Premium Essay

Prominent Women in Psychology

In:

Submitted By morganlewis1
Words 1746
Pages 7
Abstract
The social context from which the earliest psychologists emerge worked to keep women uneducated and at home, operating under the belief that women were inferior to men. When women challenged the Zeitgeist and chose careers as psychologists, society responded by pushing them into low-end careers, usually doing jobs that were similar to the domestic activities accepted as the women’s sphere, and often jobs that resisted any notoriety. Despite these social forces, however, women did pursue their careers as psychologists and they often succeeded, making significant contributions to the field.

In studying the history of psychology, one might wonder, where the women are. Have they been left out of psychology’s history because they did not contribute remarkable and noteworthy work; or was it that women did not achieve adequate prominence so as to rank with men? Whatever the circumstances may be, the scarcity of women in psychology’s textbooks does not accurately represent women’s contributions to the field. The exclusion of women and their work has been reduced to the belief that women have not contributed significantly to psychology; therefore, directed society to disregard their definite participation, thus reinforcing the initial belief that women have played no eminent role in psychology. Women have in fact been present and active in psychology since its beginnings, but for a variety of reasons women and their work have been largely invisible to psychology as a whole. Women have faced many trials and overcome numerous tribulations in order to be a part of psychology. One factor that greatly hindered the advancement of women in the field of psychology was the Zeitgeist, or the current point of view held by the society as a whole. When psychology was still on its way to becoming a major force, women who desired to join the growing ranks of psychologists,

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Women in Psychology

...Women in Psychology Traci Boyzuck PSY/310 May 19th, 2014 University of Phoenix Women in Psychology When it comes to the history of psychology and the individuals that helped the science become what it is today, many people think of the men that pioneered the discipline. When asked about an individual that has had an impact on psychology the average answer will be that of a man’s name, perhaps Sigmund Freud or Carl Jung; but there have been many women who have taken the reigns and added a great deal of information and insight when it comes to the use of psychology. One of those women is Karen Horney, a woman who gave much insight to many areas of psychology during her time. Karen Horney was born in 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her family was an upper middle class family, her father a sea captain and her mother a more free-thinking woman that encouraged her daughter to follow her dreams and pursue her medical career, which was slightly unusual in that time.(Smith, 2007) Karen Horney was dedicated to her studies, she was once quoted as saying “if I can’t be pretty, I decided I would be smart.” Karen started her academic career in medical school in 1906, in 1909 she married a law student named Oskar Horney whom she had three daughters with. (Eckardt, 2005) In 1926, Karen left her husband and later in 1930, she and her daughters moved to the United States, it was here that she became close friends with individuals who were seen as prominent intellectuals, and this is when...

Words: 1601 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Karen Horney: Historical Portfolio

...Historical Figure Portfolio History and Systems of Psychology Fall 2014 Karen Horney (1885-1952) [pic] Introduction This historical figure portfolio gives a short overview on the life of Karen Horney who was a psychoanalyst and pioneer in feminine psychology. Throughout this portfolio, Karen Horney’s life will be described with the help of a life timeline, a timeline of historical events during her lifetime, a short biography, an image of her, along with a reference page are included to give an synopsis of her life and works. Table of Contents Timeline of Life and Historical Events………………………………………………………4 Brief Biography………………………………………………………………………………6 Image 1………………………………………………………………………………………10 References……………………………………………………………………………………11 Life and World Timeline: September 16, 1885: Karen Horney was born near Hamburg, Germany (previously known as Blankenese, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, German Empire). 1886: Statue of Liberty was dedicated to, and placed in, the United States. 1888: Jack the Ripper began his gruesome serial killing in London. 1892: Ellis Island opens as a main east coast immigration center. 1906: Karen Horney entered medical school. 1909: She married Oscar Horney, a man she met in medical school. 1911: Karen Horney’s mother died this year, which then instilled a desire in her to explore psychoanalysis because of the difficulties this...

Words: 2319 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Leadership Styles of Men and Women

...Leadership Styles of Men and Women Executive Summary A research study on the main characteristics that lay the foundation for leadership styles of men and women is carried out in this paper. The key focus emphasized in this paper is on recognizing and studying the differences between the 2 sexes with respect to leadership attributes. Factors that lead to this distinction are highlighted, along with the traditional reasons that lead to these differences. A historical insight into the various trends that dominated different societies is given, in a view to engage the reader and lead him/her to understand how the gender roles evolved as the societies evolved. Many challenges that women encountered in the past are described that further aid in this understanding. The outcomes of this comparative study are then observed. These outcomes include gender-stereotypic expectations by the leaders, mental health of the individuals, efficiency at the job role, industrial pressure and gender discrimination. Generic leadership traits for men and women are observed and described, which tie to the gender-stereotypes. These observations distinguish the women to possess an interpersonal-oriented leadership style, as opposed to men, who possess task-oriented style of leadership. Different leadership studies are implemented to understand the impact of these styles. The impact varies for organizational studies, laboratory experiments and assessment studies. Other traits like how the leadership qualities...

Words: 1875 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Calkins

...knew about the education that women received back then and decided to supervise Calkins education. This allowed her to enter Smith College in 1882. She did not have any kids or spouse because she believed that she needed to have all her attention on her career to succeed. She later passed away in 1930 from cancer (Psych E-Newsletter, 2011). In 1882 Calkins entered Smith College. Due to her sister’s illness and death caused her to study at home for the following year. However she went back to the Smith University in 1885, and graduated with a double major in classics and philosophy. Later on the year, the Calkins family went to Europe and Mary studied Greek at the University of Leipzig. After she returned to the States, she was asked to teach Greek at the Wellesley College. She had been teaching Greek for about a year, when offered a position teaching psychology. Unfortunately, she struggled tremendously. There were few places for women to work or even graduate in psychology (Bumb,n.d). Calkins was invited to sit-in on William James and Josiah Royce lectures on a strictly casual basis at the Harvard University. On October 1, 1980 Calkins was allowed to attend the seminars of James and Royce but had to accept the terms that she was only allowed to be admitted as a guest and not allowed to become a student of the University. (Bumb,n.d). In 1895 she returned to Wellesley College where she got the opportunity to be an Associate Professor of Psychology and later was promoted to a Professor...

Words: 807 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Calkins

...knew about the education that women received back then and decided to supervise Calkins education. This allowed her to enter Smith College in 1882. She did not have any kids or spouse because she believed that she needed to have all her attention on her career to succeed. She later passed away in 1930 from cancer (Psych E-Newsletter, 2011). In 1882 Calkins entered Smith College. Due to her sister’s illness and death caused her to study at home for the following year. However she went back to the Smith University in 1885, and graduated with a double major in classics and philosophy. Later on the year, the Calkins family went to Europe and Mary studied Greek at the University of Leipzig. After she returned to the States, she was asked to teach Greek at the Wellesley College. She had been teaching Greek for about a year, when offered a position teaching psychology. Unfortunately, she struggled tremendously. There were few places for women to work or even graduate in psychology (Bumb,n.d). Calkins was invited to sit-in on William James and Josiah Royce lectures on a strictly casual basis at the Harvard University. On October 1, 1980 Calkins was allowed to attend the seminars of James and Royce but had to accept the terms that she was only allowed to be admitted as a guest and not allowed to become a student of the University. (Bumb,n.d). In 1895 she returned to Wellesley College where she got the opportunity to be an Associate Professor of Psychology and later was promoted to a Professor...

Words: 807 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Aesthetic Preference in Faces

...First Last Dr. Professor What judges a face to be aesthetically pleasing? PSY 472 What is beauty? According to dictionary.com, beauty is defined as the quality present in a thing or person that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind, whether arising from sensory manifestations, meaningful designs, or something else. By this definition, anything that provides pleasure to one's mind can be considered beautiful. This concept of beauty is seen as being quite abstract. “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder” is the phrase that is often heard when discussing the topic of attractiveness but is this true? Does beauty really depend on who is looking? Beauty or aesthetics are often looked at in reference to artwork. Aesthetic means to be “concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty; also the philosophical theory or set of principles governing the idea of beauty at a given time and place (dictionary.com).” These words will be used interchangeably throughout this paper. There are many different opinions on what aesthetic qualities allow a painting to be considered beautiful. Some of these qualities are balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, sequence and repetition (Clair, 1939). Another article by Chen (????), measured what participants looked at when deciding whether or not a painting is beautiful and the frequent factors were meaning, brushstroke, style, shape, perspective, mood, originality, balance, and unity. An exhibition at the Birchfield Penny Art...

Words: 1301 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Relational Interdependence Research Paper

...philosophy in an attempt to find the answer. However, as time passed and other disciplines emerged, other fields, in addition to philosophy, also seek for a solution to the question; social psychology is one of those fields. One of the models in social psychology that attempts to answer the question is the relational interdependence measure. It attempts to define the self based on relational interdependence. Someone who is not relational interdependent defines themselves more independently of their relationships. They see themselves as someone who is defined by their own thoughts, feelings and actions. On the other hand, someone who leans towards relational interdependence, defines themselves through their relationships with other people. Many sociological factors, such as gender, geography, and age, affect whether a person is interdependent or independent....

Words: 553 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Reducing Sexism: Equality Between Men and Woman

...equality between men and women is on the minds of many Americans. An inspiring 1,936,516 tweets put this subject in eighth place within the 10 social issues Americans talk the most about on Twitter (Dwyer, 2014). * Average earnings of men almost always exceed the earnings of women in the exact same occupation (Buckley, 2001). According to Statistics Canada, based on data collected from men and women aged 16 and over, men make an average of $68 500, whereas women make an average of only $45,500. Men employment rates are also significantly higher than women (Statistics Canada, 2009). * Sexual violence is a problem for college communities. The National College Women Sexual Victimization study estimates that one in five college women experience completed or attempted rape during their college years. (Fisher, Cullen, & Turner, 2000). Women have always faced significant challenges throughout their lives due to inequality between men and women. Stereotyping, lack of opportunity, pay differences, sexual harassment, gender-based violence and discrimination represent some of these challenges, which ultimately is disempowering women. This disempowerment has numerous consequences for society today. Times have changed and although unlike in the past, the thought of equality now does lie in the minds of most people, the actual effective significant change has yet to happen. This paper will define the inequalities that still exist between men and women, review the literature...

Words: 2988 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Women Career in India

...of woman. According to our constitution, men and women have equal fundamental rights. She has been allowed to join any profession. Today, we have women-legislators, women-ministers, women ambassadors, women-governors and even had a woman Prime Minister in Smt. Indira Gandhi. There are woman-lawyers, doctors, teachers, clerks and even women civil and military officers—some of them are occupying top-most positions even. With the encouragement of co-education in the country, our modern sisters and daughters all have cast oil their old inferiority complex and today they are marching side by side with their brothers in every walk of life. Mrs. Vijaylakshmi Pandit, one of the oldest politicians of our country, created a singular record by becoming President of the United Nations General Assembly. Indian women have distinguished themselves in various fields of life as politicians, scholars, statesmen, orators, parliamentarians, law­yers, doctors, judges, diplomats and ambassadors. It is now a well established fact that women are more intelligent, hard-working, efficient and painstaking than men in every walk of life. In spite of the abovementioned situation, women in general, are not suited to every profession. There are certain professions and careers which the women should choose because mentally, physically and cultur­ally they are more suitable to these professions. The best career for women in India is that of teacher. Women are academically better and socially more active...

Words: 891 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Social Problems

...19.1 Introduction India is one of the developing nations of the modern world. It has become an independent country, a republic, more than a half century ago. During this period the country has been engaged in efforts to attain development and growth in various areas such as building infrastructure, production of food grains, science and technology and spread of education. The life expectancy has increased and many diseases have been controlled. However, there are many areas in which Indian society is experiencing a variety of problems. Some of these problems have their roots in our colonial past while others are related to demographic changes, socio-political conditions and cultural processes. This lesson tries to acquaint you with some of the problems and the psychological factors involved in them. You will learn about some of the possible ways in which psychological interventions can help in dealing with the problems. 19.2 Objectives After reading this lesson you will be able to: explain social problems such as poverty, gender discrimination and social tension; state the causes of these problems; suggest some interventions for dealing with these problems. 19.3 Poverty A large section of the Indian society is suffering from poverty. Poverty is a phenomenon Social Problem :: 201 which is objective as well a subjective. Objectively poverty implies a dehumanizing condition in which people are unable to look after the basic needs. Subjectively poverty stands for perceived...

Words: 3084 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Jklfdslk

...Methods of Research Research, or systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge, is a central component of the scientific method in psychology. It provides the key to understanding the degree to which scientific hypotheses (and the theories behind them) are accurate. Just as we can apply different theories and hypotheses to explain the same phenomena, we can use a number of alternative methods to conduct research. In this exercise, you will learn more about several methods of research that psychologists use to gain new knowledge about human behavior, and about the ethical concerns psychologists face when conducting research. 1. Consider this scenario: You are conducting research on sex differences in writing in email. Your hypothesis is that men use more declarative statements, and women use more questions. Answer each of the following questions. * What might be the advantages of using the archival method? * The advantage to this method would be that you could pull plenty of emails from men and from women that would help verify this hypothesis and come to a prominent conclusion. * What might be the disadvantages of using the archival method? * A disadvantage to this method would be that if you couldn’t get access to the needed emails or said information then no prominent conclusion could be mad as long as the info was unavailable. 2. Now imagine that you are conducting research on the length of time it takes customers to select items...

Words: 639 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Soc 326

...Social Psychology’s Effects on Attraction Joshua Newton PSY 326 Dr. Cindi-Marie Willoughby How and what attracts us to others is interpersonal attraction. As a military student, I am continuously judging individuals when I initially meet them because I am constantly evaluating my placement in society. What initiated my interest to research social attraction was my weakness for the opposite sex. I was and still am inquisitive as to what draws me to all women and towards certain type of the opposite sex. Originally, I thought I was attracted only to women from a physical appeal in an initial meeting, but I found there is more to the question. Even though physicality is a considerable amount of interpersonal attraction, studies have proved there are numerous factors determining roles in attraction on initial engagements. Among the most reflective opinions I found, essentially the first interactions are proximity, similarity, and physicality. It is our acceptable appetite as humans to determine whom we are drawn to, even as infants. After further study from psychologists, I collected data elucidating what dictates interpersonal attraction for an assortment of people and its connotation in everyday life. We are continuously meeting new people, seeing new faces, and deciding whether we experience attractions to individuals deliberately or not. As a result, the first acquaintance of others is most significance in the likelihood of developing a...

Words: 2819 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Peaceable Integration

...In what ways can the Christian therapist better address the anguish of the cultural minority in Western society in a way that reflects the calling of Jesus Christ? In their book, A Peaceable Psychology, Alvin Dueck and Kevin Reimer discuss means in which to approach the art of counseling psychology that amply appeals to an ever-increasing diverse client population. The writers suggest a prominent shift ensues when counselors no longer reside strictly within the objectivist, non-religious mentality of therapeutic sessions. Instead, Dueck and Reimer propose the counselor integrate the clients’ spiritual and religious beliefs with the therapy session in order to assist in distinguishing and accessing the healing resources available to the client. Within the realm of psychology, many researchers and practitioners have considered areas of faith and religion to be irrelevant. The book describes how these psychologists were educated from early in their studies to regard religion and morality as nonfactors. The authors claim “an enculturated American psychology will displace local traditions in favor of presumed psychological universals” (Dueck and Reimer, 2009, p. 48). These “psychological universals” restrict a person’s life and identity by hindering the religious and spiritual affiliations unique to that individual. The therapist is withholding potential sources of healing in the client’s journey through counseling by depriving him or her of this integral aspect of life. Instead...

Words: 1270 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Media Studies

...1. Introduction It is highly believed that fashion magazines contain various portrayals of women not only because fashion magazines target women as their biggest readers, but also become the facilitator to teach women how they view themselves in feminine elegant ways just like most women want them to be. Nonetheless, those views are more likely shaped by how the society views a woman. As such, if fashion magazines are indeed in the means of shaping women's view as well as society's view of a woman, then the representation of women in the magazines becomes very important in order to explore how women are portrayed according to those two views. Reading a fashion magazine on the surface simply contains fashion-related articles in thick glossy pages. On deeper surface, on the other hand, those articles actively are where women as well as society see how a woman should be. It is also implied that they become the source of stereotypes of women which many of them are always about marginalising women. Amongst many high fashion magazines, Elle is strongly believed to be one of the most leading high fashion magazines in regards to the fact that this French origin magazine widely spreads its international editions published in over 60 countries which one of those includes Indonesia. Like other Elle editions worldwide and other mainstream high fashion magazines, many ultra expensive bags, clothes, perfumes, and the sorts appear in Elle Indonesia in two forms: articles and advertisements...

Words: 2798 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Gender Identity

...The origins of gender, like the origins of human nature, are sometimes said to lie in biological determination, sometimes in social construction. Feminist theory began with criticising biological determinism and its portrayal of women, and inevitably emphasised the social construction of gender. However, seeing gender or human nature as wholly or mainly socially constructed seems to deny the biological processes which comprise our physical experiences of ourselves, and it is this omission which has recently led some writers (both feminist and antifeminist) to lay stress on the significance of biology in human behaviour and its development. These two opposing views of the origin of behaviour are still dominant, despite various attempts to emphasise how biology and social context might interact to produce, say, gender differences: this continued dominance of the nature/nurture duality has considerable political relevance to feminism, and has contributed to the rise of the New Right ideology concerning, for example, the natural role of women and the family. Gender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. In fact, the sex of a newborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life. The often controversial study of the development of gender is a topic that is inherently interesting to parents, students, researchers, and scholars for several reasons. First and foremost, one's...

Words: 1248 - Pages: 5