...more and more drawn in to the conflict in Vietnam. Eisenhower was immediately put under pressure not to lose Vietnam to communism in the same way that Truman was perceived to have lost China before him - the American fear of a communist conspiracy was a major factor in the country’s continual support for the containment of it in Asia, regardless of the costs. Other factors that lead to an increase in American involvement in South East Asia included their support of the French in Indo-China until 1954, their response to the Geneva Accords 1954 and the formation of SEATO also in 1954. Arguably the most important reason for the US becoming increasingly involved in South-East Asia during the ‘50s was the perceived threat that communism posed. There was a widespread fear in America that there was a global threat of communism, which would destroy capitalist American values, being orchestrated from Moscow. This fear was worsened by the 12 year long conflict in Malaya between Britain and communist forces which started in 1948. This anti-communist sentiment was collated into the “Domino Theory” which suggested if one nation fell to communism, others would follow – Vice President Nixon visited Vietnam in 1953 and announced in a national TV broadcast upon his return that “If Indo-China goes under communist domination the whole of South East Asia will be threatened”, thus confirming the public’s fears and compelling greater US involvement in South East Asia in order to prevent this from...
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...The North -East Steering India's Look-East Policy By Ms. Sayantani Sen Mazumdar The Look East Policy of India, framed by the Narasimha Rao government in the early nineties, is a substantial manifestation of India's focused foreign policy orientation towards South East Asia; an immensely resourceful and flourishing region. The economy of South East Asia is a virtually untapped market which is up for grabs by major regional economic entities such as India, China, Europe or the USA. India’s compatibility with the South East Asian countries with regard to better regional cooperation lies in the fact of its abstinence from exhibiting hegemonistic ambitions, making it more benign towards South East Asia. The camaraderie between India and South-East Asia is clearly visible through the dynamic persuasion of India’s Look-East Policy. India and ASEAN reciprocally have embarked upon a number of initiatives for rejuvenating their ties in multiple areas. Frequent tête-à-tête from both the sides promulgates better implementation of the Policy. The improving intensification of economic linkages with ASEAN has inspired India to enter into the second phase of its Look-East Policy. Phase 2 is the deviation from complete economic issues to the broader agenda involving security cooperation, actively constructing transport corridors and erecting pillars of linkages and connectivity. This phase of India’s Look-East Policy renders ample relevance to the development of its North-Eastern Region...
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...War, one has to accept that instead of new, modern order concepts in secur ity policy theories there is much inertia, which extends the life of old order concepts, and still also a prevailing thinking in categories of East- West and North-South confrontation. Today, this certainly happens in categories which are rather free from ideologies, but still according to ge opolitical perceptions of balances and counter- balances. And one must not forget that the main opponents in the Cold War, the U.S.A. and Russia, still maintain their strategic nuclear ar senals and, therefore, an antagonistic base component in their relations. Beyond that it is also necessary to develop courage for new scenarios, for new thinking, indeed perhaps for something like ‘mind games’ - in an essay - based, of course, on perceptions from the past and the present. Extrapolations are indeed permitted when dealing with future scenarios. Also, potential constellations have to be aimed at which guide beyond historic reflections or so-called current analyses. Therefore, the reader will occasionally also come across subjunctives in this essay. The future is open ; occasionally, we may also encircle it with ‘unbrushed thinking’. Is the East-West conflict really over? Or has it only declined in importance because of a much weaker Russia - compared with the Soviet Union - , her concentration in a limited area compared with its former global dimension, and the change from a...
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...that India has been able to become more influential both in the surrounding regions and the world at large. This was mainly anchored on its ‘look east policy’ initiated in the early 1990s that saw the country focus on the East Asia and Pacific regions as an economic framework for expanding ties and promoting economic growth. With the new expanded strategic vision – “Look East” policy 2, India has broadened the definition of its security interest in its strategic economic endeavors. It is generally seen that India’s partnership with ASEAN have had an impact on India’s economic, political, and security related involvement ‘in these larger, concentric coalitions around ASEAN…in East Asia and in the Asian Pacific’ (Gujral, 1996, p. 12). The look east policy has integrated a larger regionalization framework and strategy encompassing the Asia Pacific issues (Scott, 2007). WE ARE TECHNOLOGY THESIS EXPERTS! ORDER NOW! WWW.UKESSAYHUB.COM The Indians-ASEAN links do not only have economic frameworks but strategic underpinnings as well. As Scot (2007) has indicated, china has been a factor in all of the India’s initiatives albeit blurred in economic progressions. Some analysts have argued that the growing Chinese economic and military influence in Asia has been the anchorage on the basis of which the strategic molding of ‘look East Policy’ was structured. India’s continued influence has therefore been viewed as providing ‘a balance’ to Chinas growing influence in the region...
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...in East and Southeast Asia Since the beginning of civilization, humanity has always been at war. WWII, one of the most devastating wars in history, left an impact on nearly every region of the Earth. The regions of East and Southeast Asia were left devastated with poor economies, war, and pollution. These effects have caused multiple issues post WWII, some still unresolved today. Both areas have faced many trials, but people never mention them. The first changes to occur mainly took place in Southeast Asia. Due to the defeat of the Japanese Empire, these countries became independent, unless their former owner annexed them again. As a consequence of the war and a large amount of debt, the UK, France, the Netherlands, and Germany failed to fund for many of their colonies. This allowed the independence of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, but most importantly, Korea and Vietnam. Though some amount of confusion took place in most of these countries, the most notable ones include Vietnam and Korea. The...
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...International Studies (COLGIS) Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah DA, Malaysia. Malaysian phone numbers are , +60149344425, +60108049347. E-mail, ppmishra7@yahoo.com and/or patit@uum.edu.my ACADEMIC/RESEARCH/TEACHING INTEREST History, international relations and Asian studies. ------------------------------------------------- EDUCATION ------------------------------------------------- D. Litt.(1998) Rabindra Bharati University, Calcutta, Orissa in Trans-National Migration: A Study of Culture in Transit. ------------------------------------------------- Ph.D.(1979)Centre for South, Southeast and Central Asian Studies, J.N.U., New Delhi, ------------------------------------------------- The Problem of Laos: Its international dimensions since the Geneva Conference respectively. ------------------------------------------------- M.Phil (1972) Centre for South, Southeast and Central Asian Studies, J.N.U., New Delhi, The Pathet Lao Movement ------------------------------------------------- MA. (1972) History, Department of History, Delhi University, Delhi. Second Class. ------------------------------------------------- BA (Honours) (1970) History, Sambalpur University, Orissa, India. Second Class. ------------------------------------------------- BSEO (1966). General Studies, Maths, Literature and others....
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...By Gerald Cruz Diplomatic Agenda of Philippine Presidents Diplomacy is an important instrument of all sovereign states. It is the conduct of official relations between states by peaceful means. It sometimes extends to a state’s relationship with its vassal state. The Philippines as a sovereign state make use of diplomacy in dealing with other countries. As a state with presidential system of government, the diplomatic agenda and the policy foreign of the Philippines is the responsibility of the executive branch of government subject to the usual oversight functions of the legislative and judicial branches of government. The President, being the head of state, is primarily responsible in foreign policy and diplomacy which is being exercised through the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the entire Foreign Service. Every Philippine President has their own diplomatic agenda that they pursued during their term in office. The Philippines was granted “independence” in 1946, right after the Second World War, the Philippines soon enters into diplomatic relations. Being the head of a new state born after the destructive war, then President Manuel Roxas faced tremendous tasks in diplomacy. There is the challenge of forming relations with other states and making them recognize the independence of the Philippines. One important achievement of this period is the involvement and participation of the Philippines in the formation and operation of the United Nations. The Philippines...
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...Commitment The conflict in Vietnam was controversial to say the least for many reasons. Many did not agree with the U.S. becoming involved with politics in southeast. As America went through the cold war it developed policies regarding communism and strategies to contain it that would later fuel interests in many other countries around the world including Vietnam. Choices would shape how the commitment in Vietnam would change from aid into a costly all-out war exacerbated by the lack of clarity in regards to the overall goal of the U.S. in Vietnam. In the aftermath of the cold war with the U.S.S.R, America engaged in many small conflicts around the globe for various official reasons and for one real reason: The Containment theory. There were many instances in which American military had a direct involvement with another country that dabbled in communism or had communist ties. Both Venezuela and Cuba, for example had dealt with America because of its ties to communism. Vietnam was to be no different. The French had left and where they occupied the United States would support it with military equipment and financial aid. The American presence in South Vietnam initially was mostly military advisors and its cadre. It was very challenging in many ways. The government initially supported a man named Ngo Dinh Diem who seemed to be a strong character capable of being the face of the anti-communist south; Lyndon Johnson once called him the Churchill of South East Asia. For a while Diem...
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...come more territorial, whereas the conflicts in the Pacific are likely to challenge the entire state and thus come to concern governance at large (Fiji, Solomon Islands). Fearon (2004; 2005) helps us to understand the dynamics of these wars. He notes that many of the longest civil wars of the world take place in the context of “sons-of-the-soil” disputes. The hallmarks of these wars are that they are protracted, low in intensity, fought between a government and a peripheral ethnic group seeking autonomy or secession, and the rebels do not view the government as a credible partner in peace talks. Democracy and mediation in territorial civil wars in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Table 1 The territorial wars in Southeast Asia and South Pacific, 1960–2005 Territory Insurgents Start date 5 August 1950 1 January 1965 Episode start 5 August 1950 31 December 1965 1 January 1967 1 January 1976 7 December 1975 7 December 1975 1 January 1992 1 January 1997 1 May 1989 1 January 1963 1 January 1948 8 September 1990 8 January 1999 1 January 1963 31 December 1948 27 January 1995 1 January 1997 12 April 2005 1 January 1948 1 January 1948 29 December 1991 1 January 1994 1 January 1958 31 December 1948 27 March 1990 23 December 1996 1 January 1949 1 January 1957 Episode end 249 South Moluccas Republic of South Moluccas West Papua West Papua West Papua East Timor East Timor East Timor Aceh Aceh North Borneo Karen Karen Karen Karen Arakan Arakan Arakan Mon Mon Mon Kachin Kachin Karenni...
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...(Urdu: پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast.[6] Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Thus, it occupies a crossroads position between South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.[7] The region forming modern Pakistan was at the heart of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and then later was the recipient of Vedic, Persian, Indo-Greek, Turco-Mongol, Islamic and Sikh cultures. The area has witnessed invasions and/or settlements by the Indo-Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Mongols and the British.[8] While the Indian independence movement demanded an independent India, the Pakistan Movement (led by Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League) sought independent states for the majority Muslim populations of the eastern and western regions of British India as well. The British granted independence and also the creation of one Muslim majority state of Pakistan that comprised the provinces of Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Balochistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. Pakistan's history has been...
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...proliferation, Instability in the MiddleEast, Oil supply uncertainty) Of all the political risks covered, the Iraq/Middle East threat has the greatest likelihood of triggering the other major threats. Thus, the worsening of the Iraq/Middle East situation poses the gravest threat to the growth and stability of the world economy. If the situation in Iraq further deteriorates, the threat of sectarian violence spreading in the region increases and instability results. By this threat alone, this is a serious risk. However, the chain of events it could trigger is more significant. *Increasing incentives to join terrorism The conflict in Iraq and the Middle East, where civilian lives were lost and impoverished makes it easier for terrorist groups to attract new recruits. Destruction of lives and property, as well as the resulting chaos could popularize anti-US/Western sentiment. Also, joining terrorist groups could also be an escape from the difficulty of surviving in the ongoing chaos. The threat of this new wave of terrorist activities could result in a more unsecure world, where asymmetric warfare could break out in different regions. *Worsening oil supply uncertainty As the Middle East region accounts for more than half of the world’s oil reserves, with Saudi Arabia alone accounting for 25%, the effect of an unstable Middle East directly leads to a more uncertain oil supply for the world. Over the recent years, the number of attacks on oil-producing infrastructure...
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...RESUME – SENIOR EXECUTIVE SEMINAR AT NEAR EAST SOUTH ASIA(NESA)CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES,WASHINGTON,USA 1. General. The NESA Center fosters open communication and educational opportunities for military and civilian representatives from the NESA region and other participating countries. Its academic environment uniquely facilitates a cross-cultural examination of the events, ideas, and challenges that shape this critical region. This year the seminar was conducted from 05 – 15 February at the NESA center Washington, DC and attended by thirty one representatives from nineteen countries within the region including the host country USA. 2. Aim. The aim of this paper is to provide a short appraisal of the seminar. 3. Background of NESA. NESA is a unique organization funded and oversees by the Department of Defence to serve and support the challenging region that extends from North Africa across the Arabian Peninsula and into South Asia. In meeting its challenge to enhance security in the region, it fosters regional cooperation by building sustained and mutually beneficial relationship through effective communication and candid interaction in an academic environment. It provided a focal point where professionals can gather to exchange ideas and explore tools for cooperative problem solving. The vision of this organization is to build sustained, engaged communities of influence and partnership among security professionals and leaders in the NESA region. 4. Broad Modality...
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...Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation in a Resurgent Asia SAARC 2015 The New Delhi Statement on SAARC 2015 and Asian Resurgence © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, March 2007 Published by: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung India Office K-70B, Hauz Khas Enclave New Delhi Email: fes@fesindia.org Edited by: Kant K. Bhargava and Mahendra P. Lama Designed and printed by: New Concept Information Systems Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi ISBN 81-7440-065-6 Contents Foreword Preface Background Paper Inaugural Address by I.K. Gujral Group Reports New Delhi Statement Annexures: (i) Programme (ii) List of Participants & Special Invitees (iii) List of Written Papers and Presentations Related Publications iv vi 1 17 23 45 56 71 Foreword As part of its programme for the promotion of regional cooperation in South Asia, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung organised the Conference on SAARC 2015: Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation in a Resurgent Asia in February 2007 in New Delhi in collaboration with Ambassador Kant K. Bhargava, former Secretary-General of SAARC, and Prof. Mahendra Lama, Chairman, Centre for South, Central, South East Asian and South West Pacific Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The main thrust of the Conference was that the SAARC as an entity and its member states must prepare themselves well for leveraging the opportunities arising from the current resurgence in Asia. The Background Paper for the Conference was prepared by...
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...have dominance in the Pacific Ocean? In the twenty-first century, there has been an escalation of naval supremacy in the Pacific Ocean. World War Two had been a proving ground for American maritime dominance. The United States Navy has reigned in the Asia-Pacific waters since the dropping of the H-Bomb on Hiroshima. Yet, the proud nation of China is ready to show that they are ready to see who has the true right to rule. The escalating conflict between China and Japan influenced U.S. relations with both nations. From the onset American officials viewed China with equivocation. They opposed Japan’s incursions into northeast China because of their longstanding friendship with the Chinese. Yet, some still believed that there was no vital interest worth going to war with Japan over. Moreover, the civil war in China left policymakers uncertain of which side to lend support to. (Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41) . On July 7th, 1937 when Chinese and Japanese forces clashed on the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing, throwing the two nations into a full-scale war, the likelihood of U.S. aid was increased. Tensions rose when the U.S.S Panay was bombed and three Americans were killed. The conflict was avoided because the government accepted Japan’s apology and indemnity. (Japan, China, the United States and the Road to Pearl Harbor, 1937–41) In 1940, President Roosevelt formalized aid to China by extending credits for the purchase of war supplies...
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...(along with the Soviets) as the one of the new foreign powers in the Middle East. The USA had now entered the Cold war battlefield, in the Middle East. The actions taken in the crisis, made the USA, seem favorable towards the Egyptians. The action taken by the USA, also raised a point of scholarly contention: the question, to what extent the Cold war had been imposed upon the region by the United States and the Soviet union-and to what extent the Cold War was imported into the region and manipulated by regional leaders for their own ends USSR: the USSR was able to step into the power vacuum left by France and Britain, and it emerged (along with the united states) as the one of the new foreign powers in the Middle East. The USSR had now entered the Cold war battlefield, in the Middle East. It also gave money to Egypt, for the completion of the Aswan dam. The action taken by the USA, also raised a point of scholarly contention: the question, to what extent the Cold war had been imposed upon the region by the United States and the Soviet union-and to what extent the Cold War was imported into the region and manipulated by regional leaders for their own ends UN: UNEF, was created, and it guaranteed freedom of shipping in the gulf of Aqba , providing Israel with a red sea port. UNEF also provided some limited control over the Fedayeen infiltrations Britain: Britain was seen as a loser of the conflict, as Egypt remained in control of the canal, and the perception that Nasser...
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