1. 周期失业 1) Definition of 'Cyclical Unemployment': Cyclical unemployment is the fluctuating rate of unemployment resulting from swings in the business cycle. It's known as cyclical because, when the economy re-enters the expansion phase of the business cycle, the unemployed will get rehired. Cyclical unemployment is temporary -- although it could last anywhere from 18 months (the typical time frame of a recession) to ten years (during a depression). 2) Reasons: Cyclical unemployment results from a large drop-off of demand. It usually starts with less personal consumption. When consumer demand for goods and services drops, business revenues decline, and eventually companies have to lay off workers to maintain profit margins. Often there isn't enough production to keep the workers busy. 3) Unfortunately, cyclical unemployment can become a self-fulfilling, downward spiral. That's because the newly unemployed now have less disposable income to spend. This further lowers demand and business revenue, leading to even more layoffs. Without intervention, this spiral will continue until supply has dropped to meet the lowered demand. Unfortunately, this may not happen until unemployment reaches 25%, as happened during the Great Depression. It could also take a decade, as the Depression did.

2. 失业对个人影响 1) Social Network: Unemployed people seldom get together with each other. Because of a lack of money and low self-esteem, they are often isolated from each other. Yet they need each other. Support groups of unemployed people can help. Together they can work together to understand the various feelings they experience, and the lack of energy which often accompanies prolonged unemployment. 2) Loss of skills: Because of the lost output involved. During a long period of unemployment, workers can lose their skills, causing a loss of human capital. 3) Loss of