...1 MINING INDUSTRY - OVERVIEW AND RISKS FACTORS Definition of the Industry The mining industry encompasses a wide range of companies involved in different supply chain positions that represent exploration, development, extraction, processing, refining and sale of minerals and coal. With respect to the diverse set of business factors that affect the mining process, the business risk rating for the mining industry would be best qualified in terms of a credit rating of BBB (low). The justification for this rating follows: a) Higher than average profitability of the industry – related to the need to provide adequate returns on large capital investments b) Threat of competitors is about on the same level as other industries – based on multiple suppliers and buyers and the prevalence of homogenous products (nonbranded) c) Inherent volatility in earnings and underlying cash flows – due to volatile pricing of commodity products and responsiveness to economic cycles d) Above average and increasing prospect of industry regulation e) Above average and uncertain political risk – industry players have to pursue operations where mineral resources are found and in many cases this would include politically unstable regions f) Below average technology risks – due to the basic nature of the materials produced and licensing production technologies and methods among players in the industry 2 The BBB rating is applicable only to industry players...
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...RISK MANAGEMENT IN BANKS The business of banking today is synonymous with active risk management than it was ever before. The success and failure of a banking institution heavily depends on the strength of the risk management system in the current environment. This is true as the very business of banking is risk-taking as an intermediary, i.e. interposing between savers (depositor) on one hand and the borrower on the other hand, thereby accepting the risks of intermediation. Risk Management: Meaning & Components A risk can be defined as an unplanned event with financial consequences resulting in loss or reduced earnings. Therefore, a risky proposition is one with potential profit or a looming loss. Risk stems from uncertainty or unpredictability of the future. In commercial and business risk generates profit or loss depending upon the way in which it is managed. Risk can be defined as the volatility of the potential outcome. Risk is the possibility of something adverse happening. Risk management is the process of assessing risk, taking steps to reduce risk to an acceptable level and maintaining that level of risk. The essential components of any risk management system are – * Risk Identification: i.e. the naming and defining of each type of risk associated with a transaction or type of product or service; * Risk Measurement: i.e. the estimation of the size, probability and timing of potential loss under various scenarios; * Risk Control: i.e....
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...------------------------------------------------- 1.0 INTRODUCTORY PART 1.1 Introduction: Every Financial Institute irrespective of its size is generally exposed to market liquidity and interest rate risks in connection with the process of Asset Liability Management. Failure to identify the risks associated with business and failure to take timely measures in giving a sense of direction threatens the very existence of the institution. It is, therefore, important that the strategic decision makers of an organization assume special care with regard to the Balance Sheet Risk management and should ensure that the structure of the institute’s business and the level of Balance Sheet risk it assumes are effectively managed, appropriate policies and procedures are established to control the direction of the organization. The whole exercise is with the objective of limiting these risks against the resources that are available for evaluating and controlling liquidity and interest rate risk. Asset Liability Management (ALM) can be defined as a mechanism to address the risk faced by a bank due to a mismatch between assets and liabilities either due to liquidity or changes in interest rates. Liquidity is an institution’s ability to meet its liabilities either by borrowing or converting assets. Apart from liquidity, a bank may also have a mismatch due to changes in interest rates as banks typically tend to borrow short term (fixed or floating) and lend long term (fixed or floating). A...
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...Kong Or by e-mail to: Basel2@hkma.gov.hk by end-March 2005 Table of Contents 1. Weighting framework for credit risk (Standardised Approach) 2. Credit risk mitigation under the Standardised Approach 41 3. Weighting framework for credit risk (IRB Approach) 75 4. Criteria for transition to IRB Approach 137 5. Weighting framework for operational risk 161 1 3 (This page is intentionally left blank.) 2 WEIGHTING FRAMEWORK FOR CREDIT RISK (STANDARDISED APPROACH) Hong Kong Monetary Authority February 2005 3 Weighting Framework for Credit Risk (Standardised Approach) Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 1.2 2. Terminology Scope and application Measurement methodology 2.1 2.2 Credit risk mitigation 2.3 3. Standard portfolios for risk-weighting Calculation of risk-weighted amount Risk weights based on external credit assessment 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The risk weights for individual claims (a) Claims on sovereigns (b) Claims on public sector entities (c) Claims on multilateral development banks (d) Claims on banks (e) Claims on securities firms (f) Claims on corporates 3.3 3.4 4. Short-term claims Application of external credit assessment Risk weights based on standard characteristics of exposures 4.1 The risk weights for individual claims (g) (h) Regulatory retail exposures (i) Residential mortgage loans (j) Past...
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...Credit Risk Management Ken Brown Peter Moles CR-A2-engb 1/2012 (1044) This course text is part of the learning content for this Edinburgh Business School course. In addition to this printed course text, you should also have access to the course website in this subject, which will provide you with more learning content, the Profiler software and past examination questions and answers. The content of this course text is updated from time to time, and all changes are reflected in the version of the text that appears on the accompanying website at http://coursewebsites.ebsglobal.net/. Most updates are minor, and examination questions will avoid any new or significantly altered material for two years following publication of the relevant material on the website. You can check the version of the course text via the version release number to be found on the front page of the text, and compare this to the version number of the latest PDF version of the text on the website. If you are studying this course as part of a tutored programme, you should contact your Centre for further information on any changes. Full terms and conditions that apply to students on any of the Edinburgh Business School courses are available on the website www.ebsglobal.net, and should have been notified to you either by Edinburgh Business School or by the centre or regional partner through whom you purchased your course. If this is not the case, please contact Edinburgh Business School at the address below:...
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...Outlining the major objectives of your essay • Analyse the major factors causing global financial crisis • Analyse the role of OTC derivatives in triggering the global financial crisis • Recommend the ways to control the OTC market in the future The origins of the global financial crisis There are several factors causing global financial crisis: 1. Growth of housing bubble & Subprime lending o particular advantage of low long-term interest rates was the US mortgage market. American households traditionally took out fixed-rate mortgages, often guaranteed by the government-sponsored enterprises, the GSEs. As rates fell, households refinanced in large numbers, but this extra origination business dried up once rates started to rise again. Rather than shrink their business, US mortgage lenders pursued riskier segments of the market that the GSEs did not insure, as Graph 4 shows. This included the sub-prime segment, but also so-called ‘Alt-A’ and other non-standard loans involving easier lending terms. At the time, this was considered a positive development, because it was thought that it allowed more people to become home owners. Products requiring low or no deposit, or with a low introductory interest rate were known as ‘affordability products’. They allowed households to pay the very high housing prices that their own stronger demand was generating. o http://www.rba.gov.au/Speeches/2009/_Images/150409_so_graph4.gif o As the US housing...
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...Background of the Study The development and improvement of trade routes depend on the development of banking industry. Banking sector occupies an important role in the nation’s economy because of its intermediary’s role. It plays a vital role in the economic development of a country and forms the core of money market of any country. In developing country like Bangladesh the banking sector as a whole has an important to play in the progress of economic development. Hence the schools, colleges and universities are giving emphasis on the applied part of banking education. This report is originated as the academic requirement of the BBA program under the Business Administration Department of DHAKA CITY COLLEGE. Under this program student have to participate in internship program of three month duration toward the fulfillment of the Degree. As practical orientation is an integral part of the BBA degree requirement, I was sent by the department to AB Bank Limited to take real life exposure of the activities of financial institutions. The Human Resource Division of ABBL arranges my internship program at Islampur Branch from December 26, 2010 to March 26, 2011. At the end of the internship period the student have to prepare a report on the organization and this report titled “Loans & Advances and SME sector of AB Bank Limited” is the outcome of my three months practical knowledge at AB Bank Limited. Rationale of the Study Theoretical knowledge is not enough for a student. There...
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...ICAP in 10 www.icap.com ICAP is the world’s leading interdealer broker and provider of post trade risk and information services. Business review Governance Contents ICAP in 10 Business review Group Chief Executive Officer’s review Global Executive Management Group Business review Key performance indicators Risk and control environment Corporate responsibility Governance Directors’ profiles Chairman’s statement Directors’ report Corporate governance statement Directors’ statement of responsibilities Remuneration report Independent auditors’ report 2 Financial statements Consolidated income statement Consolidated statement of comprehensive income Consolidated and Company balance sheet Consolidated statement of changes in equity Company statement of changes in equity Consolidated and Company statement of cash flow Basis of preparation Index to the notes to the financial statements Notes to the financial statements Information for shareholders Information for shareholders Definitions 68 70 71 72 16 18 20 30 32 36 Financial statements 73 74 75 78 79 42 44 46 46 54 56 65 136 137 Information for shareholders 2 ICAP in 10 The following pages provide a 10 point overview of our business, strategy, performance and governance. 1 Financial summary 2 Our segments 3 Our diversified business 4 What we do 5 How we create value 6 Opportunities and risks 7 Our strategy 8 Measuring our progress 9 Culture and people 10 Governance ICAP plc / Annual Report...
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...IFRS 7: Financial Instruments: Disclosures This IAS contains amendments resulting from the adoption of Commission Regulations (EC) No. 2238/2004 of 29 December 2004 , Nr. 2237/2004 of 29 December 2004, No. 2236/2004 of 29 December 2004 and No. 108/2006 of 11 January 2006. Objective 1. The objective of this IFRS is to require entities to provide disclosures in their financial statements that enable users to evaluate: (a) the significance of financial instruments for the entity’s financial position and performance; and (b) the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments to which the entity is exposed during the period and at the reporting date, and how the entity manages those risks. 2. The principles in this IFRS complement the principles for recognising, measuring and presenting financial assets and financial liabilities in IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Scope 3. This IFRS shall be applied by all entities to all types of financial instruments, except: (a) those interests in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures that are accounted for in accordance with IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, IAS 28 Investments in Associates or IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures. However, in some cases, IAS 27, IAS 28 or IAS 31 permits an entity to account for an interest in a subsidiary, associate or joint venture using IAS 39; in...
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...Wadhwani is Vice President, Ambit Corporate Finance Pte Ltd., He is responsible for Mergers and Acquisitions Group in the company. Earlier, he has worked as a marine engineer in merchant navy for eight years. • Increase in disposable income levels due to decrease in marginal tax rates and increase in total income levels • Tax benefits and other fiscal incentives announced in the Union Budgets • Increasing affordability of housing property purchase due to declining interest rates and stable property prices • Decline in the average house cost to annual income ratio to around 4-5 from 11-14 during the last decade resulting in an affordable EMI as a percentage of monthly income • Aggressive lending by banks to the housing sector due to lower credit offtake by...
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...Bond Prices, Default Probabilities and Risk Premiums1 John Hull, Mirela Predescu, and Alan White A feature of credit markets is the large difference between probabilities of default calculated from historical data and probabilities of default implied from bond prices (or from credit default swaps). Consider, for example, a seven-year A-rated bond. As we will see the average probability of default backed out from the bond’s price is almost ten times as great as that calculated from historical data. Why are the two estimates of the probability of default so different? The answer is that bond traders do not base their prices for bonds only on the actuarial probability of default. They build in an extra return to compensate for the risks they are bearing. The default probabilities calculated from historical data are referred to as real-world (or physical) default probabilities; those backed out from bond prices are known as risk-neutral default probabilities. Real-world default probabilities are usually less than risk-neutral default probabilities. This means that bond traders earn more than the risk-free rate on average from holding corporate bonds. Risk-neutral default probabilities are used when credit dependent instruments are valued. Real-world default probabilities are used in scenario analysis and in the calculation of bank capital under Basel II. Altman (1989) was one of the first researchers to comment on the discrepancy between bond prices and historical default data. He...
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...These questions are from the Text Book – Scott, W.R., Financial Accounting Theory – 5th Edition, Person Prentice-Hall, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-13-207286-1. Question 1: From Chapter 4 (Efficient Securities Markets) Question 13. Zhang (2005) examined revenue recognition practices in the software industry. Software firms derive revenue from software licensing and post-contract customer support. In both cases, the point in time when significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer and amounts to be receive can be reliably measured are unclear. Consequently, there is scope for alternative revenue recognition practices in the industry. With respect to licensing, one alternative is to recognize revenue when the licensing contract is signed (early recognition). Another is to wait until the software is delivered to the customer, consistent with the usual sales basis of revenue recognition (late recognition). With respect to post-contract customer support, alternatives are to recognize revenue when contracts are signed (early recognition) or recognize revenue ratably over the term of the contract (late recognition). Zhong examines a sample of 122 firms over 1987 – 1997, of which 22 firms were early recognizers and 93 late. He measured the relevance of a firms’s quarterly revenue by its association with its share returns for the quarter. Given the securities market efficiency, revenues of early recognizers should be more highly associated with their share returns than...
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...36 36 37 37 38 38 Introduction Overview Risks Associated with Lending Credit Culture and Risk Profile Loan Portfolio Objectives Strategic Planning for the Loan Portfolio Financial Goals Risk Tolerance Portfolio Risk and Reward The Loan Policy Loan Policy Topics Loan Approval Process Portfolio Management Oversight Risk Identification Exceptions to Policy, Procedures, and Underwriting Guidelines Documentation Exceptions Policy and Underwriting Exceptions Aggregate Exception Tracking and Reporting Portfolio Segmentation and Risk Diversification Identifying Concentrations of Risk Evaluating and Managing Concentrations of Risk Concentration Management Techniques Stress Testing Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses Credit Management Information Systems Collections and Work-out Lending Control Functions Independence Credit Policy Administration Loan Review Audit Administrative and Documentation Controls Comptroller’s Handbook i Loan Portfolio Management Communication with Senior Management and the Board Loan Portfolio Management Supervision Asset Quality Reviews Targeted Reviews Process Reviews Administrative and Documentation Reviews Compliance Reviews Follow-up Evaluations on Management Commitments Ongoing Supervision Examination Procedures General Procedures Quantity of Risk Quality of Risk Management Conclusion Procedures Appendixes A. Topics of Loan Policy B. 12 CFR 30 — Safety and Soundness Standards C. Portfolio Credit Risk Management Processes D Loan Production Offices...
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...Bank Risks and Risk Factors Abstract The Federal Reserve System has established a banking risk framework that consists of six risk factors: credit, market, operational, liquidity, legal and reputational risks. During examinations, institutions' risk management structures are reviewed using these risk categories. The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (Seventh District) supervision group follows current and emerging risk trends on an on-going basis. This Risk Perspectives newsletter is designed to highlight a few current risk topics and some potential risk topics on the horizon for the Seventh District and its supervised financial institutions. The newsletter is not intended as an exhaustive list of the current or potential risk topics and should not be relied upon as such. We encourage each of our supervised financial institutions to remain informed about current and potential risks to its institution. Credit Risk The marketplace for C&I loans is highly competitive. Soft loan demand, the low interest rate environment, and strong market liquidity from banks and investors flush with cash has heightened the level of competition for C&I lending and will continue to make loan growth for our institutions very challenging into 2013. Anecdotally, financial institutions have responded to these dynamics in a number of ways, including: • Granting pricing and structural concessions in order to maintain or potentially grow market share • Increasing leverage tolerance ...
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...Mitchell Gahan 13179537 James Grimard 13191612 Josh Hutchins 13220396 Lecturer: Colette Southam Due Date: 17/06/13 The first key issue in the B.F Goodrich/Rabobank interest rate swap case was why they felt the swap was needed? B.F Goodrich was the fourth largest U.S producer of tires and the largest U.S producer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins and compounds. During 1982 Goodrich announced a $33million dollar loss and needed to borrow 50 million to fund its ongoing financial needs. In addition Goodrich was disinclined to borrow the funds in the short term as they didn’t want to compromise its future flexibility by borrowing short term. The company also felt due to the general level of interest being so high and its downgraded credit rating to BBB- that long-term fixed-rate money would be too expensive, estimated at approximately 13% on a 30-year corporate debenture. Another key Issue in the case was how could Goodrich reduce the rate of borrowing? During 1983 currency swaps and interest rate swaps were still a relatively new financial instrument. Although, the nature of a swap could be quite beneficially to both parties in theory as long as the swap was set up correctly. In theory Goodrich could reduce the rate of borrowing through an interest rate swap by paying a fixed rate and receive a floating rate payment. In this circumstance Goodrich could match its floating rate payments with their floating rate debt. B.F. Goodrich is a diversified manufacturer of...
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