...* . Definition of correlation• Correlational research determines to what degree a relationship exists between 2 variables (or more variables). * 3. The nature of correlational research • Associational research: When the relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them. (The same as correlation and causal comparative research). • Experimental research: Differs from correlational research in that there’s manipulation of variables. * 4. The nature of correlational research • Correlational research is also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive research because it describes an existing relationship between variables. * 5. The nature of correlational research • Positive correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) tend to be associated with high scores on the other variable (Y). • Negative Correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) are associated with low scores on the other variable (Y). * 6. Three Sets of Data ShowingDifferent Directions and Degrees of Correlation (A) (B) (C) r = +1.00 r = -1.00 r=0 X Y X Y X Y 5 5 5 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 1 1 5 4 2 * 7. A positive correlation y x * 8. A negative correlation y x * 9. No correlationy x * 10. No correlationy x * 11. Purposes of Correlational Research• Correlational studies are carried out to explain important human behavior or to predict likely outcomes. (identify relationships among variables).1. Explanatory...
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...Chapter 22 Correlation Coefficients 22 Correlation Coefficients The Meaning of Correlation Correlation and Data Types Pearson’s r Spearman rho Other Coefficients of Note Coefficient of Determination r2 The concept of correlation was introduced in Chapters 1 and 5. Our focus since Chapter 16 has been basic statistical procedures that measure differences between groups -- one-sample, two-sample, and k-sample tests. Now we turn our attention to basic statistical procedures that measure the degree of association between variables. Dr. Wesley Black studied the relationship between rankings of selected learning objectives in a youth discipleship taxonomy between full-time church staff youth ministers and seminary students enrolled in youth education courses at Southwestern Seminary.1 Questionnaires were returned by 318 students and 184 youth ministers.2 Ten objectives in each of five categories (Personal Ministry, Christian Theology and Baptist Doctrine, Christian Ethics, Baptist Heritage, and Church Polity and Organization) were ranked by these two groups. The basic question raised by Black in this study was whether students prioritized discipleship training objectives for youth in the same way as full-time ministers in the field. Using the Spearman rho correlation coefficient, Black found the correlations of rankings generated by students and ministers of the ten items for each of five categories were as follows: Personal Ministry, 0.915; Christian Theology...
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...This question also is good due to being concise, clear, and accurately encompassing the construct of neuroticism, based on the definition provided. It is situational, but not vague or left up to interpretation. 2. The following table shows correlations of each of the 15 items with the total score of USF Neuroticism scale. Based on item-total correlations, please identify which item(s) you think should be deleted and explain why. (Please review your Item Analysis slides to complete this section correctly) Regarding item-total correlation, item 1 and 5 should be deleted. A positive correlation indicates that the item discriminates well between high and low scoring groups, which is the ideal. A negatively correlated item indicates that it does not discriminate well between high and low scoring groups. Items with a correlation of above 0.30 are considered acceptable. Both item 1 and 5 are below 0.30. They do not do a good job at measuring the construct which is why these correlations are so low. USF Neuroticism...
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...* . Definition of correlation• Correlational research determines to what degree a relationship exists between 2 variables (or more variables). * 3. The nature of correlational research • Associational research: When the relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them. (The same as correlation and causal comparative research). • Experimental research: Differs from correlational research in that there’s manipulation of variables. * 4. The nature of correlational research • Correlational research is also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive research because it describes an existing relationship between variables. * 5. The nature of correlational research • Positive correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) tend to be associated with high scores on the other variable (Y). • Negative Correlation means that high scores on one variable (X) are associated with low scores on the other variable (Y). * 6. Three Sets of Data ShowingDifferent Directions and Degrees of Correlation (A) (B) (C) r = +1.00 r = -1.00 r=0 X Y X Y X Y 5 5 5 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 1 1 5 4 2 * 7. A positive correlation y x * 8. A negative correlation y x * 9. No correlationy x * 10. No correlationy x * 11. Purposes of Correlational Research• Correlational studies are carried out to explain important human behavior or to predict likely outcomes. (identify relationships among variables).1. Explanatory...
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...combine, and make inferences based on numbers. A lot of people are scared of numbers (quantiphobia), but data analysis with statistics has got less to do with numbers, and more to do with rules for arranging them. It even lets you create some of those rules yourself, so instead of looking at it like a lot of memorization, it's best to see it as an extension of the research mentality, something researchers do anyway (i.e., play with or crunch numbers). Once you realize that YOU have complete and total power over how you want to arrange numbers, your fear of them will disappear. It helps, of course, if you know some basic algebra and arithmetic, at a level where you might be comfortable solving the following equation There are three (3) general areas that make up the field of statistics: descriptive statistics, relational statistics, and inferential statistics. 1. Descriptive statistics fall into one of two categories: measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) or measures of dispersion (standard deviation and variance). Their purpose is to explore hunches that may have come up during the course of the research process, but most people compute them to look at the normality of their numbers. Examples include descriptive analysis of sex, age, race, social class, and so forth. 2. Relationalstatistics fall into one of three categories: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis is the study of one variable for a subpopulation, for example, age...
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...the distance to the city center determines the price of the home. h: Distance establishes price h: Distance does not establish price for any regression analysis there ought to be two variables, a dependent (price) and an independent (distance). With the intention of measuring the strength and direction of correlation, one would use a regression equation (Doane, 2007). According to the least squares standard, the equation for this is Y = a + bX. Y is the forecasted Y value, (a) is the y-intercept, and b is the slope of the line. Team A will be employing the data in the Data Set for the research: With the aim of interpreting, the data of two variables must be recognized (1) coefficient of correlation (R) and (2) coefficient of determination (R2). The square root of R2 is clearly r, which is the correlation coefficient (Orris, 2007 p211). Coefficient of the correlation will be a number between 0 and 1. The nearer the number is to 1.00, the stronger the correlation, and the farther the number is to 0.00, the lower the correlation. Given that the square root, r can also be a value as low as -1.00, representing a perfect negative correlation (Orris, 2007). The coefficient of determination is a measure of relative fit based on a comparison of SSR and SST (Doane, 2007 p508). The SSR is the sum of the squared differences between the conditional mean value of y (different for all xs), and the unconditional mean value of y (same for all xs). The SST is the total variation in y (Doane...
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...How Communication Satisfaction Leads To Job Satisfaction A Research On Local And Multinational Telecom Companies In Bangladesh Introduction Today's business challenge focuses on many thing like cost control, product development and improving quality. But at the end everything comes down to success and prosperity of the organization and organization's success depends on its work force. If an organization’s employees are unhappy or dissatisfied, then it is likely that overall organizational effectiveness suffers. Because “there is a clear suggestion, that effective communication promotes organizational cohesion and effectiveness” (Hargie & Tourish, 2000,). Communication is a very important part of an organization. There are evidence that suggest more is better when it comes to internal communication. The value of quality internal communication and its relationship to organizational efficiency and effectiveness has been widely recognized (Stayer and How, 1990; Clampitt and Downs, 1993; Hargie et al., 2003b). It has been argued that Effective communication is a vital ingredient of attempts to increase participation, secure the widespread ownership of corporate goals and implement such programmes as total quality management (Hargie and Tourish, 1993). In addition, communication effectiveness is also perceived as central to management and organizational theory (Whetten and Cameron, 1991; Eden, 1993). Practitioners see internal communication as an important, challenging area...
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...Business Systems Research Vol. 3 No.1. / June 2012 The impact of liquidity on the capital structure: a case study of Croatian firms Nataša Šarlija Faculty of Economics, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia Martina Harc Institute for Scientific and Art Research Work, Croatian Academy of Science and Art, Osijek, Croatia Background: Previous studies have shown that in some countries, liquid assets increased leverage while in other countries liquid firms were more frequently financed by their own capital and therefore were less leveraged. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of liquidity on the capital structure of Croatian firms. Methods/Approach: Pearson correlation coefficient is applied to the test on the relationship between liquidity ratios and debt ratios, the share of retained earnings to capital and liquidity ratios and the relationship between the structure of current assets and leverage. Results: A survey has been conducted on a sample of 1058 Croatian firms. There are statistically significant correlations between liquidity ratios and leverage ratios. Also, there are statistically significant correlations between leverage ratios and the structure of current assets. The relationship between liquidity ratios and the short-term leverage is stronger than between liquidity ratios and the long-term leverage. Conclusions: The more liquid assets firms have, the less they are leveraged. Longterm leveraged firms are more...
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...where the evidence can be found. | Criteria reference | To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the student is able to: | Task no. | Evidence | 1.1 | Create a plan for the collection of primary and secondary data for a given business problem | | | 1.2 | Present the survey methodology and sampling framed used | | | 1.3 | Design a questionnaire for a given business problem | | | 2.1 | Create information for decision making by summarising data using representative value | | | 2.2 | Analyse the results to draw valid conclusions in a business context | | | 2.3 | Analyze data using measures of dispersion to inform a given business scenario | | | 2.4 | Explain how quartiles, percentiles and the correlation coefficient are used to draw useful conclusions in a business context | | | 3.1 | Produce graphs using spread sheets and draw valid conclusions are based on the information derived | | | 3.2 | Create trend lines in spread sheet graphs to assist in forecasting for specified business information | | | 3.3 | Prepare a business presentation using suitable software and techniques to disseminate information effectively | | | 3.4 | Product a formal business report | | | 4.1 | Use appropriate information processing tools | | | 4.2 | Prepare a project plan for...
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...Unit 6 DB 1 Application of Correlation Introduction This learner field of choice is Public Safety/Criminal Justice. My goal was to become a lawyer, but it was for all the wrong reasons (to get criminals off), so I stuck with what I knew. There are over 600+ jobs in this field(s) of study, and from now till 2022 they expect a job growth of about 11% per year for all criminal justice, protect service, and law enforcement and criminal justice occupations. So, picking a subject for this discussion was not that easy because of such a broad field of departments under this umbrella, but challenging. Within this discussion, we will address: the correlation; criminal justice field example, explain the correlation coefficient is the suitable for the...
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...Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2012 The Impact of Social Networking Sites on College Students' Consumption Patterns Whitney Sue Thoene thoene@live.marshall.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Advertising and Promotion Management Commons, Marketing Commons, Public Relations and Advertising Commons, and the Technology and Innovation Commons Recommended Citation Thoene, Whitney Sue, "The Impact of Social Networking Sites on College Students' Consumption Patterns" (2012). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 245. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact zhangj@marshall.edu. THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON COLLEGE STUDENTS’ CONSUMPTION PATTERNS A thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Communication Studies by Whitney Sue Thoene Approved by Stephen D. Cooper, Ph.D., Committee Chairperson Barbara J. Tarter, Ph.D. Cynthia B. Torppa, Ph.D. Marshall University May 2012 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my beloved family. To my parents, Dale and Nancy, both of you have loved and supported me throughout all my endeavors. To my...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH 1.0 Introduction: An overview of the study This section discuss briefly on the background of the proposed study. It also includes problem statement, research objectives, hypothesis, significance of the study and other relevant area. Other topic also will be review such as limitation and scope of the study to complete the study’s requirement. 1.1 Background of the study According to JeremyVohwinkle, college students face many hard financial decisions. As s young adult they need to figure out how to pay for college and earn some money spending. This is important for anyone, so no surprise and wonder that a lot of college students end up making a lot of debt and costly making mistakes. Unfortunately, these mistakes can actually damage and provide a lot of burden for the students for a long time, these students need to have basic financial planning in order to prevent something bad happen in the future. The lists of variables that have been brought up are lack of knowledge in personal finance in terms of budgeting capabilities, lifestyle of students which is based on spending and alsostudent background in personal finance which based on parent’s profile/ income. This list of independent variables will be measured based on the relationship between the levels of financial awareness among Islamic Banking students UiTMKotaBharu. Therefore, the needs of awareness on financial planning is vital due to the fact that it will determine...
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...RM-RFR, SMB and HML are all greater than 0, which means that the distributions of RSOHU-RFR, RM-RFR, SMB and HML are leptokurtic distributions. Based on the skewness and kurtosis, which are all not closed to zero, my research conclude that all the four variables do not appear normally distributed. Moreover, the Chi-test of RSOHU-RFR, SMB and HML are 56.2353, 42.5281 and 22313.4718, which are all greater than 23.6. The Chi-test of RSOHU-RFR, SMB and HML means that RSOHU-RFR, SMB and HML do not appear normally distributed. And the Chi-test of RM-RFR is 16.1203, which is smaller than 23.6. The Chi-test of RM-RFR means that RM appears normally distributed. 2. The correlation matrix for the four excess return variables is shown in Table 2. Most of the correlations are all positive, except the correlation between RSOHU-RFR and HML, which is -0.0357. Moreover, all the correlations are not very big. The absolute value of all the correlations are all smaller than 0.5. 3. The intercept of the CAPM model is 3.0111, which is greater than 0 and means there is an arbitrage opportunity. The coefficient of RM-RFR is 2.0544. Therefore, the relationship between RSOHU-RFR and RM-RFR is positive. When RM-RFR changes by 1 unit, the RSOHU-RFR will change 2.0544 units. Moreover, this coefficient of RM-RFR means that RSOHU-RFR is more volatile than market. The P-value of intercept is 0.0518, which is greater than 0.05. That means that the intercept is not significant. The P-value of RM-RFR is 3.1449E-09...
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...Correlation as a measure of association summary BSHS/435 January 24 2016 Correlation as a measure of association summary Introduction In this essay I will describe correlation is a measure of association as well as describe different methods of establishing a correlation between variables. In this essay I will also explain advantages and disadvantages of each method, were each must be applied, and provide particular circumstances and examples in which a researcher may want to establish correlation Describe correlations as measured of association "A correlation is a statistical to determine the tendency or pattern for two (or more) variables or two sets of data to very consistently" (Creswell, (2012). any relationships between variables can be positive, negative, or curvilinear. “Measures of association describe the nature of relationships between variables, particularly the strength of the relationship or how closely the variables are related. The strongest relationship is a perfect one, and which a given change is one variable is always associated with a particular change and the other bearable. Rarely, however, are perfect relationships found in human service research" (Monette, Sullivan & DeJong, (2011). Describe different methods of establishing correlations between variables. There are different ways of establishing a correlation between variables such as nominal data. "some data are dichotomous in inform- that is, the variables have only two...
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...MISSION CRITICAL TALENT OF THE 2. 3. 4. ORGANIZATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED ORGANIZATIONS DR. GEETA BANSAL & DR. PARUL PANDEY CONSUMER ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION TOWARD BRANDS OF EDIBLE OIL: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY AMITA SHARMA & DR. D. S. CHAUBEY CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON PROFITABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: THE INDIAN CASE SANJAY HIRAN & DR. MAHENDRA SOJATIA MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR: AN IMPACT ANALYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SELECT SURVIVING COMMERCIAL BANKS (INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK AND FEDERAL BANK LIMITED) DR. WAGHAMARE.SHIVAJI & VEERESHA EXAMINING WEAK FORM EFFICIENCIES IN STOCK MARKETS OF INDIA AND CHINA PRASHANT JOSHI THE MARKET FOR GREEN BUILDINGS IN EMERGING INDIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH AGENDA SUNITHA LIZZIE PEREIRA & MUSTIARY BEGUM COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AMWAY & AVON ON THE...
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