...regulation, de-regulation and/or government monetary policy. What if there was a new currency that was not associated with a nation, government or bank? What if there was unified currency that allowed the wealth of one person to directly compare or exchange with to the wealth of another regardless of geographic location? This “new” currency has recently been developed and it is called the Bitcoin. The Bitcoin and its concept is extremely progressive and is not considered a savior currency that will solve any monetary problems; however, this paper will outline the Bitcoin and explain the potential impact it will have on the future of currency. The Bitcoin is considered a Cryptocurrency which is essentially a digital currency that uses cryptography for security, thus making it extremely difficult to counterfeit. Cryptocurrencies are considered fiat currency, which means it only gains its value from supply and demand, assuming people agree to use it as a...
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...consequences of the Act have been drastic. Many of the Patriot Act’s provisions are in clear violation of the U.S constitution, and that’s why I am against the USA Patriot Act. The Patriot Act basically gives almost unlimited anti- privacy powers to domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies. Privacy Invasions are one of the down falls of the Patriot Act. USAPA II dramatically widens the powers of government to invade the privacy of Americans and others living here. This includes, broad new authority to compel information from ISPs, friends, relatives, businesses and others, all without informing you. Immunity for businesses that voluntarily turn over your information to law enforcement. Extra punishment for use of cryptography no connection to terrorism needed. Instant police access to your credit reports upon certification that they are sought "in connection with their duties", again with no connection to terrorism needed. Relaxed requirement of specificity for warrants for multi-use devices like PDAs and computers with telephonic capabilities. DNA collected from all terrorism suspects/DNA database information open to all law enforcement. Less judicial oversight of surveillance. This is all completely wrong. Patriot virtually eliminates checks and balances that previously gave courts the opportunity to ensure that those powers were not abused, but the Act lets them...
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...Chapter – 1 Introduction Virtually all businesses, most government agencies and many individuals now have web sites. The number of individuals and companies with internet access is expanding rapidly and all of these have graphical user browser. As a result businesses are enthusiastic about setting up facilities on the web for electronic commerce. But in real web and internet are vulnerable to compromises with various sorts. As business wake up to this reality, the demand for secure web services grows. There are two types of threats to the web services : 1.1 Passive attacks : It is eavesdropping on network traffic between browser and server and gaining access to information on a web site that is supposed to be restricted. 1.2 Active attack : It includes impersonating another user, altering messages in transit between client and server and altering information on a web site. In all distributed environment electronic mail is the most heavily used network based application. It is the only application that is widely used across all architecture and vendor platforms. Users expect to be able to and do, send mail to others who are connected directly or indirectly to the internet. PGP(Pretty Good Privacy) is an open-source freely available software for E-Mail security. It provides authentication through the use of digital signature, confidentiality through the use of symmetric block encryption, compression using the ZIP algorithm, E-Mail compatibility using...
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...Agenda Understanding the workings of the new cyber currency. 1. The technology explained 1. What is Bitcoin? 2. Distributed Network 3. How the system secures itself 4. Bitcoin Mining 2. Implications of Bitcoin 1. Timeline & current situation 2. Is Bitcoin a bubble? 3. Famous opinions 4. Disruption potential 5. Issues of Bitcoin 6. The future of the Blockchain technology –1– What is Bitcoin? –2– Ledgers with all balances distributed on all nodes. –3– Keeping the system safe Can you spend someone else‘s money? Can you spend more than you own? Can you spend your money twice? –4– Verifying the source of a transaction digital signatures –5– Calculating account balances –6– Double spending fraud –7– Transaction chain vs. block chain –8– Creation of the block chain –9– Creation of the block chain – 10 – How does solving a block work? – 11 – Random guessing until hash is below threshold – 12 – Back to double spending – 13 – Double spending attack on Bitcoin – 14 – What is mining? – 15 – Mining pools – 16 – Recap Decentralized system of ledgers Transactions known by all nodes Transaction chain vs. block chain Solving blocks to confirm transactions Avoid double spending by computing power Mining pools for steady income – 17 – Recap Can you spend someone else‘s money? Can you spend more than you own? Digital Signature ...
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...Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, VOL. 5, NO.4, 2004 USING E-CASH IN THE NEW ECONOMY: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MICROPAYMENT SYSTEMS Michelle Baddeley Gonville & Caius College and Faculty of Economics and Politics, Cambridge, UK mb150@cam.ac.uk ABSTRACT The growth of electronic commerce is dependent upon the emergence of effective electronic payment systems. Whilst payments for large purchases can be made relatively easily using credit/debit cards, small-scale electronic commerce is constrained by the limited nature of existing e-cash (or ‘micropayments’) systems. This paper outlines the evolution of electronic payment systems, leading to an analysis of the essential characteristics of e-cash, and microeconomic / macroeconomic implications of the development of e-cash. Finally, the key characteristics of successful electronic payment innovations are analysed using binary dependent variable estimation techniques on data derived from the Electronic Payments Systems Observatory (ePSO) database. Keywords: e-cash, micro-payment systems, e-commerce 1. Introduction Electronic commerce is growing at an increasing pace and financial instruments are adapting to the increased volume of spending taking place over the Internet (Economides, 2001). Until now, most buyers have used credit arrangements or checking accounts as the principle means of paying for Internet purchases. There is however, a 'price umbrella' underneath credit-card transactions that makes them...
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...ASSIGNMENT ON TERM PAPPER INTERNET CHALLENGES TO SECURITY AND PRIVACY SUBMITTED BY : GIFTY KARUVELIL SAM ID NUMBER: 0160011 SUBMITTED TO : PROFESSOR . JOYCE JAMES MG. 650: MANAGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACROSS THE ENTERPRISE TABLE OF CONTENT : * INTRODUCTION * ANALYSIS OF SECURITY AND PRIVACY * CATEGORIZATION AND SESITIVITY * STATE OF RESEARCH * MAJOR PLAYERS I THE INTERNET * GLOBAL SENSOR NETWORK MIDDLEWEAR * RFID * PHYSICAL MECHANISM * CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTOCOLS * RESEARCH FROM OTHER DOMAINS * INFORMATION ACCOUNTABIILITY * CRYPTOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIERS * KEY EXTRACTION FROM WIRELES CHANNL CHARACTERISTECS * CONCLUSION 1 1 Introduction The Internet has undergone severe changes since its first launch in the late 1960s as an outcome of the ARPANET. The initial four-node network has quickly grown into a highly interconnected and self-organized network that builds the daily basis for business, research, and economy. The number of people using this worldwide network has exponentially grown up to about 1.5 bn and hereby makes up about 20% of the world population. This sheer number of end...
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...now had to do to identify all the evidence involved in this case. We ran into doing some extra work due to the fact that the letter “E” needed to match up with the specific row and column to ensure the rest of the message would be coherent. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 1 | T | H | E | R | E | A | R | E | S | O | 2 | M | E | W | H | O | S | A | Y | T | H | 3 | A | T | C | O | M | M | U | N | I | S | 4 | M | I | S | T | H | E | W | A | V | E | 5 | O | F | T | H | E | F | U | T | U | R | 6 | E | L | E | T | T | H | E | M | C | O | 7 | M | E | T | O | B | E | R | L | I | N | The intruder left this message behind: “THERE ARE SOME WHO SAY THAT COMMUNISM IS THE WAVE OF THE FUTURE LET THEM COME TO BERLIN” Cryptography or the making of secret codes dates back to the...
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...TR-2003-19, July 23, 2003. Analysis of an Electronic Voting System TADAYOSHI KOHNO∗ A DAM S TUBBLEFIELD† DAN S. WALLACH§ February 27, 2004 AVIEL D. RUBIN‡ Abstract With significant U.S. federal funds now available to replace outdated punch-card and mechanical voting systems, municipalities and states throughout the U.S. are adopting paperless electronic voting systems from a number of different vendors. We present a security analysis of the source code to one such machine used in a significant share of the market. Our analysis shows that this voting system is far below even the most minimal security standards applicable in other contexts. We identify several problems including unauthorized privilege escalation, incorrect use of cryptography, vulnerabilities to network threats, and poor software development processes. We show that voters, without any insider privileges, can cast unlimited votes without being detected by any mechanisms within the voting terminal software. Furthermore, we show that even the most serious of our outsider attacks could have been discovered and executed without access to the source code. In the face of such attacks, the usual worries about insider threats are not the only concerns; outsiders can do the damage. That said, we demonstrate that the insider threat is also quite considerable, showing that not only can an insider, such as a poll worker, modify the votes, but that insiders can also violate voter privacy and match votes with the voters...
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...A user or a process functioning on behalf of the user that attempts to access an object is known as the ____. | Selected Answer: | b. subject | | | A(n) ____ model is a standard that provides a predefined framework for hardware and software developers who need to implement access control in their devices or applications. | | Selected Answer: | c. access control | | The most restrictive access control model is ____. | Selected Answer: | b. Mandatory Access Control | | | In the UAC dialog boxes, the color ____ indicates the lowest risk. | | Selected Answer: | c. gray | | The ____ model is the least restrictive. | Selected Answer: | d. DAC | | | ____ is considered a more “real world” access control than the other models because the access is based on a user’s job function within an organization. | | Selected Answer: | d. Role Based Access Control | | | ____ is often used for managing user access to one or more systems. | | Selected Answer: | c. Rule Based Access Control | | | ____ requires that if the fraudulent application of a process could potentially result in a breach of security, then the process should be divided between two or more individuals. | | Selected Answer: | a. Separation of duties | | | A(n) ____ is a set of permissions that are attached to an object. | | Selected Answer: | b. ACL | | | ____ accounts are user accounts that remain active after an employee has left an organization...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Aberystwyth University] On: 12 October 2013, At: 02:24 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Marketing Management Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjmm20 The Sociology of Consumption: The Hidden Facet of Marketing Hélène Cherrier & Jeff B. Murray Published online: 01 Feb 2010. To cite this article: Hélène Cherrier & Jeff B. Murray (2004) The Sociology of Consumption: The Hidden Facet of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, 20:5-6, 509-525, DOI: 10.1362/0267257041323954 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/0267257041323954 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable...
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...NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Terry L Green THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN Please Follow These Procedures: If requested by your mentor, use an assignment cover sheet as the first page of the word processor file. The assignment header should include the Learner’s last name, first initial, course code, dash, and assignment number (DoeJXXX0000-1) justified to the left and the page number justified to the right. Keep a Photocopy or Electronic Copy of Your Assignments: You may need to re-submit assignments if your mentor has indicated that you may or must do so. Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The known submission of another person’s work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. | | BTM8102-8 | Kris Iyer, PhD | | | Business Research Methodology | GreenTBTM8102-2 | | | <Add Learner comments here> ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Faculty Use Only ------------------------------------------------- <Faculty comments here> ...
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...Need of Cyber Crime Law In India Abstract A Cyber space is a virtual space that has become as important as real space for business, education and politics. The growing danger from crimes committed against computers, or against information on computers, is beginning to claim attention in the India. The digital age has dramatically changed the scope of a crime by adding the electronic component and it comes a new form of science ≴Computer Forensic Science≵. Computer Forensic allows for the evidence of cyber crime to be admissible in court when prosecuting the cyber criminal. In most countries, existing laws are likely to be unenforceable against such crime. Cyber laws, as it stand today, gives rise to both positive & negative consequences. The main negative consequences is the digital soup so vague that many refer to it as the dark sides of technology and that cyber criminal currently have upper hand. The applicability and effectiveness of our existing laws need to be constantly reviewed to face the risk coming from the cyber world. In this paper we are going to firstly describe the computer forensic, cyber crimes, cyber laws of nation & technology challenges. Aim of this paper is to act as a catalyst to raise awareness regarding computer forensic which continues to grow as one of the most important branch of science and help in investigation of cyber crime which continues to grow as one of the most potent threats to the Internet and computer users of the cyber society of...
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...E-COMMERCE (TIT-501) UNIT I Introduction What is E-Commerce, Forces behind E-Commerce Industry Framework, Brief history of ECommerce, Inter Organizational E-Commerce Intra Organizational E-Commerce, and Consumer to Business Electronic Commerce, Architectural framework Network Infrastructure for E-Commerce Network Infrastructure for E-Commerce, Market forces behind I Way, Component of I way Access Equipment, Global Information Distribution Network, Broad band Telecommunication. UNIT-II Mobile Commerce Introduction to Mobile Commerce, Mobile Computing Application, Wireless Application Protocols, WAP Technology, Mobile Information Devices, Web Security Introduction to Web security, Firewalls & Transaction Security, Client Server Network, Emerging Client Server Security Threats, firewalls & Network Security. UNIT-III Encryption World Wide Web & Security, Encryption, Transaction security, Secret Key Encryption, Public Key Encryption, Virtual Private Network (VPM), Implementation Management Issues. UNIT - IV Electronic Payments Overview of Electronics payments, Digital Token based Electronics payment System, Smart Cards, Credit Card I Debit Card based EPS, Emerging financial Instruments, Home Banking, Online Banking. UNIT-V Net Commerce EDA, EDI Application in Business, Legal requirement in E -Commerce, Introduction to supply Chain Management, CRM, issues in Customer Relationship Management. References: 1. Greenstein and Feinman, “E-Commerce”, TMH 2. Ravi Kalakota, Andrew Whinston...
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...Steganography Hide and Seek: An Introduction to Steganography Although people have hidden secrets in plain sight— now called steganography—throughout the ages, the recent growth in computational power and technology has propelled it to the forefront of today’s security techniques. N IELS PROVOS AND PETER HONEYMAN University of Michigan teganography is the art and science of hiding communication; a steganographic system thus embeds hidden content in unremarkable cover media so as not to arouse an eavesdropper’s suspicion. In the past, people used hidden tattoos or invisible ink to convey steganographic content. Today, computer and network technologies provide easy-to-use communication channels for steganography. Essentially, the information-hiding process in a steganographic system starts by identifying a cover medium’s redundant bits (those that can be modified without destroying that medium’s integrity).1 The embedding process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant bits with data from the hidden message. Modern steganography’s goal is to keep its mere presence undetectable, but steganographic systems— because of their invasive nature—leave behind detectable traces in the cover medium. Even if secret content is not revealed, the existence of it is: modifying the cover medium changes its statistical properties, so eavesdroppers can detect the distortions in the resulting stego medium’s statistical properties. The process of finding these distortions is called...
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...CHAOS THEORY It is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including, and philosophy. Chaos theory studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions—a response popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. Chaotic behavior can be observed in many natural systems, such as weather and climate. This behavior can be studied through analysis of a chaotic mathematical model, or through analytical techniques such as recurrence plots and Poincare maps. This latter idea is known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions , a circumstance discovered by Edward Lorenz (who is generally credited as the first experimenter in the area of chaos) in the early 1960s. DEFINITION: It is the study of non linear dynamics, in which seemingly random events are actually predictable from simple deterministic equation. Chaos theory concerns deterministic systems whose behavior can in principle be predicted. Chaotic systems are predictable for a while and then appear to become random. The amount of time for which the behavior of a chaotic system can be effectively predicted depends on three things: * How much uncertainty we are willing to tolerate in the forecast? * How accurately we are able to measure its current state? * Which time scale is depending on the dynamics of the system? The two main components of chaos theory are the ideas that systems - no matter how complex they may be - rely upon an underlying...
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