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Corporations: Operational Phase

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December 18, 2012

Module 3 - Case
Corporations: Operational Phase
By
Carlo Johnson

Double taxation occurs when a taxpayer is taxed twice for the same asset or income. This happens when taxing jurisdictions overlap and a transaction, asset, or income amount is subject to taxation in both jurisdictions. When an individual must deal with double taxation, he or she may lose a significant portion of income. In some cases, this may cause the double-taxed individual to experience a lowered standard of living. Corporations deal with double taxation too, as a corporation pays taxes on its earnings only to have its shareholders taxed once more. Double tax treaties comprise of agreements between two countries, which, by eliminating international double taxation, promote exchange of goods, persons, services and investment of capital. These are bilateral economic agreements where the countries concerned evaluate the sacrifices and advantages which the treaty brings for each contracting state, including tax forgone and compensating economic advantages.

Double taxation arises when an individual or business acquiring income in a foreign country is required to pay taxes on that income in both the foreign country as well as the country of origin. For example, an American company operating in a developing country, in the absence of a tax treaty between the two countries may have to pay a withholding tax to the government of the developing country, as well as corporation tax to the United States government. Double taxation is always considered to be one of the most important issues in international taxation. With the more and more business moving towards globalization and cross-border investment, double taxation is often cited as a major obstacle to liberate economic progress. There are basically three types of systems for double taxation relief, the exemption system,

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