...Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 1 - HOMEMADE BATTERIES Making and evaluating homemade batteries Author Ken Gadd, 4science, Stratford sub Castle, SP1 3YP, UK; ken@4science.org.uk Languages available English, Slovenian Summary Batteries power most of the portable electrical and electronic devices we use. Different types are available, suited for different uses. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. You can make a battery from a lemon, a piece of zinc and a piece of copper. So why don’t we use this instead of buying batteries from shops? In this activity you find out. You also explore other homemade batteries, including a seawater battery made by scientists in the BBC TV programme Rough Science. The purpose is to explore the potential of low technology homemade batteries as emergency power supplies. Activity type H Use of scientific knowledge and understanding to solve problems Working in teams to solve problems Communication Resource/budget management Time and workload management Techniques Field Electrochemistry Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 2 - Time Practical lessons: 600 minutes Theory lessons: 120 minutes Out of class time: 360 minutes StandardBase procedures None StandardBase techniques None Other resources Zavod za šolstvo, Ljubljana (The National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia), http://www.zrss.si/ Other resources are listed in the activity...
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...RIVER Sledjeski, Asmar, Garcia Title of Project: Separation of Mixtures by Filtration and Evaporation Research Question: How do we use gravity and suction filtration and evaporation to separate the different compounds in the mixture that were spilled onto the riverbed? Materials list: • Balance • Watch glass • Oven • Filter paper • Suction filtration apparatus • Spill mixture, 10g • Ring stand and clamp • Hot plate • 600ml beaker • 400 ml beaker • Buchner funnel • Side arm flask • DI water • Stirring rod • 250 ml beaker • Erlernmeyer flask • Isopropyl alchohol • Funnel Safety: Benzoic Acid: hazardous in case of ski contact Copper Sulfate: Irritant to eyes and skin Calcium Carbonate: do not consume, avoid eye contact Sand: do not consume Isopropyl alcohol: Irritant to skin and eyes Wear apron and goggles to lab. The step-by-step procedures of the scenario lab as followed: 1) Measure out 5 g of the mixture 2) Add 50 mL DI water to mixture in 250 mL beaker 3) Weigh filter paper and watch glass. 4) Place filter paper in a Buchner funnel and wet it with deionized water. 5) Filter the mixture slowly until all the mixture has been added. 6) Break the suction and remove the filter paper with the residue. 7) Place the filter paper in the watch glass and into the oven for 15-30 minutes. 8) Afterwards, take out the watch glass and filter paper, and allow it to cool. 9) Add the residue to the beaker with alcohol and stir it for 5 minutes. 10) Use...
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...The research question is relevant to the experiment as the aim of the experiment has been considered. The aim of the experiment is to test the foods mentioned in the research question to find the presence of glucose, proteins and fats. The data will be recorded by observing the chemical changes occurring....
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND This research is about the extraction of keratin protein from chicken feathers using strong fluid extraction process. This extraction procedure utilized a dissolvable as lessening specialists to separate salt linkages, disulphide bond and hydrogen bond of the keratin fiber to break down into protein. Thus, it will likewise diminish the steadiness of keratin strands in the strong structure found in feathers. Proteins are polymer formed by one or more long chains of amino acid residues that are capable of promoting intra- and inter-molecular bonds so that it allows the resultant materials to have a large variation in their functional properties. Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, form a polypeptide chain. Polypeptides are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. There are two...
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...Abstract This investigatory project was conducted to prove if nipa palm fruit husk, distilled water, Ferrous Sulfate and gum Arabic can produce an ink that can be substituted to commercial ink. In conducting the experiment, the researchers gathered nipa fruits, these were cut into small portions and weighed into 200 grams. The reduced fruits were soaked in a mixture of 100ml distilled water and 1 gram Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) as solvent, vinegar, and salt. Theset-up was boiled for one hour. After boiling the mixture was filtered to separate the black filtrate from undissolved particles. On a laser bond paper the ink produced was tested after being refilled to a pen and was compared to other synthetic commercial ink available in the market. The conductivity and transmittance time , drying time and luminance and adhesion were tested and compared. Results of the test showed that the experimental ink with a proportion of 200 grams nipa palm fruit husk, 100 ml distilled water, 1 gram ferrous sulfate and ½ tablespoon of salt and ½ tablespoon of vinegar produced an output with the highest conductivity and transmittance time, drying time and luminance and adhesion. With the cost of production much lower than that of a commercial ink and having no significant difference in the mean property to the commercial ink the Nipa Palm Fruit Husk Ink proved to be more economical to produce. ...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION RESEARCH BACKGROUND This research is about the extraction of keratin protein from chicken feathers using strong fluid extraction process. This extraction procedure utilized a dissolvable as lessening specialists to separate salt linkages, disulphide bond and hydrogen bond of the keratin fiber to break down into protein. Thus, it will likewise diminish the steadiness of keratin strands in the strong structure found in feathers. Proteins are polymer formed by one or more long chains of amino acid residues that are capable of promoting intra- and inter-molecular bonds so that it allows the resultant materials to have a large variation in their functional properties. Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds,...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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...Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 32 (5), 461-468, Sep. - Oct. 2010 Original Article Comparison between half-cell potential of reinforced concrete exposed to carbon dioxide and chloride environment Kitipoom Chansuriyasak 1, Chalermchai Wanichlamlart 2, Pakawat Sancharoen2, Waree Kongprawechnon3 and Somnuk Tangtermsirikul1,2 1 School of Civil Engineering and Technology, 2 Construction and Maintenance Technology Research Center (CONTEC), 3 School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand. Received 25 December 2009; Accepted 3 August 2010 Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of concrete mix proportion and fly ash on half-cell potential (HCP) and corrosion current density (icorr) of steel in concrete exposed to different environments. Reinforced concrete specimens with different fly ash replacement percentages and water to binder ratios (w/b) were studied in this paper. The specimens were subjected to two highly corrosive environments which are chloride and carbon dioxide. HCP and icorr were used to monitor the corrosion process. Results of this study demonstrate that both HCP and icorr indicated the same tendency, especially for corroded specimens after being exposed to chloride. This means that HCP can be used to inspect corrosion of steel due to chloride. In case of carbonation, concrete specimens with...
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...INTRODUCTION Bangladesh has a very limited stock of known mineral resources (only natural gas is being extracted commercially), and the economy is heavily dependent on small-scale agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 40 per cent of Bangladesh's GDP and about 60 per cent of employment. Landless small farmers and as well as urban informal groups constitute 50 per cent of Bangladesh's population. Fifty three per cent of rural population are virtually landless and the result of that a very large percentage of urban population live in slums. For example 30 per cent of the population (about 2 million) in Dhaka live in more than 1500 slums and squatter settlements, where density of settlements is over 6178 persons per hectare and per capita living space available is lower than one square meter. The structural conditions of the shelters are one of the worst in the world. The settlements live without open space, streets, water, gas and electricity, water, sanitation and sewerage facilities. Since these settlements are illegal the Government or International Aid Agencies have hardly any project to improve living quality of the poorest population of the country. Like many other cities of the developing countries the population of Dhaka city increased by almost 200 per cent in seven years (1974-81) due to the increasing developments of landless peasants. The present economic development increasingly widens the gap between the poor and the rich. The limited agricultural land...
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...James Shanks EN1420 Final Paper The Hidden Costs of Green Energy In this day of steadily rising energy costs, increasing difficulty in finding readily accessible supplies of non-renewable resources, aging power production and transport facilities and environmental awareness individuals, local government and private utilities are turning towards renewable energy resources at an increasing rate. Many of these entities tout the benefit of their decisions as “green” and “environmentally friendly”. The real cost of these projects is often ignored completely either through true ignorance of the facts or in an attempt to be duplicitous about the damage that is really being done. In 2013 4,751 MW of new photovoltaic (PV) capacity was installed representing a 41 percent increase in deployment over installation levels in 2012 (Solar Industry Data, 2014). While this might mean a reduction in non-renewable resources (referred to as NRR’s going forward) burned, it also represents a drastic increase in the use and production of numerous toxic chemicals that result from the PV manufacturing process. According to Dustin Mulvaney, Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at San Jose State University, the production of PV panels begins with the creation of Silicon wafers, a process that uses and/or produces sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide both of which are known as caustic chemicals that can be dangerous to the eyes, lungs and skin. As the production process continues...
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...Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g) o acid (aq) + metal carbonate (s) salt (aq) + water (l) + carbon...
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...Top of Form Introduction The utilization of resources and generation of waste is for beyond the limit that the biosphere was made to carry. Infact, man today is caught in the vicious circle of increasing wants, declining resources and increasing waste being generated by the industries and municipalities is posing a problem of enormous dimensions. The domestic and industrial effluents are contributing in enhancing this problem. It might become the biggest problem if it is not dealt with immediately . Industrial Waste The term industrial waste is generally understood to refer specifically to the liquid waste produced as a result of some industrial operation, as distinct from an industry’s solid refuse or its gases, fumes and vapors. Like municipal sanitary sewage, most of such liquids must ultimately be disposed of into rivers or other water courses. The liquid wastes of a community, whether domestic sewage or industrial wastes, should receive appropriate treatment before discharge into streams in order to prevent gross pollution. The treatment methods for domestic sewage are based on a fundamental and growing body of knowledge. These methods, however, are not suitable for industrial wastes, which are quite varied in character. Frequently anew industrial process development will produce a waste that is not amenable to treatment by any of the conventional methods. For such wastes, laboratory investigations followed by pilot-plant studies must precede final design of treatment...
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...zinc in China Guo Xueyi ∗ , Zhong Juya, Song Yu, Tian Qinghua School of Metallurgical Science & Engineering, Central South University, South Street of Yuelu, 932, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China article info Article history: Received 16 January 2009 Received in revised form 23 July 2009 Accepted 26 July 2009 Available online 28 August 2009 Keywords: Zinc Substance flow analysis “STAF” model Life cycle Resource recycling abstract A material stock and flow (STAF) model was constructed to track the pathway of zinc in China, 2006, for the study of the industrial metabolism of a certain metal within a regional level. The primary flows of zinc include production, fabrication and manufacturing, use, and waste management. This paper traces the major flows of zinc from ore, to product, to potential secondary resource as it moves through the China’s economy over 1 year, and inventory data, and mass balance equations were used to determine the quantity of flows. The domestic ore produced was 3248.3 Gg and output of refined lead ingot was 3162.7 Gg in 2006. It was calculated that, in the production and manufacture and fabrication stage, the self-supply efficiency of zinc raw materials in 2006 is 87.58% and 94.92%, respectively. The results reveal that China has richer zinc raw resources. But only about 3.68% and 9.06% of the discarded zinc in the two stages were recycled, respectively. While zinc’s residence time can be high for many of its applications in the building...
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...environment for clients, designers, contractors, engineers, manufacturers, occupants, etc. We make every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of information and guidance when it is first published. However, we can take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain. Published by Construction Research Communications Ltd by permission of Building Research Establishment Ltd Requests to copy any part of this publication should be made to: CRC Ltd Building Research Establishment Bucknalls Lane Watford, WD25 9XX BRE material is also published quarterly on CD Each CD contains BRE material published in the current year, including reports, specialist reports, and the Professional Development publications: Digests, Good Building Guides, Good Repair Guides and Information Papers. The CD collection gives you the opportunity to build a comprehensive library of BRE material at a fraction of the cost of printed copies. As a subscriber you also benefit from a 25% discount on other BRE titles. For more information contact: CRC Customer Services on 020 7505 6622 Construction Research Communications CRC supplies a wide range of building and construction related information products from BRE and other highly respected organisations. Contact: post:...
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...where it can be poured into a bucket later for storage. Overall, these other options were more economical for families living in the Dominican Republic. At the end, it becomes clear that permanent solutions, such as wells, are not likely to exist or work well in these developing countries. Instead point-of-use systems are most likely the permanent solutions for many of these developing countries. Day 2- Testing Ions in Solutions Lab Questions 1. What ion(s) were present in your unknown sample? List all supporting evidence. We had unknown solution G. No reaction took place for any test except for in reaction well D4, which was the test for SO42-. Just like in well D2, a cloudy white precipitate of barium sulfate formed, indicating the presence of sulfates in the unknown sample. 2. N/A 3. Environmentalists are aware that water is recycled. What does this mean? A student said, “If water is recycled, how is it possible for me to be drinking water htat previously was part of some animal in East Africa? My local water treatment plan is not connected to East Africa!” Explain if this statement is true and justify your understanding of how water movement/cycle occurs. Water is constantly moving through the water cycle. Water is evaporated into the atmosphere, where it condenses into clouds and then precipitates as rain back to the ground, where the cycle repeats. Natural forces in the environment cause water to travel all around the world. Once water is evaporated on land, it...
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