...Organelles are components of eukaryotic cells, which act as functional units. A simple eukaryotic cell comprises of many organelles such as the mitochondria, vacuole, or nucleus. These organelles are responsible for the preservation of the cells function and vitality. Each organelle is dutiful to a specific role essential to the cell, and thus the greater organism. However, which of these organelles is the greatest contributor to cell vitality is widely debatable. Fundamentally, there is one organelle whose important outweighs the rest: the nucleus. This article will present the argument that the nucleus’ importance overrides every other organelle. Firstly, the unique role of the nucleus and its importance will be presented. Then the function...
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...about the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells by comparing their structure and function: It will talk about the similar components they have and their function of the two cells (prokaryotic and Eukaryotic) and then it will talk about the different components and their function in the cell. It will relate the structure to function in two specialised eukaryotic cells and the structure of the cell membrane to its function of movement of substances into and out of the cell. Regarding to the cell theory all living things are made of cells and all organisms may be classified as prokaryotes (before nucleus) or eukaryotes (true nucleus). Prokaryotes was developed first, they are small (size 1 to 10um) and they consist of one cell (unicellular) and it has no nucleus but instead it as a nucleoid which contains the genome (DNA of the cell). (Boundless 2015) (Look figure1) Eukaryotes come from prokaryotic cells and they are large (size 10 to 100um), highly structured, they consist of many cells (multicellular), has a nucleus which is the brain of the cell and it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope. The prokaryotic and Eukaryotes both have a Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Cell Wall (in Eukaryotic it is present only in Animals) and Cytoplasm. The cell membrane is a thin flexible bilayer round the outside of all cells and it's made by phospholipids and proteins. Its function is to separate the contents of the cells from the outside environment. (AQA Biology 2012) The Cell Wall is composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN...
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...them. Eukaryotic cells are not all the same size as seen by comparing the size of the cheek cell to the size of a fungi cell. This can also be observed in just the cells of the different kingdoms of eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals. 4. As seen in the elodea cell it is possible to see the cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, and nucleus in plant cells as well as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm within animal cells. 5. In all of the cells it was possible to see a plasma membrane (clearly observed in the bacteria) that surrounds all cells and provides a barrier between the inside of the cell and the environment, cytoplasm that surrounds the chemicals and structures of a cell (example paramecium), as well as the small size of cells so the surface area and volume are proportional to each other to help maximize the efficiency of the cells. 6. In eukaryotic cell there is a nucleus present versus only the presence of genetic material in prokaryotic cells (example in cheek cell). Eukaryotic cells also have membrane bound organelles which allow compartmentalization within cells allowing eukaryotic cells to specialize (example seen in the elodea cells). Eukaryotic cells much larger than the size of prokaryotic cells (bacteria versus paramecium). 7. On a cellular level, the trend toward complexity is observed in the direction of increasing specialization. Starting with some of the most basic units of life seen in the bacteria cells there...
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...TASK 1 Comparing light and electron microscope Note:- A microscope is an instrument used for viewing a tiny object that cannot be seen with our naked eyes. The microscope is an important instrument found in the laboratory. We have two types of microscope. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope. The light Microscope is one which can be illuminated by light while an electron microscope is one which can be illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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...Biological Aspects ? Raising Questions And Balancing Concepts Features Of The Eukaryotic Genome All living organisms are made of cells. Cells are endowed with the extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves during cell division, passing the information that determine the characteristics of a species as a whole and the individuals within it, through the generations. This process of replication is universal for all the different types of cells. The genome constitutes the complete store of information of an organism and it specifies all the ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and proteins that the organism will ever synthesize, through the processes of transcription and translation, respectively. All the genetic information is encrypted...
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...of like a biofilm) -outer laters of mat contain oxygenic phototrips that exude bubbles of oxygen -a few mm below surface, red light supports bacteria photolyzing H2S to sulfate which is then reduced by lowe layers of sulface reducing bacteria -fossils formed as layers of phototropic microbial communities grew and died their form filled in by calcium carbonate or silica -accepted to date as eatly as 3.4 Gyr ago -too deformed to reveal the detailed structure of cells and the biological origin of such fossils is questioned by some researchers -mainly in isolated pools whose high salt concentration exclude predators • Microfossils -the most convincing evidence for ealy microbial life is the visua appearance of microfossils which are microscopic fossils in which minerals have precipitated and filled in the form of ancient microbial cells -dated bythe age of the rock formation in which they are found, which is based on evidence like radisotope decay -convincing oned need to sho the 3-d patterns of cells that cannot be ascribed to abiotic causes -earliest convincing ones are from 2.0 Gyr • isotope ratios -may serve as a biosignature if the ratio between certain isotopes of a given element is altered by biological activity -enzymiatic rxns are so selective for their substrate that their rates may...
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...called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into A) the energy of motion. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) the potential energy of chemical bonds. D) oxygen. E) kinetic energy. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) kinetic energy. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) ATP. Answer: A Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? A) animal B) plant C) archaea D) fungi E) protists Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Application/Analysis 5) To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology? A) evolution B) emergent properties C)...
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...Venomous coral snakes and harmless scarlet kingsnakes both have bands of red, yellow, and black. Birds, bats, and butterflies all have wings. When a dog feels hot, it hangs it tongue out and pants. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Without this part of an experiment, a scientist would have no way of knowing if the treatment worked or not: Control group The control group is not subjected to the experimental treatment, thus, if there is a significant change in the test group but not the control group, then the treatment worked. Hypothesis Conclusion Observation Testing Question 3 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is not considered a basic theory of biology? Gene Ecosystem Cell Homeostasis The notch is an adaptation for feeding on shrubs. an experimental variable. a species. Question 7 1 / 1 pts Which of the following levels of taxonomy is the least inclusive? Class Order Family Genus The levels of taxonomy are, from most to least inclusive: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Phylum Question 8 1 / 1 pts A possible explanation for a natural event is known as Atomic Atomic theory is a basic theory of chemistry and physics, not biology. Question 4 1 / 1 pts While examining a drop of pond water under the...
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...BIOLOGY 105 - INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY DOCUMENTATION OF COMPETENCY GENERAL: Enter all assigned DOC sections into a bound notebook. The DOC, which is your own personal handwritten work, is due before each examination. You need to draw in almost all areas of the DOCs. You can trace or just make a rough drawing but you are not allowed to duplicate/print pictures. You must label the parts of the pictures on your own. Submit the DOC on time to get credit. DOC #1 Objective: Describe the classification and common characteristics of living organisms. I. Describe and give an example of each level of organization from atoms to ecosystems. For tissues please list and draw a diagram of one example of the 4 major types and list function for each. For organ systems please diagram and label the digestive system and list one major function for each organ. Define and/or diagram (your choice – demonstrate your understanding): a. metabolism b. homeostasis c. interaction with the environment d. flow of energy from sun to autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers e. cycling of carbon using concepts of respiration and photosynthesis (use equations) f. reproduction g. DNA and genes h. evolution - mutations, diversity, adaptive trait, natural selection, extinction i. unity and diversity of life and the usefulness of the theory of evolution in explaining both the...
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...that humans share with other organisms including rice that lived about 1.6 billion years ago. Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closet living relative. Researchers were able to come to this conclusion by comparing the genomes of chimpanzees and bonobos to the genome of humans. In this paper I will discuss why all organisms are related to each other, including humans. I will do this by using natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. Natural selection as a mechanism for evolution explains how organisms have changed over time to adapt to their environment. I will also provide the percent of relatedness in terms of nucleotide sequence. I will also discuss the Human genome project and its importance. The benefits of the human genome project extend far beyond determining who our closest ancestor is and how closely humans are related to mice and other organisms. In this paper I will also look at the technology that has been developed to enhance the findings the Human Genome Project. Humans Are Related To Other Organisms Humans share about 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees and bonobos. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) is the molecule that makes up an organism’s genome. DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is found in the nucleoid of prokaryotic cells. DNA consist of genes which are instructions to make molecules called proteins. DNA’s serves a significant purpose to any organism it holds the instructions that is required for an organism to grow, survive...
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...For L18: 8.19, 21.4, 11.1 , 6.13, 10.9, 11.3, 3.16 For L19: 11.3, 8.9, 8.1, 8.2, 4.3 For L20: 8.8, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7 For L22: 8.7, 8.8 and 11.17 For L23: 4.16, 8.8, 10.4, 11.10, 11.17, 11.18 For L24: 27.1, 27.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.12 For L25: 8.1, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13 For L26: 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15 and 27.3 For L27: 8.12, 8.13, 8.15 and 27.3 For L28: 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 27.9, and 27.15 For L29: 27.7, 27.8, 27.15, 27.16 and 27.17 Exam 3 (11/9/15) Supplemental Reading: 26.4 (Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands) 27.6 (Menstrual cycle) For each question below you need to be able to write a paragraph answer that is clear, accurate and detailed and in many cases draw, label and explain an answer with detail, clarity and accuracy, or create a detailed accurate table. Have someone who will give you honest feedback read your paragraphs and listen to your explanations for clarity, especially those that you are having trouble with. Check your notes and book for accuracy, or have someone who knows confirm you are accurate. To confirm you have enough detail, make sure you use all of the terms that follow each question in your paragraph and in your drawing and explanation. If you are missing or incorrectly use one term in ten that is a grade of A-, two terms in ten is a B, three terms in ten is a C, and if you miss or incorrectly use more than four terms in ten you are headed for failing the exam and need to study more. Before the exam you need to be able to...
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...Assignments 2013.8 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life – Lab Manual, Ziser, 2013.8 1 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life Ziser - Lab Manual Table of Contents 1. Overview of Semester Lab Activities Laboratory Activities . . . . . . . . . 2. Introduction to the Lab & Safety Information . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 30 39 46 54 68 81 104 147 3. Laboratory Exercises Microscopy . . . . . . Taxonomy and Classification . Cells – The Basic Units of Life . Asexual & Sexual Reproduction Development & Life Cycles . . Ecosystems of Texas . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . The Protists . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . The Plant Kingdom . . . . The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 17 22 26 29 . 32 . 42 . 50 . 59 . 89 4. Lab Reports (to be turned in - deadline dates as announced) Taxonomy & Classification . . . . . . Ecosystems of Texas. . . . . . . . . The Bacterial Kingdoms . . . . . . . The Protists . . . . . . . . . . The Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . Leaf Identification...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, practice problems, reference materials, practice exams, textbook help and tutor support. Why (a) do you suppose Union Planters purchases investments, rather than simply making loans? Why does it purchase investments that vary in nature both in terms of their maturities and in type (debt versus stock)? 1. They may have excess funds that they havent loaned out yet and instead of having the money just sit there the bank manager may decide that it could earn more revenue by choosing to invest. 2. Depending on the situation the bank manager may also feel that they can make more money by investing the excess funds rather than lending the money out. For example right now interest rates are at an all-time low and they may feel like the return on the interest is not enough compared to investing. 3. The bank manager may feel that these investments will mature and be worth more in the future so they may choose to hold long term to create more revenue. (b) How must Union Planters account for its investments in each of the two categories? 1. Trading securities Balance sheet at fair market value a. Gain/Loss reported as part of income 2. Available-for-Sale Balance sheet at fair market value a. Gain/Loss Comprehensive income/ separate from Stockholders equity until realized 3. Held to-Maturity reported at amortized cost Planters had none (c) In what ways does classifying into investments...
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...MULTIPLECHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. The Multiple Choice section is worth 40 points. **Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor. 1. Which of these would be a valid hypothesis? A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species. C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code. 2. In the scientific method, a hypothesis . E) is a statement of fact F) can only be tested once G) is usually proven to be correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments...
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