...Assignment : Research Paper 1-The Role of Standardization, Localization, Culture and Market Research in International Marketing Strategies Adamu Yushau Usumanu This Paper is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for International Marketing Management course SMC University School of Management Dr. Babu P. George May 19 , 2014 Abstract The research paper discussed standardization and localization strategies, where standardization strategy refer to a common marketing program cutting across nations and marketing segments, while localization strategy seek to adapt products and marketing strategy to the specific characteristics of individual markets. The paper further identified the advantages and disadvantages of standardization and localization strategies in the context of international marketing. The role of cultural pattern in society and its effect on consumption were also discussed, where culture refer to a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people. Cultural patterns exert a great influence on consumption in a social setting. The paper finally discussed the need for a business entity to carry out a research on differences in language culture, regulations governing marketing before entering a new international market. Key Words Marketing Strategy, Standardization, Localization,, International Marketing, Cultural Patterns, Marketing Mix, Market Research Introduction ...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Module I - Assignment I Review Two Definitions of Culture A Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Business Administration In Partial Fulfillment of Course Requirements For B7312- Cultural Marketing Access – Module I - Assignment 1 Spring II, 2013 For The Doctor of Business Administration Degree, D.B.A. David F. Black, B.A., M.B.A., C.D.P. Dr. Cliff Butler Argosy University/Seattle March 11, 2013 © Abstract This paper provides a summary review of B7312, Cultural Marketing Online Argosy Module I, a comparison of two different definitions of culture (Webster) (CARLA). An additional element of contrasting these two definitions is also provided. The overview provides discussion points for the classes of March 7th & 18th, 2013 or sooner as defined by Dr. Butler. Perspectives This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the B7312 Course Module I Assignment 1 for the Cultural Marketing Online Course Class on March 7, 2013, B7312, Spring II, 2013, Dr. Cliff Butler, AU-Seattle. Summary of Assignment This student is to write a talking-points paper for the selected definitions of culture as outlined in B7312 Cultural Marketing. After the two out of hundreds (Kluckholn) (CARLA) of cultural definitions are selected, this Doctoral candidate...
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...Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Course of Writing Research Reports to Mr. Irfan Hameed At the Iqra University, Main Campus Karachi, Pakistan. MAY 18, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research report is dedicated to my family, friends, and professors for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout my life and academic pursuits. First, I would like to thank Mr. Irfan Hameed for being a fantastic thesis supervisory. It means a lot to me that he stepped up when I needed him the most and took on the responsibility of guiding me in the right direction. Furthermore, he pushed me to think outside the box and challenged me to look beyond what is right in front of me. Without him I would not have been able to complete this thesis. For these reasons and many more, I will be forever grateful. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends who have always supported me, even when I may not have been aware of it. I would like to thank my Parents my Mother and father, who always provided me with motivation and for their continued support of me throughout my life, financially and emotionally, and for instilling in me their morals and values. ABSTRACT This report presents a framework for “Market related challenges faced by marketer”, in this report we will discuss the challenges faced my marketers in the modern era. We start by reviewing on the articles, research reports and literature already available regarding the same topic, how does...
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...Standardized and Localized Strategies and the Role of Culture in Marketing and Consumption Delroy A. Jefferson This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for International Marketing Doctorate of Business Administration SMC University Dr. Babu P. George July 26, 2014 Abstract The paper seeks to examine the arguments surrounding the issue of standardization versus localization as it highlights specific advantages and disadvantages of both as obtained from a review of the prevailing literature. It links cultural patterns with consumerism and seeks to outline an effective approach to market research for entry into international markets. There are strong arguments for implementing standardization and localization but the literature seems to suggest that either strategy in its purest form represent polar extremes and most strategies consists of some elements of both whereby a middle ground is found. Appropriately designed market research unearth local appeals and cultural patterns which play a crucial role in informing the international marketer of the best suited marketing strategy. Keywords Multinational Corporation, Global Corporation, Standardization, Localization, Cultural pattern Introduction For several years there has been an interesting ongoing debate on the subject of what is the most suitable marketing strategy to be implemented; that of standardization across national markets as opposed to a strategy which espouses an adaptation...
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...Business Research 60 (2007) 277 – 284 Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies Ana Maria Soares a,⁎, Minoo Farhangmehr a,1 , Aviv Shoham b,2 a School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal b Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel Received 1 March 2006; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 1 October 2006 Abstract Growth of research addressing the relationship between culture and consumption is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993;...
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...cultural factors act as invisible barriers in international business communications. Understanding cultural differences is one of the most significant skills for firms to develop in order to have a competitive advantage in international business. This paper probes some key elements of cross-cultural issues in international business communication and provides a framework for creating competitive advantage for firms engaged in international business. Culture affects many aspects of international business communication. It impacts free trade policies, localization and standardization strategy decisions, advertising, brand effectiveness, business relationships, international business management, international marketing, international negotiation, and consumer behavior. Seven themes are suggested as guidelines for further research: Cultural impacts of markets, international versus domestic business communication, standardization versus adaptation in cross-cultural communication; cross-cultural dimensions of business communication research, cross-cultural aspects of the business communication mix (advertising, promotion, sales, public relations, trade shows, and commercials), cross-cultural aspects...
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...background of individuals. Culture plays a vital role in the formation of perceptions with respect to any product or service, hence creating a demand for that product or service accordingly. This makes it an important factor to consider before designing any marketing strategy. Culture is something a person acquires from his/her elders and surroundings. Since culture is a broad term, so it is further divided into sub-cultures. The values and norms may vary among these sub-cultures, so their tastes and preferences do. The sub-cultures are further divided into segments, again, different from one another. For instance, the youth of today follows its own culture, which is different from the previous generations, and so its taste and preferences. Beside culture, status also plays a vital role when it comes to purchase a product or service, so it also necessary to consider the social classes before designing a marketing strategy. Social classes significantly influence the purchasing decision of a customer. These social classes are formed according to income level, qualification, and nature of job of individuals. The company is supposed to study all of these factors closely in order to target its customers. Culture plays a pivotal role in formulating perceptions associated to any offering. Culture is a broad term which is a force acquired from family and surroundings. It is further divided into sub-cultures which include varying values and preferences. Sub-cultures are further divided into...
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...of Business Research 60 (2007) 277 – 284 Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies Ana Maria Soares a,⁎, Minoo Farhangmehr a,1 , Aviv Shoham b,2 a School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal b Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel Received 1 March 2006; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 1 October 2006 Abstract Growth of research addressing the relationship between culture and consumption is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993; 6 (2):...
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...Cultural Marketing Studying the Case of Cross-Cultural Management Shaima Alwardi Table of Contents 1. Title ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Background ............................................................................................................................ 4 3. Presentation and Critical Review of the Literature and Theories used .................................... 6 4. Project Proposal and Objectives ...........................................................................................11 5. Research Plan and Methodology ..........................................................................................13 6. Empirical Facts and Finding ..................................................................................................17 7. Analysis and Discussion........................................................................................................18 8. Overall Conclusion ................................................................................................................21 Reference .................................................................................................................................23 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................25 Effects of Social Medua in Cross Culturl Marketing ...
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...Malhotra, and Ruth N. Bolton ABSTRACT The spread of global culture is being facilitated by the proliferation of transnational corporations, the rise of global capitalism, widespread aspiration for material possessions, and the homogenization of global consumption. The extent of convergence of cultural values across nations has been debated by international marketing researchers. However, from a practical standpoint, transnational firms require a cross-national, cross-cultural approach to market segmentation that can be used to guide the development of global marketing strategies. In this study, the authors investigate the application of cross-national versus cross-cultural approaches to market segmentation through a rigorous empirical investigation in the context of banking services. Although services constitute the fastest growing sector of the world economy, few studies have examined global market segmentation strategies for them. The authors develop theory-based crossnational hypotheses and test them by estimating a structural model of consumers’ perceived service quality using survey data from two countries: the United States and India. They test cross-cultural hypotheses by estimating the same model on culture-based clusters. They demonstrate that there are distinctive differences between cross-national and crosscultural models of perceived service quality and highlight the growing relevance of cross-cultural research approaches. More generally, the cross-national, cross-cultural...
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...Business Communication in English Parts I & II TMAENG17R1(E) 2015-2016 Contents 1 Introduction - 3 - 2 Programme - 4 - Programme Block 1 - 4 - Programme Block 2 - 5 - 3. Attendance ……………………………………………………………… ……………...6- 4. Literature ………………………………………………………………………………- 6- 5 Assignments Blocks 1 & 2 - 7 - Block 1: Oral Group Assignment - 7 - Block 2: Oral assignment - 9 - 6. Written Test - 10 - 7. Assessment Blocks 1 & 2 - 11 - 1 Introduction Welcome to the first English courses at TMA. In the next four years you will acquire a lot of knowledge and many skills for your future career. You will learn how to write a marketing plan and how to implement it, how to import and export products from and to Asia and how to do business with people from another culture. In this way you will lay the foundation for a career in international business. One skill you will certainly need in Asia is a good command of business English. These courses will help you acquire the specialised vocabulary that you will need. The words and expressions that you are going to learn are different from the words used in everyday English, so most of them will be new to you. Furthermore, you will develop your reading skills through reading texts in business English. In order to be able to express yourself in proper English you will also spend some time refreshing your knowledge of the English grammar. You will do all kinds of exercises, both in class...
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...Directory Introduction P 2-3 Elaborate Topic P 4–5 Local Advertising P 6–25 Global Advertising P 26–36 Conclusion P36-39 Effective advertisement global or local? Advertisement, every time we turn on TV or radio, surf the Web, check the mail or drive to the supermarket, we are subjected to multiple, and sometimes simultaneous--advertising messages. With that kind of saturation, and the high cost of running an ad campaign, advertisers need to make their ads stand out. Of course, advertising needs to do more than get noticed. It needs to be focused, memorable and ultimately compelling enough to move customers to choose their product or service over all the others fighting for attention. Before we define an effective advertisement is global or local, we should know one thing first . what is the meaning of an effective advertisement? What is the factor to construct a successful advertisement ? effective advertising is advertising that changes the behavior of the consumer of that one thing and also effective advertising, is advertising that makes people feel a certain way about a brand mean it’s all about the brand and how people allow that brand to influence their lives, effective advertising is there is a lot of ways to measure advertising these days, but the over view of what makes an add effective is to people remember and they motivated by is it to the consumption...
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...shock, explained on the basis of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s dilemmas’ theory. The qualitative method used in this research were 53 in-depth interviews. Results demonstrated that expatriates relay on well-known brands to adapt to new environments when they are abroad and that specific advertising help them to reconcile dilemmas. Key words: Global brands, advertising, expatriates, cultural shock Introduction Economic and social factors are working to increase global competition and global operations, and subsequently an acceleration of traffic in expatriation and repatriation. Johansson and Ronkainen (2005) state that research shows that one of the most common features of a globally integrated marketing strategy is the adoption of one brand name around the world, whereas Callow and Schiffman (2002) talk about how advertising interpretations are dependent on cultural factors of the viewer. Therefore, the present paper is relevant because it demonstrates that particular attention should be drawn to expatriates during their sojourn abroad. While struggling to adjust both as individuals and professionals, expatriates should deal with uncertainty and risk taking. They should also face different behavioral patterns, which could be explained by the more individualistic or more communitarian orientation (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 2006) of home and host cultures. Thus, this article aims at providing some understanding of the role played by...
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...leading premium manufacturer the world over in the automobile industry. This fete is attested by having record sales and marginal profits that surpass €4 billion. This success has been attributed to the implementation of strong strategic capabilities that have led to competitive advantage combined with an effective innovation strategy (Lauterborn, 1990). An innovation strategy that proved to be of value dates back to the year 2000 when the company came up with future segments to be included in the future designs of the company’s product lines. In the accordance with this redesign, the motor vehicles were to the forecasted changed in terms consumer tastes fashion, behavior and preferences. These were realized after a commissioned consumer research. This product initiative enabled the company to focus on the market segments where the company needed to concentrate in the future (Proctor, 2000). With the presence of market dynamism in terms of tastes, there arises a differentiated market with more focused segments. This means that any company keen on developing its market share has to take a strategic risk with as much market information as possible (Linneman, and Stanton, 2001). The act of amalgamating future market differentiations with product development is a very risky affair. This involves the carrying out line extensions while at the time ensuring that the customers are not confused and thus ending up losing them (Randall, 2001). The success of The BMW is because of their rigorous...
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...Countless scholars have tried to identify the characteristics that best distinguish nations, societies and individuals in order to describe and conceptualize the notion of culture. Leung et al (2005) define culture as “the values, beliefs, norms, and behavioural patterns of a national group.” Czinkota argues that “culture is an integrated system of learned behaviour patterns that are distinguishing characteristics of the members of any given society” (2011). Nakata and Huang (2002, cited by Yaprak) define culture as “the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”, as an individual. Siew et al. argue that “culture is a complex and broad construct that is difficult to accurately measure” (2007). However, scholars have tried to theorize it through several frameworks. In this essay, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the GLOBE study dimensions are compared in order to assess the frameworks’ abilities to accurately measure culture. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions were created as a result of an empirical research of the employees of a global company in order to identify the different work motivations caused by the employees’ nationalities (2001, cited by De Mooji, 2013). The dimensions were constructed at the national level and thus their variables offer insights on nations. They do not correlate at individual or organizational level. However, scholars have misapplied Hofstede’s...
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