. tRNAscan-SE Search Server: http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/ * This website...
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...Avery and colleagues demonstrated the genetic material was DNA but introducing deoxyribonucleases or ribonucleases, enzyme that only degrades DNA or RNA, to transforming cells. The observation was that transforming activity destroyed only by deoxyribonuclease and not by ribonuclease. In the Hershey and Chase experiment, they used radioactive labeled (35S and 32P) T2 bacteriophage to test for the genetic material. The coat protein of bacteriophage was labeled with 35S and the DNA was labeled with 32P. After rounds of replication, only the parental nucleic acid and no protein was found in the...
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...receive tutor feedback (no answer, no feedback) • Be independent: consult textbooks or dictionaries on your own first before asking the tutor • All questions are compulsory. 1 mark may reflect 1 answer point. (No half mark is awarded in the finals marks) (Source: Final Examination, Sept 2010) Q1. (a) Figure 1.1 shows the process of DNA replication. [pic] Figure 1.1 Based on Figure 1.1, identify which of the labels A-I correctly represent the following structures: (4 marks) (6 marks) i) DNA polymerase ii) 5’ end of a nucleic acid (state one label only) iii) Daughter strand synthesized in pieces iv) The template strand at which replication is discontinuous (b) Name the enzyme that joins small DNA fragments into a continuous chain. (1 mark) (c) State the significance of replication of the DNA. (1 mark) (d) Name the mechanism / model of DNA replication which is consistent with the idea of Watson and Crick. (1 mark) (1 mark) (Source:...
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...student found guilty of cheating or plagiarism may be withdrawn from the unit at the discretion of the Assessment Board. | Internal verification: | Date: | | Name | | | | Signature | | Aim and purpose:-To develop understanding of the principles of Mendelian genetics and to develop knowledge and practical techniques used in commercial, analytical and research laboratories | | GRADING CRITERIA To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | To achieve a Merit grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | P1 Compare and contrast the structure of various nucleic acids. | M1 Explain how genetic information can be stored in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA. | D1 Explain the steps involved in biosynthesis of protein including the roles of...
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...PYF12 3/21/05 8:04 PM Page 191 Chapter 12 Gene expression and regulation Bacterial genomes usually contain several thousand different genes. Some of the gene products are required by the cell under all growth conditions and are called housekeeping genes. These include the genes that encode such proteins as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and DNA gyrase. Many other gene products are required under specific growth conditions. These include enzymes that synthesize amino acids, break down specific sugars, or respond to a specific environmental condition such as DNA damage. Housekeeping genes must be expressed at some level all of the time. Frequently, as the cell grows faster, more of the housekeeping gene products are needed. Even under very slow growth, some of each housekeeping gene product is made. The gene products required for specific growth conditions are not needed all of the time. These genes are frequently expressed at extremely low levels, or not expressed at all when they are not needed and yet made when they are needed. This chapter will examine gene regulation or how bacteria regulate the expression of their genes so that the genes that are being expressed meet the needs of the cell for a specific growth condition. Gene regulation can occur at three possible places in the production of an active gene product. First, the transcription of the gene can be regulated. This is known as transcriptional regulation. When the gene is transcribed and how much it is...
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...up a eukaryotic cell, and have even let us watch some basic cell functions as they occur. 3. What are the main components of cell theory? The main components of cell theory are that all life is made of cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of life, and that all cells come from preexisting cells 4. Describe the differences between light and electron microscopes. The light microscope can be used to study living organisms, does not distort structures, can show structures in stained color, and is less expensive than the electron microscope. However, the light microscope lacks much of the magnification and resolution of the electron microscope. 5. Which molecules and structures occur in all cells? All cells have DNA, proteins, RNA, ribosomes, a watery cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. 6. Describe adaptations that increase the ratio of surface area to volume in cells. Adaptations that increase the surface area to volume ratio include elongated or flattened cell shapes. An efficient transportation system, a water-filled vacuole, and improved efficiency help cells sidestep surface area limitations. 3.2 1. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles, have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, and are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. 2. How are bacteria and archaea similar to and different from each other? Bacteria and archaea are small cells that lack nuclei...
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...Nutrient Cycles The chemical substances that an organism needs to survive are called nutrients. Like water, nutrients pass through organisms and the environment. Carbon Cycle: Carbon is a key ingredient of all organic compounds. Processes involved in the carbon cycle include photosynthesis and human activities such as burning. Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is needed by all organisms to build proteins. Processes involved in the nitrogen cycle include nitrogen fixation and denitrification. • In nitrogen fixation, certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia. • In denitrification, other soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds called nitrates back into nitrogen gas. Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus is needed for molecules such as DNA and RNA. Most of the phosphorus in the biosphere is stored in rocks and ocean sediments. Stored phosphorus is gradually released into water and soil, where it is used by organisms. Nutrient Limitation A nutrient that, in short supply, can limit the productivity of an...
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...Unit 5: Mitosis and Meiosis SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Processes of Transcription and Translation A. Genetic information from DNA in transcription is transcribed in RNA. Using the mRNA instruction translation makes body structures. SC.912.L.16.14 Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome numbers during asexual reproduction. Cell Cycle and Mitosis A. The cell cycle is the growth and division of cells. There are three main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase,mitosis, and cytokinesis. 1. In Interphase the cell begins to grow...
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...carbohydrates. • Describe the possible levels of protein structure. • Summarize the fundamental property of all lipids • Illustrate the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids. Advanced learning objectives After the biomolecules lectures, students should be able to: • Predict what type of bond would be formed using electronegativity information. • Develop the critical thinking skills that allow you to evaluate scientific experiments that seek to explore how life started on earth. • Summarize why and where carbohydrates are commonly combined with other macromolecules. • Describe the relationship between functional groups and the molecules they are part of. • Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNA. • Describe the four types of lipids. o Summarize and predict commonalities and differences in lipid structure and function • Describe how man-made fats are different from those found in nature and what their properties are. Be able to define, identify, and (where...
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...BSC 1020 - Biology of Humans EXAM 1 Study Guide Exam Instructions • Exam 1 is scheduled for Saturday, February 13, 2016 from 11:00am-12:15pm • It will be held on the Tampa campus, in CW Bill Young Hall (CWY), which is located on USF Maple Dr., across from the Social Science bldg. (SOC), and north of the gym/rec center (REC). Campus maps can be found at: http://www.usf.edu/administrative-services/parking/maps/index.aspx o Because there are 316 students, we’ll split the class between two adjacent rooms: If you last name begins with A ‒ J, go to CWY 107 ▪ If you last name begins with K ‒ Z, go to CWY 109 ▪ • If you cannot come to the Tampa campus that day, it is your responsibility to arrange for an alternate site. Refer to the syllabus for more details. • Please bring your student ID and a pencil. Scantron sheets will be provided. • The exam covers Chapters 1 to 7, Units A‒D. Roughly the same number of questions will come from each chapter. • It will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, including approximately 10 True/False. Study Recommendations: • Re-read each chapter ahead of time, study the PowerPoint slides • Do the online practice quizzes and activities. Better yet, do them a couple of times. Some of the exam questions may be the same or very similar. • Take the quizzes found at the end of each chapter in the textbook Study Material: To help you focus your studies as much as possible, I’ve assembled...
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...characteristics of living organisms. I. Describe and give an example of each level of organization from atoms to ecosystems. For tissues please list and draw a diagram of one example of the 4 major types and list function for each. For organ systems please diagram and label the digestive system and list one major function for each organ. Define and/or diagram (your choice – demonstrate your understanding): a. metabolism b. homeostasis c. interaction with the environment d. flow of energy from sun to autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers e. cycling of carbon using concepts of respiration and photosynthesis (use equations) f. reproduction g. DNA and genes h. evolution - mutations, diversity, adaptive trait, natural selection, extinction i. unity and diversity of life and the usefulness of the theory of evolution in explaining both the unity and diversity of life. j. classification of living organisms – see text and instructor’s notes Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the basic structure of atoms and molecules. II. Illustrate the following to indicate your comprehension of chemical structures. (add definitions next to illustrations.) Atoms - define the following and provide one...
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...000 (b) explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Resolution “the ability of an optical system to distinguish between two adjacent objects” Magnification increases the apparent size of an object” Resolving power “the degree of detail that can be seen with a microscope” The resolving power is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the radiation used (i.e. the shorter the wavelength, the greater the resolution). (c) Stains: (d) explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; - most biological structures are transparent the stain gives a contrast between different structures the stain combines with certain chemicals in the structure - Iodine solution: Starch → blue-black - Eosin solution: cytoplasm → pink - Feulgens agent DNA → dark red / purple - Aceto-orcein agent calculate the linear magnification of an image (HSW3); Page 1 of 8 AS Biology: OCR Syllabus (e) Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Module 1.1.1 describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma (cell...
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