...Journal of Nursing Management, 2000, 8, 265±272 The development of a model to manage change: re¯ection on a critical incident in a focus group setting. An innovative approach M. CARNEY RGN, RM, RNT, FFNRCSI, MBA (HONS) Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University College Dublin, Ireland Correspondence Marie Carney School of Nursing and Midwifery University College Dublin National University of Ireland Earlsfort Terrace Dublin 2 CARNEY M . (2000) Journal of Nursing Management 8, 265±272 The management of change: using a model to evaluate the change process. An innovative approach management of change. The Change Management Model may provide nurse managers or change agents with a structured and measurable model for managing and evaluating the change process. A measurement constructs tools to further assist the evaluation process is also described. Background The author argues that certain key variables can be identi®ed which contribute to the successful implementation of change. These variables include critical success factors for change, communication issues, change dynamics that include resistance or acceptance of change, and the variables related to the management of the implementation and evaluation stages of the change process. Key issues Change is a constant in the health care ®eld. Nurse managers must learn to accept change as a normal process and to develop coping and managing strategies for the successful management of change. This acceptance...
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...complete work cycle. During observation, certain precautions should be taken The analyst must observe average workers during average conditions. The analyst should observe without getting directly involved in the job. The analyst must make note of the specific job needs and not the behaviors specific to particular workers. The analyst must make sure that he obtains a proper sample for generalization. This method allows for a deep understanding of job duties. It is appropriate for manual, short period job activities. On the negative side, the methods fail to take note of the mental aspects of jobs. Critical incidents The critical incident technique (CIT) is a qualitative approach to job analysis used to obtain specific, behaviorally focused descriptions of work or other activities. Here the job holders are asked to describe several incidents based on their past experience. The incidents so collected are analyzed and classified according to the job areas they describe....
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... Article Review Summary The article that is to be reviewed is Critical Incidents in Practicum Supervision: Supervisee's Perspectives (Trepal, Bailie, & Leeth, 2010). This article must be understood in the context of what practicum experiences provide to those who are required by curriculum to attend. The article sets out to identify any quantifiable evidence about the factors of practicums that are helpful, and crucial for students to experience during that time. This study wants to isolate the positive qualities of practicums so that an informed student can take full advantage of this exposure to their career choice. Although the practicum is a unique exposure for a student and one can gain invaluable experience this article wants to focus on the impact that one's supervisor plays in the benefit of the practicum. Trepal et al. (2010) identifies that “extant research examining perceptions of the effects of supervision on development as counselors is scant” (p.29). Therefore this articles' impact seems crucial to the understanding how best to develop counselors in training. The authors seem to want to prove the hypothesis that good supervision is need for the maximum development of counselors. The article also spends time explaining and putting emphasis on critical incident technique as necessary part of the practicum experience that the supervisor is to provide. These incidents are seen as “self-awareness, professional development, competency, and personal...
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...* * Carron Dube 11 Multicultural Portfolio Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society Objective | EVIDENCE | EVIDENCE FOUND ON PAGE(S) # | The importance of diversity in teaching and learning | * Enables ability to relate and understand other people from diverse cultures e.g. sexual orientation, ability, race ,social class, religion * Understanding other people and accepting that treating everyone the same is not really a good thing | 3, 4,5,8 | How to develop and teach lessons that incorporate diversity | * Understanding/adapting to other cultures and values in order to incorporate every child’s need. | 9,10,11 | How to develop a classroom and school climate that values diversity | * Ability to show other students that being different is not bad. * Standing against gender inequality and racism | 11,12,13,63,67 | How different teaching and learning styles are shaped by cultural influences | * | 49,50 | Dispositions that value fairness and learning by all students | * Understanding student’s background, culture, gender, sexual orientation * Not using social class status to treat them differently or for some to have an advantage over other students. | 30,31,57, 86 | Competency Name | EVIDENCE | | Open Attitude * Receptive to cross cultural learning * Maintains an open and productive attitude * Avoids quick judgments * Tolerates ambiguity and complexity in cross-cultural situations...
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...purpose of the experiment is to study the laws of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection; to measure the focal lengths of the mirrors with convex and concave surfaces; and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: If a ray of light is incident on a flat surface: the angle of incidence a is the angle that the incident ray makes with respect to the normal, which is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection r is the angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane, called the place of incidence, and the angle of reflection r equals the angle of incidence a – the Law of Reflection describes the behavior of the incident and reflected rays: a = r When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. The ray that enters the second material is said to be refracted. When light travels from a material with refractive index a into a material with refractive index b, the refracted ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the interface between the materials...
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...Experiment 9: Reflection, Refraction, and Total Internal Reflection Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to study the laws of reflection, refraction and total internal reflection, to measure the focal length of mirrors with convex and concave mirrors, and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: In this experiment, we learned that the angle of incidence θi is the angle that the incident ray makes in regards to the normal one. Also, the angle of reflection θr is the angle that the reflected ray produces from the normal one. Also, we discussed how the law of reflection is used to explain the behavior of the incident and reflected rays. According to Snell’s law, we observed that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the surface, all lie in the same plane and θi=θr. During the experiment we analyzed, the light striking the interface between two transparent materials and part of the light was reflected. The angle of the reflection equaled to the angle of incidence. The rest was passed along the interface and the ray entered that entered the second material was refracted. When light travels from medium #1, with a refractive index being n1, into the medium #2, with refractive index n2, the equation sinθ1= n2sinθ2. Lastly, we did a test that shows that when a light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small refractive index, the refracted ray it produces bends away from the normal because of...
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...to do things right. Experiential learning has produced the best experts in the world. This is why all education systems require a field experience. Field experience has changed a lot of minds and influenced decision making. Through field experience, people have made significant career decisions courtesy of a critical incident or general knowledge. This essay explores a school experience marred by lack of administration and proper personnel and facilities to handle special needs cases. The experience is a teaching assistant who is in a school that doesn't have steady top-level leadership which is very critical in every institution. Further, it has admitted a student who needs particular attention since he has been diagnosed with Craniosynostosis and has significant complex needs yet it lacks the proper personnel with expertise on how to handle such a case. This situation forces the teaching assistant to step up and take it upon themselves to find ways in which they can help this student. Choosing education as a profession is considered more of a calling...
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...Pamela Perez Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to observe and measure the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light through mirrors, lenses, and prisms. The experiment involved the interactive use of light to measure quantities that could be used to find properties of the given materials. The results of our experiment yielded focal lengths of 56mm for a concave mirror and 76mm for a convex mirror as well as an index of refraction of acrylic plastic equal to 1.46, and 1.39 with a θ_Critical, =46 Introduction The experiment allowed for an illustration of the different behaviors that light rays undergoing reflection, refractions, and dispersion display when used with different light reflection mediums. Throughout this experiment, observing how the physical properties of light govern the way light behaves when shone upon these mediums, provided a way to link its relationships and apply equations that measured the relationship between the radius of curvature and the focal length. EQ 1: f=1/2 R Where f is the focal length, and R is the radius of curvature. Another equation used to observe and measure...
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...20 Self-Reflection As they are intervening in complex human systems, capacity-development practitioners need to be flexible, adaptable and willing to learn from what they do. An important source of learning in real time is the processes and results of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Bruce Britton explains M&E activities as they are commonly pursued and explores creative ways in which practitioners can use them for personal learning and selfreflection. He also provides suggestions on how this can be done under non-conducive organizational conditions. Monitoring and Evaluation for Personal Learning Bruce Britton By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. (Confucius) Introduction Capacity development practitioners collaborate in efforts to improve the capabilities of complex human systems that operate and connect at different levels. First and foremost, capacity development is a process based on the assumption that better understanding and knowledge will bring about change. Also, the planning for capacity development interventions typically rely on variations of the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), which encourage careful thinking about expected outcomes and impacts. By its very nature LFA assumes that intended results of an initiative can be established in advance because the path that a capacity development process will take can be adequately...
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...refractive index is dependent on the wavelength. Due to dispersion, the light waves from a complex radiation are bent by different angles as they enter a dispersive medium and they may be visualized separately. The index of refraction of a transparent dielectric medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of an electromagnetic wave in empty space to its speed in the medium. . It is a measure of the slowing factor for light traveling in that medium The refractive index can be expressed as a function of the electric and magnetic properties of the medium . For most of the materials that are transparent to visible light and . Hence the magnetic properties have a small effect on the light propagation. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a medium, it electrically polarizes the molecules. This changes the value of which in its turn, determines the index of refraction. The process is wavelength dependent: different wavelengths will induce different polarizations of the molecules and, as a result, and will be different. So, the index of refraction changes with wavelength: The phenomenon described above is known as the dispersion of light. Equation is the dispersion relation. For most of the materials, decreases with the wavelength (see figure1). This phenomenon is known as normal dispersion. The decreasing is more rapid at shorter wavelengths. This causes a Figure 1. Normal dispersion curved plot of versus. where, are empirical curve of flint glass ...
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...scholarship , reflection and critical thinking in Nursing. The integral part of nursing health is basically related to caring but caring itself is not only limited to modern nursing science. It is a combined relationship between caring, scholarship , reflection and critical thinking because all these are needed to be a competent nurse. This journal will briefly discuss about the links between caring, scholarship , reflection and critical thinking. Traditionally, caring was the central aspect of nursing (Appleton; 1990, Koldjeski; 1990, McCance, Mckenna and Boore;1997, Watson1979). Leninger (1981) described caring as essential to growth and development and specified that it is defined by individual’s culture. But , the new definition of caring includes the offering of intellectual, psychological, spiritual, and physical aspects and these are a combined goal to facilitate and enhanced combined patients ability to do and decide for themselves (Husted and Husted 2001). Intellectual means, a nurse should be wise and competent enough in his profession with proper education, training and practicals, would be able to think critically and analyse. Psychological means able to understand feelings and emotions of clients. Spiritual means and able to understand client’s questions and giving answers to them. Physical aspect means being physically present to care. Nursing is a science which has strong relations with caring , scholarship, reflection and critical thinking. For...
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...A Critical Incident of Occupational Health Learning Development: Fit Testing of Respiratory Protective Equipment Face Masks Introduction On my second day of my Occupational Health placement, I was given the opportunity to be part of a meeting with the Occupational Health Manager, two Ward Managers and and one Modern Matron to discuss fit testing of respiratory masks. During discussions, it was felt that there were not adequate numbers of staff trained as this could leave the Trust at risk in terms of staff protection. I decided that this would be my critical incident. This critical incident would follow Rolfe’s et al. (2011) model of reflection, including aspects of education and opportunistic learning. The importance of this incident has reinforced the point that one of my Learning Objectives would not only further my knowledge in Occupational Health skills, but will work with others to protect the public’s health, and wellbeing from specific risks (PGDip SCPHN Handbook,2014). As this challenge was prompted by a critical issue, good communication skills with resilient working relationships were utilised if to incur change. Further actions would entail task structuring and team and individual management. These are reflections of Action Centred Leadership (Adair, 1973). Names and places were excluded to maintain confidentiality as required by the Nursing Midwifery Council Code of Conduct (NMC, 2008). During the week, an acute care unit experienced what they perceived...
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...the crystals to be scratched and pulled apart. This will lead to the separation and reunification of electrical charges of the crystals, producing sparks of light during the process. This method of using triboluminescence can produce light to illuminate a parking lot for short periods of time. Also, I can illuminate a parking lot by applying the Law of Reflection and total internal reflection properties of light, by replacing the ceiling of the parking lot into a large right triangular prism, so that sunlight can strike the prism at 45 degrees. A triangular prism is used due to its effectiveness: prisms reflect almost 100% of incident light, and is more durable than a mirror where the polished surface deteriorates easily. This device will allow light to total internal reflect at 45 degrees (the Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence must equal the angle of reflection) resulting the change in direction of the light rays by 90 degrees. This will result in a change in direction of the sunlight, and into the parking lot. It is important that the sunlight is shot at 45 degrees, as glass prisms usually have a critical angle of 41.1 degrees (any light rays shot over 41.4 degrees will total internally reflect instead of refracting in prisms). The visible light from the Sun’s radiation includes white light which will disperse into its constituent colours of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet when it refracts in the prism due to their different velocities, resulting...
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...Module 3 The Nature and Properties of Light What this module is about Most of the things that you know you have learned about through your eyes. You can only see if there is light. Light makes you see shapes and colors. Light also helps you identify objects both near and far. But what is light? In this module you will learn about the nature and properties of light in the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – The Nature of Light Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Colors, Interference and Polarization What you are expected to learn After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. state the different theories about the nature of light; demonstrate reflection properties of light using mirrors; describe the image formed by mirrors; show the refraction properties of light using lenses; give applications of total internal reflection; describe the image formed by lenses; enumerate the colors that make up white light; explain what causes colors of object; and cite applications of diffractions, interference and polarization of light. How to learn from this module Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module. 1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully. 2. Take the pretest (20-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in the module. 3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module. 4. Be very honest in taking the test...
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...of Light 1. Reflection always occurs when a ray hits any surface such that: a. The incident [SI] ray and the reflected ray [IR) lie on the same side with respect to the surface. b. The incident ray [SI] and the reflected ray [IR) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). c. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r). R R N N Reflected ray Reflected ray Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) i i r r S S I I Surface Surface Incident ray Incident ray Source of light Source of light 2. Refraction occurs when light traverses from one transparent medium into another transparent medium hence the surface separating the two media should also be transparent. d. When refraction occurs: i. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the surface. ii. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). iii. The angle of incidence (i) is either greater or smaller than the angle of refraction (i’) except when the incident ray is perpendicular to the surface where i = i’. Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident ray is issued and...
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