...Evaluate the UK’s economic performance in recent decades from both an historical and international perspective. The UK has one of the largest and most globalised economies in the world. The UK was also the very first country to industrialise and historically for many decades was the leader of the global economy, however with the rises of China, United States, Germany and many others the UK has much less of a dominant role. Within recent decades the UK economy has faced many serious challenges, including three recessions in the early 80’s, early 90’s and late 00’s. Up until the onset of the recent financial crisis, output growth in the UK exceeded that in many other European countries. The UK’s economic performance remains one of the highest in Europe and it is still one of the most globalized countries in the world. Using 1980 as a base, in recent decades the economic output per head of population in Britain has risen giving significantly higher standards of living however the UK economy has been scarred by recession. The 80’s period saw great social, economic, and general change. Wealth and production progressively migrated to more newly industrialising economies. The early 1980s marked a severe global economic recession that affected much of the developed world. In the UK, the 1980s was a period of economic volatility. At the start of 1980, the biggest problem facing the UK was cost push inflation. In the late 1970s, UK inflation reached over 20%. This was caused by rising...
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...financial capabilities, especially for developing countries such as Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Reminiscence of few decades before, these progressive nations took out significant figures of loan packages to stimulate their economy expansion (examples). Unfortunately, this manner accompanies with a significant drawback; the ‘Debt Crisis’ that followed due to unpredictable economy fluctuation all around the world. A debt crisis deals with countries and their ability to repay borrowed funds; which include international lending, national economies and budgeting. The “Debt Crisis" definition have varied over time, the most common one – “when a national government cannot pay the debt it owes and seeks, as a result, some form of assistance” (eHow.com, 2012). An international debt crisis erupted in the early 1980s was “one of the most traumatic international financial disturbances” of the twentieth century (Cline, 1995). Nineteenth century’s debt crises plus far-flung nonpayment loans specifically in 1930s sternly interrupted capital flows to Latin America and Southern and Eastern Europe. Yet, offhanded 1980s debt crisis undoubtedly threatened the international banking system and many less developed countries. AIMS This paper will discuss the factors which lead to the notable 1980s debt crisis. At first, we will describe the economics background concerning 1970s and 1980s. Then, it follows by the factors; both from the debt’s demand and supply perspectives. On the demand side, the factors...
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...Katherine Suarez HIST 3191 America in the 1980s Professor Edwards December 19, 2017 The Legacy of the 1980s What is the legacy of the 1980s in 2017? What are the similarities and differences? How have we progressed, stagnated and/or declined since the 1980s? The tensions of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, global terrorism, the existence of AIDS and other great tragedies marked the 1980s. But it was also a time of great advances and discoveries such as the first PC or the Internet. In addition, it was the decade where artists like the king of pop, Michael Jackson, shone, and at international level, dictatorships ended in several Latin American countries and without a doubt the “Reagan era”. Reagan’s advocates...
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...| The Effects of the Economy on Divorce Rates | | | = | I. Introduction Divorce has become quite common over the last few decades in the United States, as well as in other industrialized countries. It is often discussed as a social problem or phenomenon, with its causes usually related to cultural and structural changes such as increased female labor force participation and legislation which makes divorce easier to obtain. Furthermore, divorce today has become more socially accepted, as individuality has become the dominant value in our capitalist society. Despite the social acceptance of divorce, I think most would agree with me in stating that divorce is not desirable, as it causes emotional, physical and financial strains not only on those directly involved, but on their children and extended families as well. In this paper, I investigate the relationship between divorce and economic cycles in the United States from 1950 to 2000. My intention is to discover whether and how divorce rates change in periods of economic recession, as compared to periods of economic growth. It is important to look into further trends in divorce rates, as its increase over time may not simply be an issue of social and cultural changes, but rather another one of the effects of the economy on the family unit in the United States. My hypothesis is that divorce rates will decrease in periods of economic growth, as a husband's increased income has been identified to have a stabilizing...
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...financial firms and more than a decade of economic growth.The implosion of the asset price bubble in Thailand triggered the contagion effect and led to sharp declines in stock prices throughout the region. The changes in the foreign exchange values of national currencies and a price changes of gold from 1970th until 1990th were often extremely large. The U.S. dollar price of gold increased from $40 an ounce at the beginning of the 1970s to nearly $1,000 an ounce at the end of that decade; at the end of the 1980s the price was $450, and at the end of the 1990s it was $283. In nowdays the price of gold is $1500 per ounce. A massive foreign exchange crisis involved the Mexican peso, the Brazilian cruzeiro, the Argentinean peso, and the currencies of many of the other developing countries in the early 1980s. The Finnish markka, the Swedish krona, the British pound, the Italian lira, and the Spanish peseta were devalued in the last six months of 1992. The number of bank failures during the 1980s and the 1990s was much, much larger than in any earlier decades. These financial crises and bank failures resulted from the implosion of the asset price bubbles or from the sharp depreciations of national currencies in the foreign exchange market; in some cases the foreign exchange crises triggered bank crises and in others the bank crises led to foreign exchange crises. These bank failures occurred in three different waves: the first at the beginning of the 1980s, the second at the beginning...
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...Music in the 1980’s Can you believe that in the 1980’s most men wore more makeup than the women? Both men and women wore spandex, fishnets, and had huge hair. Men and women both dressed alike and produced similar music. In the 1980’s music was affected by the iconic deaths of John Lennon and Bob Marley. One social event that affected 1980’s music was that 2 musical icons died in the beginning of the decade. Robert Nesta Marley also known as Bob Marley was one of them; he died from an overdose in 1981. Bob Marley was such a big icon because he stood up for what he believed in and didn’t take no for an answer. The other musical icon that died was John Lennon in 1980. He was a co-founder of the band The Beatles. He was a huge icon because he...
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...policies were pursued in the hope that government owned entities could produce private market outcomes, yet corporatisation and cutting of subsidies increased short-run unemployment rose from 6% in 1980 to 7.5% in 1989 (FRED 2014). Deregulation, which formed the nucleus of economic rationalism was active throughout this decade. In 1983, the Australian dollar was floated and exchange rate controls were abolished, making it susceptible to exchange rate movements overseas. The dollar stayed reasonably high at 91 to 89 cents per US dollar (RBA 2013) meaning we could access markets we couldn’t before through trade. Policy success in regards to deregulation was conflicting, with a high exchange rate it meant our export industries had to compete with cheaper imported options, and this led to high unemployment in manufacturing areas such as the motor vehicle and textile industries. Withers (1986, pp. 23) criticised deregulation advocates by stating rationalists assume “market forces typically unleash growth, whereas government regulations and expenditures impede growth”. With microeconomic reform in the 1980s, income inequality began to emerge, with the Gini coefficient variable rising from 0.26 in 1982 to 0.30 in 1988 (Treasury 2013), this would become a major issue in succeeding decades. Political parties also changed ideologies to converge, with...
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...Duran Duran: The Story Behind the Music When most people think about the 1980s, most of them either remember or read about the outrageous haircuts, the dubious fashion choices, and the popular music performers of that era. No musical group embodied the 1980s more than English pop group Duran Duran. Their popularity was immense, due to the fact that most of the members of the band were fashionably attractive and the music videos they produced to back up their songs were interesting and as visually stunning as the group members themselves. As popular as the band was with their many legions of fans, they were less than successful in gaining the acceptance of older musical critics of the time. The critics bluntly criticized the group’s efforts to produce decent music, at times belittling the band as a unit. Critics also criticized the band’s appeal to a younger fan base, often calling the band a novelty boy-band for pre-teens .The media at the time had a field day with the band as well. Much of the mass media coverage on the band had nothing to do with the music they produced, but with the music videos they made. Duran Duran was quickly dismissed as a video band by the critics and the media. Despite harsh criticism and less than credible media coverage, Duran Duran was a hugely successful band. They were international stars who sold millions of albums worldwide, have had number one hits all around the world, and have produced some of the most iconic...
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...The Hindu rate of growth is a derogatory term referring to the low annual growth rate of the planned economy of India before the liberalizations of 1991, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s, while per capita income growth averaged 1.3%. India’s economic performance during the first three decades since independence was christened the “Hindu” rate of growth, a term connoting a disappointing but not disastrous outcome The word "Hindu" in the term was used by some early economists to imply that the Hindu outlook of fatalism and contentedness was responsible for the slow growth. The later economists attribute the rate to the Government of India's protectionist and interventionist policies (see Licence Raj), rather than to a specific religion or to the attitude of the adherents of a particular religion. That cliché, of course, is gradually lapsing into disuse thanks to the remarkable transformation in India during the last two decades. Since 1980, its economic growth rate has more than doubled, rising from 1.7 percent (in per-capita terms) in 1950-1980 to 3.8 percent in 1980-2000 Until 1991, India’s policy makers followed misguided policies that closed the economy to international trade, erected inefficient industries under state guidance, riddled the private sector with extraordinarily cumbersome and detailed regulations, and suffocated private economic activity with controls and bureaucratic impediments. Then in 1991, the big breakthrough happened. Spurred by a...
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...economy of the South East Asia economic region, having the fourth largest and the 19th largest economy; it is an emerging economy that has increased international integration in recent decades. Although Indonesia has a large economy, it also has a very large population, estimated around 237million people in 2010. Having low standard of living with a national income of $3600 per person, this makes Indonesia rank 147th in the world for income level. This classifies it as a low-middle income economy by the World Bank. Indonesia’s low level of income means that it suffers from a relatively high incidence of poverty, around 30% of the population lives on less than $US1.25 per day. Indonesia suffers from low levels of economic development. According to the United Nations, Indonesia’s HDI of 0.734 is below 110 other economies. Income Inequality in Indonesia, as measured by its Gini index of 37.56, is similar to other economy in the region such as Malaysia and Vietnam. The distribution of income is more equal than in many countries, such as Thailand, the Philippines, or major economies such as China or the United States. This is part of the reason why Indonesia does better in international comparisons of economic development than it does in measures of income or economic growth. In previous decades, Indonesia was considered a developing economy, and later, as a newly industrialised economy. Indonesia is now considered as an emerging economy because of its strong growth performance...
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...China Economic Reform and Opening: Some Evidents from Guangdong Province In the late 1970s, China still a developing country three decades after a revolutionary regime change in 1949, was in dire need of systemic change. The decade-long debacle of the Cultural Revolution had just ended, leaving the economy dormant and the people physically and emotionally drained. At that time the new idea of opening the country to global contacts and influences after three decades of partly self-imposed isolation seemed a no less drastic measure to China’s leaders than the original policy of economic and social closure. Other new ideas were emerging as well. Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China’s openpolicy and economic reforms launched in 1978, outlined a fundamentally new approach to gradual societal change. Special zones established in 1979 and special economic zones were named in 1980. Before 1979, all the import and export products has to go to HK before enter in China. China was one of the fastest growing economies in the 1980s. The average annual growth rate of GDP for China from 1980-90 was 9.5%. The corresponding growth rate for the world as a whole was 3.1 percent (World Bank 1992, 221,. table 2). The growth rate for China in 1992 was 12.6 percent. The rapid growth in China is obviously related to its relentless pursuit of economic reform, which has unleashed productive forces previously suppressed by rigid central planning. One particularly important component of...
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...“ …Nursing science is that body of knowledge developed form questions raised by nurses and investigated by them, concerning the relationship of the human-health-environment” as Dr. Millar stated (George, 2011, p.11). The body of nursing science consists of theories, paradigms, and frameworks (George, 2011, p. 10). A nursing theory could be defined as “ a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific inter-relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing” Nursing theories are important since they provide the critical thinking structures to direct the clinical decision- making process of professional nursing practice. Nursing is as old as medicine, but nursing science began it began in late 1800s with Florence Nightingale’s writing. Florence Nightingale was recognized as first nurse theorist (1859) and Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing were presented as first theory of nursing and directed nursing for the past 150 years (George, 2011). Despite recognition of Nightingale as first nursing theorist and the most famous name in nursing, the first recognized nursing theory was not published until 1950s (by Hildegard Peplau). The nursing timeline could be seen as following: 1860- Florence Nightingale recommended to adjust environment to improve person’s health. She also...
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...gender roles, which eventually, led to social behavior that could be defined as being gender specific in nature. Over the years, these roles would transform to adapt to the expectations of society’s current males. One popular trend of gender roles that has been commonly studied is workplace roles. For decades, men were viewed as the sole provider; therefore, the wife’s duties did not exceed past her home. She was in charge of caring for her husband, their children, and their home. Men were supposed to go to work every day to provide for their family, adequately meet all of their needs, and be someone that his children can look up to. In the 1950’s, men were coming back from war, and the women had filled the positions left open by men going off to World War II. During the 1960’s, known as the hippie era, gender roles began developing in a more neutral and equal manner, “but media still tried to keep the traditional gender roles” (Throop, 2012). During the 1970’s, many men began to grow wary of the recently achieved power women had. This timeframe also experienced an increase in divorce. However, even after the increase in power, men were still paid more than women during the 1980’s. Throughout the 1990’s and 2000’s, women were still forced to deal with the pressures to take care of...
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...still does, love his cricket, but enjoys watching more or less any form of sport on the television-a habit that he has not strayed from for a long time, a habit he has maintained throughout the 1980’s. Australians has always been a sport-loving nation. For a country with a relatively small population, Australian athletes fared extremely well on the international scale. In this decade, coverage of Sport on TV evolved in leaps and bounds. The quality of TV had improved, and as a result, there was a great surge of popularity in the 80s for television. Ian, it seems, was no exception to the increase in television views (particularly the sporting channels). The 80’s was the time of Madonna and Michael Jackson; these two artists were extremely popular and presented a new style of music. Australian Music gained confidence in the 1980’s, and developed a distinct “Australian Rock” sound. The band Midnight Oil was popular, as was the internationally renowned INXS, who received Grammy nominations, MTV awards, and many top ten hits in the US and the UK. Ian, like most of the general public, was a great fan of Madonna and Michael Jackson. He was also a fan of Australian bands like INXS, AC/DC and Skyhooks. His tastes in music were rather mainstream, and conformed to what was popular during the decade. The release of CDs in 1982 revolutionised the way records could be produced; vinyl...
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...1980s teen movies The brat pack is a nickname given to young actors who appeared together in teen movies in the 1980s. The cast members of two specific films released in 1985, The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo's Fire. The members were Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Demi Moore, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, and Ally Sheedy. These movies reflected teenage life in America during the 80s because teens wanted to be like them. Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers. Teen films have been part of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s. The actors themselves were known to dislike the label. Many of their careers peaked in the middle of the 1980s but declined afterwards for various reasons. However, the films they starred in together are frequently referenced in popular culture and are regarded as some of the most influential of their time. 1980s music In the early 1980s, Michael Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. In 1982 Jackson combined his interests in songwriting and film when he contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The song, with Quincy Jones as its producer, won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children for 1983. Even more success came after the release of Thriller in late 1982. The album earned Jackson seven more Grammys and eight American Music Awards, including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it. “Thriller" was...
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