...Competing Theories of Corrections Ruth Cushman American Intercontinental University March 11, 2012 Competing Theories of Corrections Correctional theories are series of interrelated propositions or assertions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and define criminal behavior. There are many different theories that have been created over the years to help explain the relationships between criminal behavior and punishment. The theories of corrections have no doubt changed and shifted over the years, the more people began to understand the rationale behind criminal behavior. Several centuries ago, criminal behavior was once thought to sin guided by the devil or evil spirits, and most often was punished by hanging, beheading, or burning the offender. Then, around the time of the American and French revolutions offenders began to be seen more as highly rational beings who intentionally chose their own courses of action (Schmalleger, 2012). Contemporary sentencing stems mainly from the Classical School theory. This theory stated that criminality, rather than being caused by evil or some higher beings, was actually the result of the bad choices people make of their own free will. The other competing theories of corrections besides the Classical School, prevalent in today’s prison system are retribution, deterrence, restorative justice, and rehabilitation. According to the Classical School theory, the punishment should...
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...Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 1 Competing Theories of Corrections in The Criminal Justice System Nicole Yaniero AIU Online Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 2 Abstract In today’s system, there are several competing theories for what approach should be taken to improve the correctional system. Certain strategies, such as punishment and rehabilitation, have different goals. These goals, in most cases, are different from each other. People all over prefer one strategy to the other, and compelling evidence can be brought into perspective for each. Aside form the usual, non traditional aspects and approaches to fixing the corrections system are also talked about today. This paper will discuss all elements of corrections theories, its goals, its effectiveness, and the rating of completion of academic and vocational programs offered to inmates in prison. Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 3 Competing Theories Of Corrections In The Criminal Justice System In today’s day and age, many views and criticism take place of the Criminal Justice system. In specific, the correctional aspect of the system receives much of this criticism. There are two strategies particularly that come into play most often when speaking of corrections. These two strategies are punishment, and rehabilitation. Each of these strategies have its own set of goals...
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...Correctional Theories Amber Eagler Abstract This paper is about working in a senator’s office as a staffer. The latest charges of abuse at the local jail, has caught the attention of the senator. The senator has recently been focusing on the state correctional system which has become a constant target of criticism for an increasingly vocal number of civil libertarian groups. The senator is speaking before the state bar association next week and intends to address the ways in which the correctional system may be improved. This paper is a detailed outline on the correctional theory in general, as well as a series of suggestions on ways to improve some of the nontraditional theories of corrections. Correctional Theories We all know that life is difficult and sometimes with those difficulties come more problems. What you put into life is what you get out. As the famous Isaac Newton once quoted “For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction.” For this very reason correctional theories were created. These theories are based on two common principles within the corrections; system-punishment and rehabilitation. The criminal justice system’s idea of justice, punishment and correction is made up of a combination of strenuous, criticizing, and practical theories. ...
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...prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.” The two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal are the Consensus model and the Conflict model. The Consensus model supports the idea that the makeup of the criminal justice system from police to corrections and the methods of obtaining information to criminal punishment are in agreement in working to achieve the same outcome. This is done through the cooperation of all parties involved, each striving for a common goal. The Conflict model supports the individual person and/or agencies in which the benefits of the system are personal with disregard to others involved. Success is determined not by the system as a whole working together, but rather, the individual obtaining a pay raise, notoriety, and the ability of their personal achievements. This model’s success is focused more on the individual rather than the sum of the parts. Government Structure and its application to the Criminal Justice System Within our society, the government has structured itself in a way that allows for the proper process of preventing, identifying and dealing with crime. The three main areas include the police, the courts and corrections. From a warrant and arrest, through pre-trial and trial activities and the mechanisms to correct criminal behavior, the criminal justice system has...
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...Bringing together a large number of criminals -- many of them violent, some with undiagnosed or untreated mental illnesses -- and locking them in a confined space with limited opportunity for rehabilitation or for the release of stress creates a unique social system fraught with danger. To function in such a culture requires knowledge of, and adherence to, very specific rules and structures. In prison, unlike most environments, the stakes of adaption are high. Non-conformity does not simply lead to ostracism; it can lead to victimization or death. In many ways prisons turn our understanding of deviance on its head. In a world of persons whom society considers deviants, those who do not conform to the (deviant) rules of prison society are the deviants. In some ways, these deviants are more like the normal members of general society than the normal members of criminal society. This is not always true, of course, but in some cases does apply. It is not unusual, therefore, for individuals in such a situation to band together for safety and survival. However, some groups form more cohesive, complex organizations with their own set of rules that result in activities which move far beyond the simple need to survive in a hostile environment. These gangs often take advantage of their strength within the prison walls to create profit-making enterprises and to disrupt normal prison operations (Camp and Camp, 1985). Prison gangs present a threat not only inside the penitentiary but outside...
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...XXXXXXXXX American Military University Professor Michael Beshears CMRJ316 Correction and Incarceration January 20, 2011 Abstract The general disillusion with the present punishment-based and rehabilitative approaches to crime control has created a political climate ripe for reform. A new move based on the premise of accountability and remedial has great appeal. While restorative justice seems to guarantee a distinct third alternative, the imprecise use of the emerging "vocabulary of restoration" has created as much confusion as clarity about the fundamental concepts of the new paradigm. Restorative justice has come to mean all things to all people. I agree with Walgrave and Bazemore: “A coherent definition and vision should serve as a unifying focus for reflection and experimentation among practitioners and scientists, and should inform policy makers and the public about what restorative justice is and is not” (Bazemore and Walgrave, 1999a, p. 46). Restorative justice, as a practice, has a history older than state justice does, yet the example of restorative justice has only recently begun to be expressed. Since Howard Zehr's book Changing Lenses (1990) first sketched the outlines of the restorative justice example, little agreement principles have evolved (McCold, 1998c). Recently, two competing definitions of restorative justice have been brought up. The Declaration of...
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...„ Project Management Institute, 2002. Used with permission. The underlying theory of project management is obsolete1 Lauri Koskela, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Gregory Howell, Lean Construction Institute Abstract In prior literature, it has been generally seen that there is no explicit theory of project management. We contend that it is possible to precisely point out the underlying theoretical foundation of project management as espoused in the PMBOK Guide by PMI and mostly applied in practice. This foundation can be divided into a theory of project and a theory of management. We link theories to the body of knowledge by comparing prescriptions derived from theory to prescriptions presented in the PMBOK. Secondly, we show, by a comparison to competing theories and by an analysis of anomalies (deviations from assumptions or outcomes as implied in the body of knowledge) observed in project management practice, that this foundation is obsolete and has to be substituted by a wider and more powerful theoretical foundation. Introduction In a recent report on the future of project management and its professionals (Project Management Institute 1999), several global trends, such as technological advancements and the accelerated global change, were identified, in relation to which project management can take a leading role in facilitating and enabling the changes involved. The report also contains, in an appendix, a concise study on the development of bodies ...
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...Literature Review This literature review will focus on the theoretical and empirical frameworks of Development and Inequality. To understand and critically evaluate this topic area and these terms we first must define economic development; ‘Development economics considers how to promote economic growth in such countries by improving factors like health, education, working conditions, domestic and international policies and market conditions. It examines both macroeconomic and microeconomic factors relating to the structure of a developing economy and how that economy can create effective domestic and international growth.’ (Investopedia, 2013) This definition explains the economics of development however there is a social sphere that is central to this project and will also be explored through both development and inequality, which is a multidimensional issue affecting income, opportunity and outcomes. Inequality is a reoccurring theme in many development journals and Ramya (2013) suggests it’s remnant of a more traditional system that lingers and exacerbates in initial stages of development due to inadequate adoption of market systems and can only be corrected if market fixes are adopted, however inequality is still viewed as a by-product to more essential macroeconomic outcomes such as stability and growth. My study will consider the academic literature and will build an idea of how to formulate hypothesis and methods to understand the process of development and how inequality...
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...regulation •Free-market approach EMH Agency theory •Regulatory approach market mechanisms will not be able to achieve a socially optimal equilibrium price for accounting information Theory of efficient markets • The forces of supply and demand influence market behaviour and help keep markets efficient This applies to the market for accounting information and should determine what accounting data should be supplied and what accounting practices should be used to prepare it • Theory of efficient markets Cont • • • • • • The market for accounting data is not efficient The „free-rider‟ problem distorts the market Users cannot agree on what they want Accountants cannot agree on procedures Firms must produce comparable data The government must therefore intervene Theories Of Regulation • • • Accounting information is a „public good‟ Therefore some argue it is likely to be underproduced without regulation Others suggest supply would exist without regulation • There are competing theories regarding the need for and intention of regulation Defining Regulation “[R]egulation is the policing, according to a rule, of a subject‟s choice of activity, by an entity not directly party to or involved in the activity.” • Elements of regulation Intention to intervene Restriction on choice to achieve certain goals Exercise of control by a party independent of those directly involved in the activity. Agency theory The demand for accounting information: for...
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...I work for an organization that provides medical care. Specifically, I work for an ophthalmic clinic and surgical center. Our physician specializes in ocular diseases and refractive correction. Ocular, meaning eyes, is our specialty. Research has been used in this business by almost every person, at all times. From the initial purchase of facilities, to the expansion of facilities, to the care, diagnosis, and treatment of the patients, research is a vital part of our sustainability. Research is a key factor aiding in the physicians ability to diagnose and treat patients. However, additional consideration may need to be taken into account when providing care. When my family first had the idea to start this business, we had no idea where to begin. It was important to do some market research of our own. My father, who would be the physician, had been practicing medicine for years. However, he was no more than a shareholder in the practices he was employed by. He had never started his own practice. However, he knew from experience what type of facility he wanted to work out of and what type of diagnostic equipment would be required. My mother, who would be the CEO, was using a traditional research method herself. She was actually meeting with and interviewing the CEO’s of successful, non-competing medical practices. I was tasked with site acquisition and functionality. As the office manager and lead ophthalmic assistant, it would be my job to make sure that we set up our facility...
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...Bus 599 Module 5 CASE STUDY Bus 599 Module 5 CASE STUDY 1. Determine the two critical feedback loops. Describe each Feedback Loop that you identify in your organization and explain why you selected them. Make sure you explain the Loop, the cause and effect process within the Loop. You could also include a Causal Loop Diagram. If you do, show the arrows and direction of affect (+ or -). Also, determine what the warrant is for your case. A feedback loop is a channel or pathway formed by an 'effect' returning to it’s 'cause,' and generating either more or less of the same effect. (Business Dictionary.com, 2011). Feedback loops can be divided into positive and negative loops. A feedback loop is considered positive if it contains an even number of negative causal links. A feedback loop is considered negative, if it contains an odd number of negative causal links. (Systems Thinking, 2011). BALANCING LOOP A balancing loop attempts to move a current state to a desired or reference state through some action. (Systems Thinking, 2011).The structure may begin with the current state greater or less than the desired state, in which case the current state may approach the desired state from above or below. (Systems Thinking, 2011). + + Organizational goals (the...
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...signals of the BG were not blocked, but pathologically disturbed. A weakness of that approach is that the resulting behavioral impairments reflect degraded function of the BG per se mixed together with secondary dysfunctions of BG-recipient brain areas. To overcome that limitation, several studies have focused on the main skeletomotor output region of the BG, the globus pallidus internus (GPi). Using single-cell recording and inactivation protocols these studies provide consistent support for two hypotheses: the BG modulates movement performance (‘vigor’) according to motivational factors (i.e. context-specific cost/reward functions) and the BG contributes to motor learning. Results from these studies also add to the problems that confront theories positing that the BG selects movement, inhibits unwanted motor responses, corrects errors on-line, or stores and produces well-learned motor skills. Addresses 1 Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Institute and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 2 Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR5229 CNRS, 67 Blvd. Pinel, 69500 Bron, France Corresponding author: Turner, Robert S (rturner@pitt.edu) nor are all of the hypotheses mutually exclusive. These hypotheses are elaborated in the references cited above. The present review summarizes recent experimental results that, in our opinion, buttress a subset of the hypotheses and add to the list of difficulties that challenge many...
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...ADMN 995, section 2: PORTFOLIO COURSE FOR MBAs Course Information & Syllabus for Online MBA Course Purpose The Portfolio Course has two main purposes: (1) Program evaluation for continuous improvement and (2) Professional development for you as you near graduation from the online MBA program. Most students report that the entire process takes only 2-4 hours. This zero-unit course contains your insights, which allow the online MBA faculty to evaluate the effectiveness of its program. It also requires you to reflect on and write about the way in which your selection of courses achieves the goals of the online MBA program. As the online MBA program collects and assesses student portfolios produced over a period of years, the faculty will be able to adjust the mix of electives and requirements that make up each major to more fully meet program goals. Other matters, such as grading standards or individual course requirements may also come up for discussion during the review of student portfolios. Thus, your particular portfolio will help shape the future of the online MBA program as well as help you review your own education. This course will also develop your career and professional aspirations via a career workshop and advisement session to prepare you for the next step in your professional life, which varies from student to student. ADMIN 995 Course Overview There are four components to the course which you must complete: 1. Portfolio of Academic Work 2. Reflective...
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...with the principles of social justice posited by John Rawls and David Miller. The criminal justice system does not promote socially just outcomes or practices. First of all, the criminal justice system is not really a system at all; it is a network. Second, criminal justice places greater emphasis on crime control, rather than due process rights. Our system encourages punishment rather than rehabilitation. Finally, criminal justice policies such as the death penalty and the war on drugs reflect prejudices within the system, resulting in unequal treatment. Before beginning to explain these flaws within criminal justice, I will first define social justice and explain the essential social justice principles suggested in Rawls and Miller’s theories. Social Justice Justice is based on two supposedly equal conceptions. First, guilty offenders are held accountable for their actions and second, that criminal justice processes are implemented fairly, without being affected by personal bias. In order for justice to occur, a balance must be achieved between the crime victim and the offender’s acts. This is usually attempted through retribution, or trying to rectify an offender’s wrongdoing through punishment (Robinson, 2005). Social justice refers to these conceptions of justice, applied to entire...
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...RESEARCH RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS Few programs have been implemented as broadly or evaluated as thoroughly over the last four decades in education as those associated with mastery learning. Programs based on mastery learning principles operate today in nations throughout the world and at every level of education. When compared to traditionally taught classes, students in mastery learning classes consistently have been shown to learn better, reach higher levels of achievement, and develop greater confidence in their ability to learn and in themselves as learners (Guskey, 1997, 2001). THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASTERY LEARNING Although the basic tenets of mastery learning can be traced to such early educators as Comenius, Pestalozzi, and Herbart (Bloom, 1974), most modern applications stem from the writings of Benjamin S. Bloom of the University of Chicago. In the mid-1960s Bloom began a series of investigations on the variation that existed in student learning outcomes. He recognized that while Figure 1ILLUSTRATION BY GGS INFORMATION SERVICES. CENGAGE LEARNING, GALE. students vary widely in their learning rates, virtually all learn well when provided with the necessary time and appropriate learning conditions. If teachers could provide the time and more appropriate conditions, Bloom reasoned that nearly all students could reach a high level of learning. To determine how this might be practically achieved, Bloom first considered how teaching and learning take place in typical group-based...
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