...National Tax Journal Vol 49 no. 3 (September 1996) pp. 421-35 CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING LILLIAN F. MILLS * Abstract - The tax law provides varying opportunities for tax planning, and firms have competing incentives to consider in planning a tax reporting strategy, including financial reporting effects. I present preliminary results that Internal Revenue Service audit adjustments increase in the excess of book income over taxable income. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher book income than taxable income. I also investigate the relationship between compliance costs and taxes paid. Existing descriptive research emphasizes the social cost burden of such compliance costs. Preliminary results indicate that firms that spend more on tax research and planning report lower tax expense. results that proposed Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit adjustments increase as the excess of book income over taxable income increases. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher financial statement income than taxable income. I also investigate how the level of conformity varies as the relative incentives for book income versus tax savings change. Tax regimes that require more conformity between book and tax accounting will likely induce higher tax payments than those firms whose incentives to maintain high book income are the greatest. In addition, government...
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...Chapter 3 Tax Planning Strategies and Related Limitations SOLUTIONS MANUAL Problems [LO2, LO3 PLANNING] Isabel, a calendar-year taxpayer, uses the cash method of accounting for her sole proprietorship. In late December she received a $20,000 bill from her accountant for consulting services related to her small business. Isabel can pay the $20,000 bill anytime before January 30 of next year without penalty. Assume her marginal tax rate is 40 percent this year and next year, and that she can earn an after-tax rate of return of 12 percent on her investments. When should she pay the $20,000 bill—this year or next? Option 1: Pay $20,000 bill in December: $20,000 tax deduction x 40 percent marginal tax rate = $8,000 in present value tax savings. After-tax cost = Pretax Cost – Present Value Tax Savings = $20,000 – $8,000 = $12,000 Option 2: Pay $20,000 bill in January: $20,000 tax deduction x 40 percent marginal tax rate = $8,000 in tax savings in one year. Present Value of Tax Savings = $8,000 x .893 (Discount Factor, 1 Year, 12 percent) = $7,144 After-tax cost = Pretax Cost – Present Value Tax Savings = $20,000 – $7,144 = $12,856 Paying the $20,000 in December is the clear winner. [LO2, LO3 PLANNING] Using the facts from the previous problem, how would your answer change if Isabel’s after-tax rate of return were 8 percent? Option 1: Pay $20,000 bill in December: $20,000 tax deduction x 40 percent marginal tax rate = $8,000...
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.... 218 TAX AND INVESTMENT POLICYMAKING: A PROPOSAL FOR GREATER COHERENCE Tax avoidance practices by MNEs lead to loss of revenue for governments in both host and home countries of investors and to basic issues of fairness in the distribution of tax revenues between jurisdictions that must be addressed. In tackling tax avoidance, it is important to take into account the overall contribution to government revenues by MNEs and the existing tax base, as well as new productive investments by MNEs and the future tax base. The degree to which MNEs engage in tax avoidance varies by industry and home country (among other factors), but tax avoidance practices are widespread. They cause significant tax revenue losses worldwide – in both host and home countries of international investors. Not only do they cause economic and financial damage to countries, they also raise a basic issue of fairness. In almost all cases, the shift in profits through the use of offshore investment hubs does not reflect actual business operations (i.e. the profits reported and taxes paid in a jurisdiction are disproportionate to the activities that take place there). The shifting of profits between jurisdictions results in an unfair distribution of tax revenues between jurisdictions. The practice is especially unfair to developing countries that face certain tax related challenges. • Limited tax collection capabilities. Accurately identifying tax planning practices requires an analysis of global operations for...
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... No. 11; 2013 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Elements of Compliance Costs: Lesson from Malaysian Companies towards Goods and Services Tax (GST) Mohd Rizal Palil1, Rosiati Ramli1, Ahmad Fariq Mustapha1 & Norul Syuhada Abu Hassan1 1 School of Accounting, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Correspondence: Mohd Rizal Palil, School of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Management, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: mr_palil@ukm.my Received: May 6, 2013 Accepted: June 20, 2013 Online Published: August 30, 2013 doi:10.5539/ass.v9n11p135 Abstract URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n11p135 Various parties including academics, professionals and the society (the potential GST payers) are arguing about the introduction of GST in Malaysia. Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax imposed on the sale of goods and services. The Malaysian government introduce this potential tax mechanism, in order to increase the existing tax bracket and replacing the long-implemented service and sales taxes. With the introduction of GST, the Malaysian government felt it would provide them with the prospect to reduce the rates of individual and corporate income tax. However, do all companies particularly small and medium enterprises (Companies) ready to adopt the systems efficiently? If they could adopt the system, how much their compliance costs involved...
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...Zhen Shen Tax 635 Prof. Biagio Pilato S Corp Is Becoming Less Favorable among Small Businesses S Corps continue to be the most prevalent type of corporation. According to the IRS’s most recent data, about 70% percent of all corporations filed as an S Corp. Some are regular corporations electing S Corp status and some are LLCs, checking the box for corporate taxation and then electing S Corp status. However, the S Corps status is losing its attractiveness to LLCs and even C Corps due to reasons from both government side and the corporation side. One benefit for a small business to elect as an S Corp but not an LLC is that the S corporations may have preferable self-employment taxes compared to the LLC because the owner can be treated as an employee and paid a reasonable salary. FICA taxes are withheld and paid on that amount. Corporate earnings after payment of the salary may be able to be treated as unearned income that is not subject to self-employment taxes. In 2015, employers must withhold 7.65% of the first $118,500 of an employee's pay for Social Security and Medicare taxes, and 1.45% of earnings above that amount for Medicare taxes alone. The employer adds an equal amount and sends these funds to the IRS. The IRS collects a similar 15.3% tax on the first $118,500 earned by a self-employed person and a 2.9% tax on earnings above that amount. This is the self-employment tax. For an S corporation, the rules on the self-employment tax are well established: as an S...
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...CORPORATIONS: INTRODUCTION AND OPERATING RULES SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM MATERIALS Question/ Problem Learning Objective 1 LO 1 2 LO 1 3 LO 1, 7 4 LO 1, 2 5 6 LO 1, 2 LO 1, 2 7 8 9 10 LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 2 11 LO 2 12 LO 2 13 LO 2 14 LO 2 15 LO 2 16 17 LO 2 LO 2 18 LO 2 Topic Choice of entity: tax and nontax factors in entity selection Corporation versus S corporation: treatment of operating income and tax-exempt income; no distributions Corporation versus proprietorship: treatment of losses Corporation versus partnership: treatment of operating income and STCG Corporation versus LLC and S corporation Closely held corporations: shareholder transactions Double taxation LLCs: single member LLCs: multi-owner default rule Accounting periods: general rule and fiscal year limitation Accounting periods: PSC fiscal year limitation Accounting methods: limitation on cash method Accounting methods: limitation on accrual of expenses to cash basis related party Net capital gain: corporate and individual tax rates contrasted Net capital loss: corporation and individual contrasted Recapture of depreciation: § 291 adjustment Passive loss rules: closely held C corporations and PSCs contrasted Passive loss rules: closely held C corporation Status: Present Edition Q/P in Prior Edition Unchanged 1 Unchanged 2 Unchanged 3 Unchanged 4 Unchanged Unchanged ...
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...Recognized Courses in Accounting/Tax Research and Analysis and Accounting/Business Communications September 3, 2014 The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy requires each candidate to complete a minimum of two semester hours in accounting research and analysis or tax research and analysis from a recognized college or university. The semester hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered through an integrated approach. If the course content is offered through integration, the college or university must advise the Board which course(s) contain the research and analysis content. Courses identified through integration must dedicate 1 semester hour, or quarter hour equivalent, to research and analysis. Courses used to meet this requirement may not be used to meet the requirement for accounting or business communications described below. Course(s) identified by a university to meet the requirements for research and analysis in accounting or taxation should primarily address the identification, organization, and integration of diverse sources of information such as authoritative literature and pronouncements, to reach a conclusion or make a decision; and should analyze accounting and taxation issues by reviewing information, using empirical data and analytical methods, recognizing data in patterned activities, forecasting, and integrating data. CPAs may be asked to conduct research and analysis when providing attest services, professional accounting...
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...Should the NFL Expand into Mexico? The NFL generates roughly $9.2 billion in revenue each year (Boudway 2014), but like most American companies it must find a way to expand its brand internationally. All thirty two of the NFL’s teams currently operate within the United States, though three games a year are played at Wembley Stadium in London, UK. Expanding football globally presents a challenge to the NFL because the game is not widely played throughout the world. While its television contracts of $7 million per year (Kottasova 2014) remain the world’s most lucrative, interest and participation outside the United States is much smaller than other sports. While it is agreed upon that the NFL needs to expand globally to continue to grow its business, they are presented with several options as to how to accomplish this. The current arrangement of playing several games a year overseas has been in place since 2007, and the NFL seems content to continue this practice. Some believe that the NFL ultimately wants to permanently move a franchise to a foreign country, with London, Toronto, and Mexico City being discussed as potential destinations. Despite last playing a game in Mexico City in 2005, the city presents an intriguing variety of opportunities and threats to the NFL. I believe that these threats outweigh the opportunities and the NFL should look into alternative strategies to capitalize on the growth of the Hispanic market. Like many American companies, the NFL would...
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...2003 pp. 1–25 The Effect of State Income Tax Apportionment and Tax Incentives on New Capital Expenditures Sanjay Gupta and Mary Ann Hofmann ABSTRACT: This study examines how variations in states’ corporate income tax regimes affect new capital investment by business. Using U.S. state-aggregated data from 1983 to 1996, we find in pooled and fixed-effects regressions that new capital expenditures by corporations in the manufacturing sector are decreasing in the income tax burden on property (measured as the product of the statutory tax rate and the property factor weight), and increasing at a decreasing rate in investment-related tax incentives. The effect of the income tax burden on property is more pronounced for states mandating unitary taxation or the throwback rule. Triangulating our empirical findings with prior analytical and simulation studies suggests the following hierarchy for the relative importance of major attributes of state corporate income tax regimes: the unitary or throwback requirement is most influential on incremental capital investment, followed by apportionment weights and tax rates, and, finally, investment-related incentives. Keywords: state taxation; apportionment formula; tax incentives, unitary business principle, throwback rule. JEL Classification: H20; H71. INTRODUCTION he purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the effects of variations in states’ corporate income tax regimes on new capital investment by business...
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...LIT1: Task 310.1.5-02, 11, 13 Part A Sole Proprietorship: This form of business is the most common form of new business startup. Legal and tax issues are basic and can be followed without significant assistance from external sources. The business and owner are one in the same and all liabilities will fall upon them personally. The primary key to being a sole proprietor is the owner maintains independence in the decision making of the business and how he or she implements their business plan. LIABILITY: Individual and the business are treated in the same manner. The sole proprietor holds responsibility is for all losses and profits and has the additional responsibility of being personal liable for all actions of the business. INCOME TAXES: The sole proprietor profits are taxed as their personal income with only minimal tax incentives compared to other business models. Business profits or in the case of losses must be reported as personal income tax. LONGEVITY/CONTINUITY: Sole proprietorship can end their business at anytime without legal formalities. CONTROL: An SP business is operated as a single business owner. The control of the business cannot be given to anyone else. PROFIT RETENTION: The profits of the business belong to the owner of the business and are not shared. LOCATION: A sole proprietor is not limited to where it can operate within the United States. Only localized codes and regulations can affect where the business can be located. CONVENIENCE/BURDEN: Sole...
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...This memo is primarily for corporate tax specialists. The case - see page 11-indicates that you may be asked to explain the tax treatment of distributions of cash or property from TuffPeach to its stockholders (or in the case of an LLC, its members). We know that one of the disadvantages of a regular corporation is that the earnings are subject to taxation when the corporation earns the profit, and there is another level of taxation when the stockholders receive dividends from the Corporation. This is called double taxation. The attached document has some key code sections summarized. Those code sections are pretty technical but we will explain them. Is important to note that you do not have double taxation of corporate earnings, if the corporation does not earn a profit. Therefore, a stockholder does not report dividend income - when receiving money or other property from a corporation that has a deficit in its retained earnings. A shareholder does report income when receiving cash or other property from a corporation that has “earnings and profits” – which is the tax term for retained earnings. Section 301 (a) indicates that a distribution of property to a shareholder’s is taxed according to procedure in subsection (c). Subsection (c) indicates that the amount of a distribution that is a “dividend” is included in income. Section 316 indicates that a dividend means a distribution to shareholders from earnings and profits. Therefore, the shareholder will report dividend...
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...the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in the Singapore Construction Industry Low Sui Pheng and Carol P.W. Loi Introduction The Goods and Services Tax (GST), to be pegged at 3 per cent across the board for the first five years, was introduced by the Singapore Government on 1 April 1994. While this may just be another tax for many businesses, the rules and regulations governing the mechanism of this tax are entirely different from what companies and individuals have so far experienced from corporate and personal income tax respectively. Because GST is a transaction-based tax, it is levied at every stage of the business process and will finally be borne by the end consumers. Businesses registered for GST purposes become in essence the taxcollecting agents for the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS). The manner in which businesses have traditionally been conducted will need to be changed. There will also be changes to both external and internal documentation to be maintained by GST-registered businesses. Like Value Added Tax (VAT), GST is a tax on domestic consumption. It is paid when money is spent on goods or services, including imports. It is not paid when money is saved and invested in productive capability. A business will therefore charge GST on the output it sells (called the “output tax”), pays a tax on materials and services it buys (called the “input tax”), and hands over to the tax authority the difference between its output tax and input tax in each accounting period...
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... It meets customers demand that they can show their photo for their friends rapidly. Moreover when Fujifilm camera gives you a photo, this photo is so beautiful and cool with high definition. Macro environment Macro environment include political / legal, economic, social /cultural and technological factor (PEST factors). Because Canon Vietnam is managed by Cannon Singapore so that technological factor don’t affect activities of Cannon • Policy + Inside At conference of Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning & Investment, they discuss about the trend of value added tax and the corporate income tax .Economist Pham Chi Lan proposed the Government should reduce the corporate income tax from the current 25% to 20% is reasonable ( Tinmoi.vn ). If these taxes are increased, the business doesn’t have any motivation to develop their companies. Moreover they don’t have enough funds to reinvest after bankrupting. Therefore the Government can collect the tax of business. + Outside Cannon Viet Nam affected by the financial crisis in Europe and the Yen is rising. Beside Japan is disputing Senkaku islands with China so that Canon product cannot sell in China market .Then Canon export goods on the waters is limited by China,...
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...Being a desiring business owner, critical examination must be placed into the various business structures when opening your business. Each business requires the correct planning and structure in the business agreement. Without an agreement delineating the relationships between the members, managers, partners and shareholders, the court applies default provisions. There is a significant possibility that the default provisions dictating the law will not align with the needs of the organizers. The most common methods of business operations are as sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies and corporations. As such, after careful review and revision of the different business organizations, I have decided that I would establish a Limited Liability Company (LLC). A Limited Liability Company, quite simply is a company whose liability is limited. That’s the short version. The longer version is that a limited company is a type of company which when set-up allows an entrepreneur to keep their own assets and finances separate from the business itself. This means that people who have invested in the business (the shareholders) are only responsible for any company debts up-to the amount that they have invested and no more. It is therefore a good way for a business to get investment and run without risk to a personal wealth. Essentially a Limited Company is seen as an entity in its own right, which can be subject to legal action. As a separate body, a...
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...individual stockholder is generally limited to the amount of the stockholder’s investment in the shares of the corporation. Creation of a corporation is a legal process that requires the preparation of articles of incorporation. On the other hand, a sole proprietorship is not distinct from the individual who operates the business. Therefore, the sole proprietor (i.e., the individual) directly owns the business assets, manages the business, and is personally responsible for the debts of the sole proprietorship. 2. What do we mean when we say that corporate income is subject o double taxation? Double taxation means that a corporation’s income is taxed first at the corporate tax rate, and then, when the income is distributed to shareholders as dividends, the income is taxed again at each shareholder’s personal tax rate. 3. Explain why each of the following may not be appropriate corporate goals. a. Increase market share b. Minimize costs c. Underprice any competitors d. Expand profits Increased market share can be an inappropriate goal if it requires reducing prices to such an extent that the firm is harmed financially. Increasing market share can be part of a well-reasoned strategy, but one should always remember that market share is not a goal in itself. The owners of the firm want managers to maximize the value of their investment in the firm. Minimizing costs can also conflict with the goal of value maximization...
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