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Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper

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Concept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Paper

NUR 513

August 6, 2012

Comparison and Analysis Theories Paper

The heart of nursing has always been caring. Since the start of professional nursing with Florence Nightingale, theorists have been writing about caring. This paper highlights three caring theories Madeleine Leininger, Jean Watson, and the combine theory of Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel these theorists each has developed a theory of caring. This paper will examine each by comparing and contrasting on how each looks at caring. Leininger Madeline Leininger developed her first theories in the mid-1950s. Her main theory is transcultural nursing and caring theory. This theory was formed by an inadequate knowledge of cultural factors that represented a missing link to providing quality nursing care. Leininger believed that caring is universally present in all cultures (Nelson, 2006). Leininger’s definition of caring for nursing is “the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practices in nursing’ It is critical to human growth, development and survival and has helped human beings through cultural evolution” (Cohen, 1991). Leininger’s transcultural theory of nursing her assumption human caring is a universal expression. However, patterns vary among different cultures. Caring has multiple dimensions of biophysical, psychological, cultural, social and environmental. These are practiced and used in practicing in a holistic manner (Cohen, 1991). In Leininger, main belief is human caring is universal; however, the expressions, process, and patterns vary among cultures. Leininger also differentiates professional caring as cognitive and culturally learned behaviors, techniques, process, or patterns that help and enable an

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