... Whenever there is nothing contradicting our believes, there would be no reason to believe that which we are perceiving to be inaccurate. Otherwise it would be impossible for anything to make a statement about anything and be able to say anything about the accuracy or truth of that statement. Against: 2. All sensory information is eventually judged by individual people. We all look at things subjectively, however hard we want to believe that we are objectively judging a phenomenon. Cognitive and other psychological biases should make us cautious in making statements about the truth values of any claim of accuracy. 3. Communication is never without any noise nor is it exact. Even if claims would accurately represent when they are interpreted in a manner that is deemed to be regular, we cannot a priori assume that these assumptions are inherent to the claims in the manner they are communicated. Statements might be interpreted different by other people or they may be distorted. Contributors to accuracy of sensory data: 1. Repeatability 2. Mathematical tools to assess accuracy and reliability 3. Use of a tested and accepted methodology and toolset that complies to the standards of the scientific community For the matter of nature and nurture, there are a couple of things to say. Through nurture us humans have developed the scientific method which, as we believe, reflects the nature of reality the most as it is the least subjective of methods or statements we make. Nature...
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...critically study the issues that arise. Key words: Nature Of Science. Epistemology. Ontology Introduction Extensive research efforts for over 100 years or so have focused on the goal of enhancing learners’ scientific literacy (Lederman, 2007, Akpan 2013, Mc Ilelland, Zinyeka, 2013, http://www.saarmste.org). Embedded in scientific literacy is scientific practice which relies on scientific language (Akpan , 2013, Kourany, 1998 and Lederman , 2007). Argumentation in the language is what is pictured as underpinning the nature of science views and that the converse is true. Lederman (2007), considers science as constituting body of knowledge, method and the value of beliefs inherent to scientific knowledge and development. Zinyeka (2013) defines epistemology as the justification of claimed knowledge within a specific discipline and ontology as the form of existence of something. The Epistemological Question There is no consensus about what the nature of science is or is not among scholars. (Lederman, 2007, p 835) explains that “ nature of science refers to the epistemological underpinnings of the activities of science and characteristics of the resulting knowledge”. He asserts that nature of science and inquiry are intimately related. He agrees with other scholars that scientific knowledge is tentative, empirically based and that it is socially and culturally embedded. But these factors as they are require us to treat nature of science and the resulting body of...
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...depleting fish stocks in the area. In response to this, scientists came to Apo Island to collaborate with the locals to develop reserves that allowed fish populations to replenish as well as to restrict any future fishing activities to low-impact methods such as lines, traps, and hand-nettings. The direct effect of this was that the available amount of fish went up, allowing locals to obtain fish with much greater ease. As they didn't have to spend as much time obtaining food, the locals had more time to devote themselves to building up the island's economy through other avenues such as tourism or through the development of infrastructure (such as schools). 3) Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. A hypothesis is the first postulation of an idea, usually based on an observation and the indication of a relationship. A theory is the final stage in the proof of an idea, where enough evidence has been collected to verify the exact relationship and there is no evidence refuting the postulation or contradicting the relationship. A theory is usually considered a result from a hypothesis, otherwise there is a fine distinction between them. 4) Describe the steps in the scientific method. • Identify question • Form testable hypothesis • Collect data to test hypothesis • Interpret results • Report for peer review • Publish findings 9) Why do some experts...
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...The Scientific Method: Observation and Hypothesis INTRODUCTION By now, you have examined a variety of phenomena in the natural world A focus of environmental science is to explain these phenomena. That is, what are the causes and effects of such phenomena? How does one go about investigating the causes and effects such that the conclusions are meaningful and reliable? The answer is the scientific method, which uses designed experiments and careful observations to investigate causes and effects. The scientific method is the systematic procedure for investigation, which generally is composed of the following: 1. Observe a phenomenon 2. Formulate a hypothesis: a tentative description that explains your observation 3. Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis 4. Present your results 5. Interpret the results that validate or modify the hypothesis Step 1—Observed Phenomenon Suppose you observe that an environmental phenomenon (e.g., rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri are no longer present in a nearby polluted river). You could conduct research by examining the literature to determine what other studies have been done to help you find an explanation. However, the studies may not be directly applicable. You might want to design and conduct your own study. Step 2—Formulate a Hypothesis The second step is to formulate a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement of the cause and effect in a specific situation. It is a...
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...How influential is Scientific Management in 21st Century? Please note: The referencing system used in this essay is NOT the Harvard System and therefore INCORRECT practice. Please ignore this style of referencing, the essay is shown as a model of good practice only re structure and analysis. How influential is scientific management in the 21st century? 1. Scientific management was originally developed in the 1800s by an economist, Adam Smith. He was interested in a factory that operated and produced pins, and through the breaking down of tasks e.g. division of labour he increased output from 20 pins per employee per day to 4,800 pins. However the greatest break through in scientific management came in the 1900s during the peak of the industrial revolution, and due to the emergence of the factory system more attention was being given to methods or factors that could contribute towards increasing output levels. It was here that Frederick Taylor began his studies into this field and his ideas were later furthered by individuals such as Gilbreth and Gantt. Despite each individual having a significant input into the study of scientific management Taylor was widely regarded as the ‘Father of Scientific Management’ and hence the term ‘Taylorism’ being introduced. 2. Technically Scientific Management is the “management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker”[1]. However George Ritzer defined Scientific Management as a procedure...
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...problem-solving styles in the USA and Japan [pic] The Authors Paul Herbig, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA, and Laurence Jacobs, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Abstract Explores the cultural differences between Japan and the USA as they influence in the practice of creativity. Western logic reflects its Cartesian heritage of a clear, linear path of reasoning or the “scientific method”. The western approach to creativity is innovation through sponteneous originality. The Japanese approach, by contrast, is through the adaptive process. Implementing the innovation for effective production and marketing is their greatest strength. Japanese value the consensual more than differences. Proposes that US-Japanese partnerships would be the merging of opposites, the perfect complement of two diameterically opposite ways of creative thinking. If these partnerships are properly conceived and implemented, a highly efficient combine would result. Article Type: Conceptual Paper Keyword(s): Creativity; Japan; Methods; USA. Journal: International Marketing Review Volume: 13 Number: 2 Year: 1996 pp: 63-71 Copyright © MCB UP Ltd ISSN: 0265-1335 Creativity may be the most important tool in a marketer’s arsenal. Without creativity, the firm becomes predictable. The predictable firm may be at a competitive disadvantage. Creativity goes further than creative managers seeking...
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...How influential is Scientific Management in 21st Century? Please note: The referencing system used in this essay is NOT the Harvard System and therefore INCORRECT practice. Please ignore this style of referencing, the essay is shown as a model of good practice only re structure and analysis. How influential is scientific management in the 21st century? 1. Scientific management was originally developed in the 1800s by an economist, Adam Smith. He was interested in a factory that operated and produced pins, and through the breaking down of tasks e.g. division of labour he increased output from 20 pins per employee per day to 4,800 pins. However the greatest break through in scientific management came in the 1900s during the peak of the industrial revolution, and due to the emergence of the factory system more attention was being given to methods or factors that could contribute towards increasing output levels. It was here that Frederick Taylor began his studies into this field and his ideas were later furthered by individuals such as Gilbreth and Gantt. Despite each individual having a significant input into the study of scientific management Taylor was widely regarded as the ‘Father of Scientific Management’ and hence the term ‘Taylorism’ being introduced. 2. Technically Scientific Management is the “management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker”[1]. However George Ritzer defined Scientific Management as a procedure...
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...IB Theory of Knowledge Essay In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences? Cherno Okafor 000747-034 Weston Collegiate Institute February 20th, 2013 Word Count: 1598 In this TOK Essay, I will be conducting an analysis illustrating how disagreements can be used to aid the pursuit of knowledge in both the natural and human sciences and in some cases, hinder the pursuit of knowledge in these areas. First, it is necessary to define the key terms in this topic, which are “pursuit of knowledge”, “natural sciences”, and “human sciences”. “Pursuit of knowledge” is the act of obtaining knowledge. Natural science refers to the study of natural phenomena of the universe. Fields associated with this are: chemistry (elements), biology (contrasting ideas between Lamarckism and the Darwinian concept of evolution), and physics (gravity). On the other hand, human science refers to the study of people themselves and their behaviours which includes matter in history, literature and philosophy where “man is the measure of all things and human nature” as uttered by the classical Greek philosopher Plato. There is also anthropology, economics, and ethics; for example the explanation of criminal behaviour in cognitive and social psychology in human science. The term “disagreement” is ambiguous in the sense that it can represent a variety of things. For instance, it can refer to a difference of opinion between two people or groups...
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...Review…………………………………………………………………………………6 Cultural Tourism………………………………………………………………………………6 The Importance of Cultural Tourism………………………………………………………….7 Tourism Development………………………………………………………………………...7 Case Study: Natural History Museum………………………………………………………...8 Economic Impact……………………………………………………………………………...8 Employees and Services………………………………………………………………………9 Tourists’ Behavior…………………………………………………………………………...9 The NHM as Visitor Attraction……………………………………………………………….9 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..10 Research Philosophy………………………………………………………………………….10 Research Approach and Design………………………………………………………………11 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………….....11 Data Analysis Method………………………………………………………………………..12 Sampling Technique………………………………………………………………………….12 Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………………………….13 Time Plan for the Research………………………………………………………………………13 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….14 References……………………………………………………………………………………….14 Working Title The role of museums in cultural tourism - a case study of the Natural History Museum Introduction Background of the Study At present the museums have gained notice as a major...
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...Running head: KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS AND DOMAIN LEARNING Knowledge Domains and Domain Learning Liliana Maggioni and Patricia A. Alexander University of Maryland In press Keywords: discipline, domain, learning, history, knowledge, mathematics, reading, science, writing. Abstract The roots of current disciplines and domains of study reach well back in history. An exploration of their development shows that these areas of knowledge have not only reflected cultural changes but have also influenced societies, especially through formal educational systems. Besides being characterized by their focus on a particular part of the world, disciplines are also distinguished by a specific way of thinking about their respective domains of study. Psychological research has identified several features of these pathways to knowledge (e.g., reading, writing, history, mathematics, and science) that generally define the landscape of academic practice. Although educational psychologists’ interest in how knowledge develops within specific domains has fluctuated across time, formal education throughout the world is organized around particular fields of studies and students soon come to characterize their experience of school in terms of subject matters. Thus, in education, domains seem to make a difference. The term knowledge domain refers to the part of the world investigated by a specific discipline. In other words, the domain can be characterized as the object (e.g., plants...
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...Assignment in Basic Research Find a sample research article which is related to your field of specialization. (Hotel Management) Submitted by: Andreyan M. Solanoy Submitted to: Dr. Perlita Esrael (Professor) A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY by Xu Cheng Bachelor of Art Guangdong University of Business Studies 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Hotel Administration William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 201 Assignment in Basic Research Find a sample research article which is related to your field of specialization. (Hotel Management) Submitted by: Ma. Florina Teresa T. Tampos Submitted to: Dr. Perlita Esrael (Professor) Assignment in Basic Research Find a sample research article which is related to your field of specialization. (Hotel Management) Submitted by: Floven P. Laurencio Submitted to: Dr. Perlita Esrael (Professor) ABSTRACT A Systematic Review of Knowledge Management Research in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry ...
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...[pic] FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW MAITF VIETNAM ASSIGNMENT HAND-IN FORM I certify by my signature that this is my own work. The work has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged and referenced. If this statement is untrue I acknowledge that I will have committed an assessment offence. Student ID: C7100518 Level of Study: Post Graduate (Master) Module Title: PG RESEARCH METHOD Course Title: MAITF01 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam CRN: 12371 Module Tutor: Prof. Steve Carter Full text word count: 2772 words Student Name: LUONG PHUOC VINH Student Signature: __________________________________________ Date of Submission: January 10th, 2010 Name of first marker: Mark: Name of second marker: Mark: Introduction Name of the case: Influences on foreign ownership level end entry mode choice in Vietnam Author: Eric W.K. Tsang Realizing that the ownership structure of a firm is an important factor affecting its behavior and performance, many researches have been carried out to examine this fact as what Riahi-Belkaoui (1996) found out and to examine the effect of old and recent decisions specific experience for current ownership structure as what Padmanabhan (2001) did. Regarding firms engaging in FDI,...
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... analysis focuses on the reconstruction of these practices by first understanding how these practices Luhmann; stabilize themselves and second by contrasting different practices to educe an understanding of organization different forms of observation of the relevant phenomenon and of the functions of these forms. studies; George Thus, this approach combines system theoretical epistemology, analytical research strategies, such Spencer-Brown; as form and functional analysis, and qualitative research methods, such as narrative interviews, system theory; participant observation and document analysis. value communication Table of Contents 1. System Theory and Empirical Research: Epistemological Preposition 2. The Context and Research Question of the Case Example 3. The Form of Research Observation 3.1 Organizations in the society as a "society of presences" 3.2 Values 3.3 Analytical strategy and the application of methods 4. Analyzing Value Communication: Forms and Functions 4.1 The uncertainty of heterogeneous...
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...HRPYC81/103/0/2013 Tutorial Letter 103/0/2013 Research Report HRPYC81 Year module Department of Psychology This tutorial letter contains Projects 4808 to 4813 Bar code CONTENTS READ ME FIRST .......................................................................................................................................... 3 PROJECT 4808 ............................................................................................................................................ 4 PROJECT 4809 ............................................................................................................................................ 5 PROJECT 4810 .......................................................................................................................................... 14 PROJECT 4811 .......................................................................................................................................... 36 PROJECT 4812 .......................................................................................................................................... 42 PROJECT 4813 .......................................................................................................................................... 55 2 HRPYC81/103 READ ME FIRST Tutorial Letter 102 Tutorial Letter contains Assignment 01as well as the following projects: Project 4802 Project 4803 Project 4804 Project 4805 Project 4807 Tutorial Letter 103 Tutorial Letter 103...
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... Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic concepts of design research and engineering design research, historical reviews of ways that the terms ‘design’ and ‘design process’ have been used in the literature of engineering design research and design research in the period 1962–1995, clarification of the role of disciplinary structure in the development of coherent design theories, the development of conceptual tools and...
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