...According to Aristotle psychology is the branch of science which investigates the soul and its properties. Aristotle thinks of the soul as a general principle of life. In view of this Aristotle's psychology studies all living beings, and not merely those he regards as having minds, human beings. So, in De Anima, he takes it as his task to provide an account of the life activities of plants and animals, alongside those of humans. This conception by Aristotle as substantiated by his subject matter which claims that Aristotle’s psychology is concerned with giving an account of all those activities which are characteristics of living things, puts his theory in sharp contrast to the dualistic conception of the soul by Plato and modern psychology which focuses on conscious and intentional state. Plato, unlike Aristotle had conjectured that man is a composite of soul which is non-physical and a body which is physical. Plato’s psychology has it that the soul pre-existed the body and it continuous to exist at the demise of the body and that the soul has independent existence of the body. Aristotle, bearing the weaknesses of Plato’s psychology in mind, decides to put in his say on psychology. To this end, this essay seeks to examine critically Aristotle’s contribution to psychology. In this attempt, the essay will examine Aristotle’s soul and body relationship, his treatment of the soul from natural science and the fact the soul does not survive the demise of the body. To start with...
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...Learning theories has been a subject of great interest in psychology ,this makes it fundamental to teaching and learning.The essay will assess contributions of educational psychology with reference to learning theories in teaching and learning .Key terms will be discussed in the next paragraph .The conclusion shall synthesize learning theories and the contribution of educational psychology and their educational implications . https://en.m.wikipedia.org / learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning .That is learning theories helps to predict and explain relationship between learning conditions and the learning outcomes. Zindi,Peresuh and Mpofu,(1997) says “educational psychology is knowledge gained from psychology and applied to activities of the classroom.” Santrock (2011) deals with human behavior and its application in education .According to the above two definitions educational psychology refers to the provision to the teachers with theories which help them to be flexible and adaptable to different situations which can happen in the teaching and learning at primary and secondary level. Educational psychology contributes a lot in the teaching and learning. It helps the teacher in selecting materials suitable for learners and suitable teaching methodologies. When the teacher is well versed with theories, he or she find how to explain, describe and control behavior. In the classroom, when the teacher...
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...Harvard University's psychology school offers a PhD program. Students can choose to focus on Clinical, Cognitive, Developmental, Industrial-Organizational, and Social psychology. Students and Professors There are 27 faculty members in the psychology department, which is 16% less than the average for all Psychology Programs. Each year, about 13 students are admitted to the program. Alumni Success 3 graduates went on to become the chair of a university psychology department, which is moderately more than the average for all Psychology Programs. 11 alumni have been recognized as highly cited in scholarly publications, drastically more than the average for all Psychology Programs. 38 alumni have been awarded a Distinguished Contribution Award by the APA, which is 37 morethan the average for all Psychology Programs. Faculty Credentials 8 current faculty members are highly cited in scholarly articles and research, which is drastically more than the average for all Psychology Programs. 7 faculty members have been awarded a Distinguished Contribution Award by the APA, which is 6 more than the average for all Psychology Programs. Program Options Harvard University's psychology school offers a PhD program. Students can choose to focus on Clinical, Cognitive, Developmental, Industrial-Organizational, and Social psychology. Students and Professors There are 27 faculty members in the psychology department, which is 16% less than the average for all Psychology Programs. Each year...
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...Women in Psychology - Mary Ainsworth University of Phoenix History and Systems of Psychology PSY/310 Nicole Parkinson April 08, 2012 Women in Psychology - Mary Ainsworth The contributions of many of psychology's most eminent female thinkers have long been ignored, but that is starting to change as more history texts begin to recognize women such as Karen Horney, Mary Ainsworth, Leta Hollingworth and Christine Ladd-Franklin in their pages (Cherry, n.d.). This paper will discuss Mary Ainsworth and her background, theoretical perspective, and contributions to the field of psychology. Background Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth was born in Glendale, Ohio, in 1913, the oldest of three daughters of Charles and Mary Salter ("Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter", 2005). Ainsworth reportedly demonstrated an aptitude for academics early on in life, even learning to read at the young age of three. Mary’s parents placed significant importance on education. Her mother and father were both graduates of Dickinson College in Pennsylvania. Ainsworth recollects frequent visits to the library and the elevated scholastic expectations established for her and her sisters by their parents. Ainsworth obtained her A.A., B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in psychology with honors all at the University of Toronto by 1939. Theoretical Perspective In the 1960s, Ainsworth formulated a method, called A Strange Situation, to monitor attachment relationships between a caregiver and child. In this method of...
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...7. Functionalism: Historical origin, principles and contributions to the field of Psychology Abstract It is believed that the school of functionalism was first established in 1896 by the publication of John Dewey’s article “The Reflex Arc in Psychology. Functionalism can be defined as a broad school, which focuses on the function of the mind and mental processes, as opposed to the structure of the mind. The school also focuses on how behaviour allows individual adjustment to the environment (Hergenhahn, 2009). The purpose of this essay is to highlight the importance of knowing how the school originated and the basic principles such as; stream of consciousness, habit and instincts, the self and emotions, which shape what functionalism is today. Furthermore it is important to recognise the substantial contributions functionalism made to the broader psychology field such as; applied psychology, memory and behaviourism. Moreover it is important to acknowledge that introspection was the main approach many functionalists perceived to be authentic. Although a further recommendation for research could be how society’s fixation on technology influences an individual’s mind and body in regards to adaptation to the environment. Functionalism: Historical origin, principles and contributions to the field of Psychology Functionalism is an approach that has not been defined with clarity (Hergenhahn, 2009). Although Hergenhahn...
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...any notoriety. Despite these social forces, however, women did pursue their careers as psychologists and they often succeeded, making significant contributions to the field. In studying the history of psychology, one might wonder, where the women are. Have they been left out of psychology’s history because they did not contribute remarkable and noteworthy work; or was it that women did not achieve adequate prominence so as to rank with men? Whatever the circumstances may be, the scarcity of women in psychology’s textbooks does not accurately represent women’s contributions to the field. The exclusion of women and their work has been reduced to the belief that women have not contributed significantly to psychology; therefore, directed society to disregard their definite participation, thus reinforcing the initial belief that women have played no eminent role in psychology. Women have in fact been present and active in psychology since its beginnings, but for a variety of reasons women and their work have been largely invisible to psychology as a whole. Women have faced many trials and overcome numerous tribulations in order to be a part of psychology. One factor that greatly hindered the advancement of women in the field of psychology was the Zeitgeist, or the current point of view held by the society as a whole. When psychology was still on its way to becoming a major force, women who desired to join the growing ranks of psychologists,...
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...Introduction The assumption that economics and psychology are directly related disciplines rests upon various inferences made during the last decades and advanced by famous researchers such as Daniel Kahneman, W. Brian Arthur, Hugo Münsterberg, George Katona or Günther Schmölders. Although the perception today is that both fields are closely related, throughout history, the homogeneity between economics and psychology was not adequately elaborated. The challenge to introduce psychological concepts into economics appeared to be difficult and it was even more daunting 30 years ago, (Kahneman, 2003). Up to the present time, both disciplines have borrowed concepts from each other and tried to contribute to the improvement of theories developed...
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...Rahman Submitted By: Rashed Hossain Majumder ID- 2014010002002 Contributory Field of Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. Organizational behavior can be analyzed in terms of various fields. All fields have contributed a lot in the study of Organizational Behavior. Some of the predominant areas are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and political science. In below the components are described briefly. 1. Psychology Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. Psychologists involve themselves with studying and attempting to understand individual behavior. Those who have contributed and continue to add to the knowledge of organizational behavior are learning theorists, personality theorists, counseling psychologists, and, most important industrial and organizational psychologist. Early industrial and organizational psychologists concerned themselves with problems of fatigue, boredom, and other factors relevant to working conditions that could impede efficient work performance. More recently, their contributions have been expanded to include learning, perception, personality, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision making processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement...
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...Pivotal Contributors that Impacted Psychology History Of Psychology PS210 3/14/2014 Pivotal Contributors that Impacted Psychology It’s predominately known that everything in life that’s current now day’s is a mere reflection of the past. It’s some many imperative people that have significantly impacted and changed the infrastructure of today’s world with their contributions especially in the world of psychology. Many of the philosophers and physiologists have served as visionaries and founding fathers of the hierarchy system that have revolutionized the way things are in the psychology field, along with inspire the work of other psychologists in the earlier eras. It’s some many different key proponents that were responsible for laying down the blueprint and blazing the trail towards the forward continuity of growth in psychology. It’s philosophers like John Locke and physiologists like Herman Von Helmholtz that have been responsible for changing the landscape of psychology with their monumental contributions. John Locke was a very keen intelligent college student that was a catalyst for helping evolve the world of new psychology immensely with his contributions in the early 1600 era. He had a plethora of accomplishments that cultivated him to being one of the influential philosophers of his time. According to Shultz (2012) John Locke was the commissioner of appeals in England where he went on to write a multitude of books on topics such as education...
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...The Diverse Nature of Psychology Marie Feltio PSY 490 February 9, 2015 The Diverse Nature of Psychology The field of psychology has its modern origin set just over 100 years ago and during the last 100 years, interest in the field has risen increasingly. Psychology is the scientific discipline that works to explain human emotion, cognition, actions, and motivations. The diverse nature of psychology is clearly defined in its 54 divisions of the American Psychological Association (APA) as each unit addresses a different perspective of psychology providing a distinct aspect of human interaction (Plante, 2011). Although the psychology field has its own diverse distinctions, it offers a variety of perspectives that respects and honors the individuality of every person regardless of background. The diverse nature of the field of psychology provides a greater ability of embodying the humanity as a whole because of its broad nature and diversity. Influence of Diversity on Major Concepts in Psychology Diversity poses an enormous influence on the major concepts in psychology. The cognitive-behavioral, humanistic and psychodynamic perspectives respectively represent different perceptions of human behaviors, each providing and exclusive theory on human nature. The variety of these perspectives and their respective variations are reflective of the diverse thinking among humanity. No person will perceive an event in the same way as another person, and the same should be noted for...
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...Cognitive Psychology PSY/360 April 7, 2011 Cognitive Psychology Psychology possesses several branches. One of these branches is cognitive psychology. Like biological psychology, this branch also seeks knowledge that potentially unlocks wonders of the mind. However, cognitive psychology focuses on the mental processes from an internal source not physically apparent. Whereas technology provides efficient methods for which to scan a brain and the activity therein, studying the mind is still yet to uncover mysteries behind thought. Studying the mind involves observation of behavior and of the environment but determining reason for thought in general is still out of reach. Inabilities to determine unobtainable conclusions do not slow the pursuit of knowledge, for the study of conscious thought continues. This paper includes an understanding of what cognitive psychology, as well as information regarding four essential milestones contributing to the development of cognitive psychology. In addition, this paper also focuses on the importance of behavioral observation. Comprehending Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology currently focuses on three main human characteristics. The first characteristic is the ability to perceive. Perception is important because this is the process in which an individual interprets the immediate environment as well as changes, situations, and interactions within it. The second characteristic...
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...The Polish gestalt psychologist, Solomon Asch was born in the city of Warsaw on September 14th, 1907. At the age of thirteen, his family immigrated to the United States, in which he resides for the rest of his life. Being mostly known for his contributions in social psychology and his experiments on conformity through the Asch Conformity Experiments, he set the foundation for the elaboration of social psychology today. Before the numerous contributions to the field of psychology, Asch went through quite a long journey of education. Asch graduated from the City College of New York in 1928, where he earned his Bachelor of Science. Although he majored in both literature and science, his interests in psychology only became apparent towards the...
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...Women in Psychology When one thinks about the field of psychology and those great names that made such great contributions to the field like; Freud and Skinner to name a few come to mind, one thinks of those men who made a important finding about psychology, nonetheless those names hold great meaning to the field, but along the way there have been several influential women who have also made such great contributions to the field, may who have been theorist, pioneers and counselors. Among some of these women there is a name that stands out the most, her name is Anna Freud. This paper will discuss Anna Freud’s background, her theoretical perspective and the contributions she was able to provide to the field of psychology. Anna Freud was born on Vienna, Austria on December 3, 1895, the youngest of six children of Sigmund Freud and Martha Freud. Anna Freud had a special bond with her father, more than with her mother or any siblings; she started reading her father’s work at the age of 15. Her relationship with her siblings wasn’t quite the best; in fact Anna refers to her 2 years older sister Sophie as her rival. Anna felt relieved when Sophie went out and got marry, as the relationship wouldn’t be as competitive as it had been most of their lives. Anna gained a special interest in the field of psychology such as her father and in a time were men had made significant contributions to the field of psychology, then comes a little a girl who since a very early age learned to...
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...Bertrand Dufour PSY/ 310 07/20/2015 Professor Shannon Kelly Gestalt Psychology Gestalt psychology is best describe as a school of thought which looks into the human mind and behavior as a whole. The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that the human mind considers objects as a whole before, or in parallel with, a perception of their individual parts. Many Gestalt psychologists believed that all mental experience was not only dependent on just a specific combination of elements. They were also dependent patterns and organization of an individual experience of perceptions. Founded by three German psychologists in 1910 Wolfgang Kolhler, Kurt Koffka, and Max Wertheimer had many contributions to the discipline. It began with the brilliant work of Max Wertheimer in response to the Wilhelm Wundt structuralism Gestalt psychology became establish. This development of psychology help inspires many individuals such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, and Ernst Mach. Gestalt psychology had many contributions to the discipline, especially with Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy specifically focuses on helping an individual raise their senses, feelings, and needs. Helping individuals expand their boundaries as well all while contributing to a person overall self-respect and well-being. Emphasizing on making strong connections, respectful meetings and establish great contact. Lewin's theory states that an individual...
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...This paper will talk about Maslow’s history, legacy, his contributions to humanistic psychology, and his most famous work, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and how it works. Maslow’s contributions is still an important cornerstone of psychology today. Maslow was born on August 1, 1908 in New York to uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia (www.webspace.ship.edu, 2015). His parents pushed him hard academically and Maslow was often pushed to excel in areas he had no interest in. His father also degraded him by calling him ugly and impacting his self-image, and his mother, who wanted to keep him under her control (www.muskingum.edu, 2015) This led to him seeking refuge and contentment in books. He went to the City College of New York and Cornell...
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