...Globalization of Business The Increased Importance of Sensitivity to Cultural Differences Differing Views and Conceptualizations of Leadership An Illustration of Differences and Cultural Practices Differences in Leadership Practices Plan of This Book xv xxi 1 3 4 2. Overview of GLOBE Robert J. House Mansour Javidan Major Questions Concerning the Effects of Cultures on the Practice of Leadership The Need for Cross-Cultural Leadership Theory and Research The GLOBE Research Program Leader Behavior and Attributes Qualitative Research Construct Definitions of Leadership and Culture GLOBE Operational Definition of Culture The GLOBE Conceptual Model The Integrated Theory Two Fundamental Cross-Cultural Issues The GLOBE Questionnaire Scales Phase 2 Hypotheses Strengths of the GLOBE Research Design Contributions Appendix: Structural Contingency Theory 9 10 11 14 15 15 15 16 17 19 20 23 24 24 26 3. A Nontechnical Summary of GLOBE Findings Mansour Javidan Robert J. House Peter W Dorfman Societal Cultures Societal Culture and Organizational Culture Culture and Societal Effectiveness Culture and Leadership Leadership Profiles of Cultural Clusters Culture Dimensions and...
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...Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures Comparative research defined Comparative research, simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. This technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study. When it comes to method, the majority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative research.[5] The multidisciplinary approach is good for the flexibility it offers, yet comparative programs do have a case to answer against the call that their research lacks a "seamless whole."[6] There are certainly methods that are far more common than others in comparative studies, however. Quantitative analysis is much more frequently pursued than qualitative, and this is seen by the majority of comparative studies which use quantitative data.[7][1][8][2] The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative research as it is in our everyday practice of comparison. Like cases are treated alike, and different cases are treated differently; the extent of difference determines how differently cases are to be treated. If one is able to sufficiently distinguish two carry the research conclusions will not be very helpful.[9] Secondary analysis of quantitative data is relatively widespread in comparative research, undoubtedly in part because of the cost of obtaining primary...
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...business operations in the emerging and transforming economies of Eastern Europe such as the newly independent regions of the former Soviet Union (FSU). The observed “globalization” of business is the precursor to the growing interdependency of peoples around the world; the development of a “Global Community.” This appears to be an inescapable and major event that is contributing to the dissolution of boundaries between customary disciplines of knowledge, information, technology, countries and peoples around the world. Associated with this phenomenon is an intensifying need to provide a strategic global approach in management education.(Mitry & Thomas, 2000) ~ In the new era of globalization, the traditional approaches with their cross-cultural impotence are too narrowly focused to provide adequate direction for management education, training and practice (Yanouzas and Boukis, 1993). ~The traditional approaches have Western culture as their underlying precept and the previous research has been largely conducted in the context of American business settings (Adler,...
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...INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIACOURSE OUTLINE | | Kulliyyah / Institute | Engineering | Department / Centre | Electrical and Computer Engineering | Programme | B. Engg (Communications Engineering) | Name of Course / Mode | Antennas and Wave Propagation | Course Code | ECE 4126 | Name (s) of Academic staff / Instructor(s) | Md. Rafiqul Islam | Rationale for the inclusion of the course / module in the programme | Required course for Communications Engineering Programme | Semester and Year Offered | Every semester | Status | Core | Level | 4 | Proposed Start Date | Semester 1, 2014-2015 | Batch of Student to be Affected | | Total Student Learning Time (SLT) | Face to Face | Assessments | Independent Learning | Total Student Learning Time | Lecture | | Discussion | Midterm | Quizzes | Assignment | Final | | | 42 | | | 2 | 2 | 12 | 3 | 63 | 124 | | Credit Value / Hours | 3/124 | Pre-requisites (if any) | ECE 3225 | Co-requisites (if any) | None | Course Objectives | The objectives of this course are to: 1. To develop a good understanding of the Antenna, its radiations, gain and other characteristics. 2. To expose the students for the design and application of commonly used antennas as well as special type of antennas. 3. To develop a basic understanding of the characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation and its applications as a foundation for radio communication engineering. | Learning...
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...William Kuschner SOC 228 Over the past few decades, there has been a great increase in the prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. This increase in eating disorders has resulted from the intense societal pressure to diet and conform to an unrealistic weight and body size. For the general population of women, the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa is approximately 0.7%, and that of bulimia nervosa is as high as 10.3%. Since many athletes contain similar behaviors to those with eating disorders, there has also been an increase in interest in whether athletes are at a risk for eating disorders. An increased risk of eating disorders among athletes has been proposed for several reasons. For starters, athletes tend to exemplify many personality characteristics such as perfectionism and striving for high achievement which is found in patients with eating disorders. Other factors include high self-expectation, competitiveness, compulsiveness, drive, self-motivation, and great pressure to be thin. In order to improve performance, athletes may need to maintain a strong control and constantly monitor their body shape. This behavior has been identified as a risk factor for both anorexia and bulimia. In addition to the societal pressure to be thin, athletes have extra pressure for increased performance and ranking, which make them more cautious of their body size and shape, leading them to become more susceptible for eating disorders. Although these characteristics...
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...“Media portrayals have the potential to both shape and reflect societal attitudes and their examination therefore has broader implications.” (Sommers et al. 2006). What we consume on television, internet, and entertainment influences our perception of society. Such imagery develops a cultural lens that can reinforce the perception of an idea or group. Be that as it may, this can cause problems that skew and distort the information presented. The gatekeepers of the media are among the small, but dominant group who control it, and presents a narrative that rakes in profits. Given these points, one should take note of the media portrayals between different races on the news. Mass media has used sensationalism that depicts people of color in a negative light compared to whites, and due to these discrepancies, these harmful portrayals contribute to widespread racism. Such portrayals blur the cultural image of certain groups of people. For instance, in the article, Racial Bias and Media Coverage of Violent Crime, reported a study that found out that 51% of blacks are arrested for violent crime in New York City, however, “75% of...
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...Since its inception in the early 1990s, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) project has investigated the complex relationship between societal culture and organizational behavior. The focus of this paper is on leadership, specifically what we know and have learned from the GLOBE project so far. Among other findings, we demonstrate that national culture indirectly influences leadership behaviors through the leadership expectations of societies. In other words, executives tend to lead in a manner more or less consistent with the leadership prototypes endorsed within their particular culture. In turn, leaders who behave according to expectations are most effective. We also found that some leadership behaviors are universally effective such as charismatic/value-based leadership; others are much more culturally sensitive such as participative leadership. Finally, we identified truly superior (and also truly inferior) CEOs by the degree to which their behaviors exceed (or fail to meet) their society's expectations. All in all, understanding national culture gives us a heads-up as to which kinds of leadership will likely be enacted and effective in each society. We believe that the GLOBE journey has helped us understand the complex, tricky, and fascinating relationships among societal culture, organizational behavior, and leadership processes. This paper is a celebration of twenty years of collaborative work conducted by more than 200 researchers and...
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...MGB225 Intercultural Communication & Negotiation Skills Assessment I: Research Report European Negotiations Southern Candle's Tour De France Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction The prevalence of internationalisation and globalisation of businesses in the twenty-first century has reiterated the importance of effective cross-cultural communication to achieve any level of progress or success. "Culture" is defined by Geert Hofstede, as "the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another". This report will identify national cultural differences between the U.S. and France within the case study "European Negotiations - Southern Candle's Tour De France" . Hofstede's cross-cultural communication theoretical framework will then be primarily used to analyse the cause and effects of these issues. 2.0 Identification of Problems/Issues 3.1 Intercultural Issues - Mr Durand expressed interest in learning more about the design process for making three-dimensional sculptured candles, however Mr Picard's practical decision to take a technical staff member to their meeting may have been inappropriate given Mr Durand's premier position within the company. - The way in which Mrs Dubois accepted Mr Durand's compliment of her French language skills may have been perceived as immodest. In French society, compliments are generally downplayed by the recipient as a sign of humility...
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...Long-term orientation is found to be a non-significant cultural value with banking disclosures. The explanatory power for banking disclosures is found to be similar to the findings in Gray and Vint (1995) with a cross-section of industries. More importantly, this study recommends that long-term orientation should not be used as part of the cultural framework for disclosures due to bias data. Hence, Gray’s (1988) hypothesis on the secrecy / transparency dimension should be maintained with respect to the original four cultural values. JEL Classification: G21, M41, O57 Keywords: Culture, banking disclosures, transparency 1. Introduction The objective of this paper is to report on the empirical findings of the two research questions proposed by Hooi (2004) that may improve the Gray and Vint (1995) model of cultural influence on accounting disclosures. The first proposal was that extending the Gray and Vint study with the new inclusion of Hofstede and Bond’s (1988) cultural value of long-term orientation gives the opportunity to better understand the association between national culture and accounting disclosures. The second proposal was that by focusing on only one industry, specifically banking, more significant results may be obtained - as opposed to a cross-section of industries in the Gray and Vint study. The seminal study by Gray and Vint assessed the significance of the relationship between national culture and accounting disclosures in an international context...
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...Is it suitable for Multicultural Organizations to inherit the assumption that Work Life Balance Policies are Gender Neutral? Introduction Definition Work Life Balance is not a homogenous concept, and not amenable for precise definition as different people interpret WLB differently; the ideal ‘balance’ can vary at stages of the life cycle (Chandra, V., 2012). Experts within the field have faced difficulties in trying to define the concept, regardless of the wealth existing literature on the subject. WLB policies have been defined as ‘those that enhance the autonomy of workers in the process of coordinating and integrating work and non work aspects of their lives (Felstead et al, 2002). From an employees perspectives it is the maintenance of a balance between work and family responsibilities. This definition allows for a wide range of policies to be included under the guise of WLB initiatives. WLB policies in an organizational setting include, but are not limited to, flexible working arrangements, child and dependent care and family and parental leave (Bardoel, 1998). Importance Many Human Resource Professionals, employers associations, government departments, trade unions, academics and voluntary organizations around the world are currently debating and often enacting, policies and practices designed to promote work life balance (Fleetwood, S., 2007). The effective management of WLB is an issue increasingly recognized as of strategic importance to organizations...
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...Journal of Macromarketing http://jmk.sagepub.com/ Market Responsiveness to Societal Interests Tracy L. Gonzalez-Padron and Robert W. Nason Journal of Macromarketing 2009 29: 392 DOI: 10.1177/0276146709344954 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jmk.sagepub.com/content/29/4/392 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Macromarketing Society Additional services and information for Journal of Macromarketing can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jmk.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jmk.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jmk.sagepub.com/content/29/4/392.refs.html Downloaded from jmk.sagepub.com by Celia McKoy on September 15, 2010 Market Responsiveness to Societal Interests Tracy L. Gonzalez-Padron1 and Robert W. Nason2 Journal of Macromarketing 29(4) 392-405 ª The Author(s) 2009 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0276146709344954 http://jmmk.sagepub.com Abstract The authors provide evidence that firms can enhance their own objectives by internalizing the objectives of most stakeholder groups. This suggests that society’s objectives, as defined by stakeholders to the firm, can be augmented by the self-interest motivation at the heart of a market system. Specifically examined was the impact of stakeholder responsiveness on innovativeness...
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...International Business Management Chapter Two Understanding the Role of Culture __________________________________________________ What is meant by the culture of society, and why is it important for international managers to understand it? What is meant by the culture of society, Explain how culture affects all aspects of international management? Culture A set of shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. A critical skill for managing people and processes in other countries is cultural savvy that is, a working knowledge of the cultural variables affecting management decisions. Managers have often seriously underestimated the significance of cultural factors. According to numerous accounts, many blunders made in international operations can be attributed to a lack of cultural sensitivity. Examples abound. Scott Russell, senior vice president for human resources at Cendant Mobility in Danbury, Connecticut, recounts the following An American company in Japan charged its Japanese HR manager with reducing the workforce. The Japanese manager studied the issue but couldn’t find a solution within cultural Japanese parameters; so when he came back to the Americans, he reduced the workforce by resigning—which was not what they wanted.. Cultural sensitivity, or cultural empathy, is an awareness and an honest caring about another...
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...functions of time and situation and differ in different cultures and countries. Managers of international organizations should obtain enough knowledge of these cultural characteristics and differences and should have the utmost versatility while executing their leadership tasks. In this paper we have conducted a survey of the relation between cultures and styles of leadership in different countries. At first characteristics of leadership are discussed in work oriented leadership paradigm and management regimes, in a number of different regions, including China, Japan, U.S.A, Europe, and Arab countries. We also discuss about cross-cultural leadership concept and its challenges. At the end, a comparative analysis is made over the various leadership styles. Keywords: Leadership styles, cultural differences, conceptual leadership model, cross-cultural leadership * . Corresponding Author , Tel: 09121090719 Email: Ghreza@ut.ac.ir 92 Iranian Journal of Management Studies Introduction: Leadership is defined as the process of having dominance on group activities in order to realize the objectives. To execute the leadership task, managers try to have influence the people under their supervision and motivate and direct them to achieve the organizational objectives. Creating motivation in staff in such a way that they do their activity and work in the organization with enthusiasm and reach the goals is very important. This problem...
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...Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology http://jcc.sagepub.com Value Hierarchies Across Cultures: Taking a Similarities Perspective Shalom H. Schwartz and Anat Bardi Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2001; 32; 268 DOI: 10.1177/0022022101032003002 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/268 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Additional services and information for Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jcc.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations (this article cites 23 articles hosted on the SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/32/3/268 Downloaded from http://jcc.sagepub.com at KAIST GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MGMT on October 22, 2007 © 2001 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Schwartz, Bardi / CROSS-CULTURAL VALUE SIMILARITIES Beyond the striking differences in the value priorities of groups is a surprisingly widespread consensus regarding the hierarchical order of values. Average value hierarchies of representative and near representative samples from 13 nations exhibit...
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...consumer behavior. Something had shifted, and it took me a while to discover that customers had gained new power in buying decisions. Since 1950, marketing has been based on a push/ pull model in which the manufacturer designs a product to fill a need and then convinces the consumer to buy with aggressive advertising, promotion, and distribution tactics. The increase in customer power changes the equation, and I believe that this shift in the power relationship will define the dividing line between Eras IV and V of marketing. I call this new era “customer advocacy” because it is based on the firm representing the customers’ interest by providing them complete and unbiased information, advice on which product is best for them (including fair comparisons with competitors), joint design of products, and a partnership that breeds long-term loyalty. In other words, advocate for your customers and they will advocate for you! In this article, I do not concentrate on my previous work nor on prior changes in the field (others in this special section have done a good job of this), but rather I emphasize the future. I examine the customer power shift and its...
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