...1. What three numbering systems are used in computing? Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal 2. What is the BASE of Decimal? How many characters? 10 is the base of Decimal and its 10 characters. 3. What is the base of Binary? How many characters? 2 is the base of Decimal and its 2 characters 4. What number system is used for everyday math? Decimal 5. What number system is used to store data by computers? Binary 0 and 1 6. List the decimal to binary conversion methods. Binary conversion charts methods and Division by 2 methods 7. Practice Decimal to Binary conversion. 47÷ 2 = 23 with a reminder of 1 23 ÷2 = 11 with a reminder of 1 11 ÷ 2 = 5 with a reminder of 1 5 ÷ 2 = 2 with a reminder of 1 2 ÷ 2 = 2 with a reminder of 0 1 ÷ 2 = 1 with a reminder of 1 the Binary will be 101111 8. State the powers of 2 from exponent 0 through 7. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 9. What method can be used for Binary to Decimal conversion? The conversion charts methods. 10. Practice Binary to Decimal conversion. 10011 24 23 22 21 20 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 16 0 0 2 1 16 + 2 + 1 = 19 11. State the basic units of measurements for bytes...
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...Binary Decimal Octal and Hexadecimal number systems A number can be represented with different base values. We are familiar with the numbers in the base 10 (known as decimal numbers), with digits taking values 0,1,2,…,8,9. A computer uses a Binary number system which has a base 2 and digits can have only TWO values: 0 and 1. A decimal number with a few digits can be expressed in binary form using a large number of digits. Thus the number 65 can be expressed in binary form as 1000001. The binary form can be expressed more compactly by grouping 3 binary digits together to form an octal number. An octal number with base 8 makes use of the EIGHT digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7. A more compact representation is used by Hexadecimal representation which groups 4 binary digits together. It can make use of 16 digits, but since we have only 10 digits, the remaining 6 digits are made up of first 6 letters of the alphabet. Thus the hexadecimal base uses 0,1,2,….8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F as digits. To summarize Decimal : base 10 Binary : base 2 Octal: base 8 Hexadecimal : base 16 Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hex Numbers Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F Conversion of binary to decimal ( base 2 to base 10) Each position of binary digit can be replaced by an equivalent power of 2 as shown below...
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...Introduction to Binary Numbers How Computers Store Numbers Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. Most computer electronics use voltage levels to indicate their present state. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." Not all computer hardware uses voltage, however. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off." These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. The binary number system is a method of storing ordinary numbers such as 42 or 365 as patterns of 1's and 0's. Because of their digital nature, a computer's electronics can easily manipulate numbers stored in binary by treating 1 as "on" and 0 as "off." Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. How Binary Works The decimal number system that people use every day contains ten digits, 0 through 9. Start counting in decimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Oops! There are no more digits left. How do we continue counting with only ten digits? We add a second...
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...connection? What are the features of web browsers and plug-ins? ■ What are the Base 2, Base 10, and Base 16 number systems? How do you perform 8-bit-binary-to-decimal and decimal-to-8-bit-binary conversions? How do you perform simple conversions between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers? How are IP addresses and network masks represented in binary form? How are IP addresses and network masks represented in decimal form? ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Key Terms This chapter uses the following key terms. You can find the definitions in the Glossary: Internet page 4 page 4 parallel port serial port page 10 page 10 enterprise network Internet service provider (ISP) page 6 personal computers (PCs) page 7 page 8 mouse port page 10 keyboard port page 10 Universal Serial Bus (USB) port expansion slots page 10 page 11 page 10 central processing unit (CPU) random-access memory (RAM) page 9 disk drive page 9 hard disk page 9 network interface card (NIC) video card page 11 input/output devices (I/O) page 9 motherboard memory chip page 9 page 9 sound card page 11 jack page 14 local-area network (LAN) page 14 continues 2 Networking Basics CCNA 1 Companion Guide continued Ethernet page 14 plug-and-play page 16 page 17 page 17 web browser page 26 web servers page 26 binary digit (bit) page 26 byte page 26 bits per second (bps) networking devices Media Access Control (MAC) address page 19 servers page...
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...Printed in September of 2000. Illustrations reworked in standard graphic (eps and jpeg) format. Source files translated to Texinfo format for easy online and printed publication. • Third Edition: Printed in February 2001. Source files translated to SubML format. SubML is a simple markup language designed to easily convert to other markups like A LTEX, HTML, or DocBook using nothing but search-and-replace substitutions. • Fourth Edition: Printed in March 2002. Additions and improvements to 3rd edition. ii Contents 1 NUMERATION SYSTEMS 1.1 Numbers and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Systems of numeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Decimal versus binary numeration . . . . . . . 1.4 Octal and hexadecimal numeration . . . . . . 1.5 Octal and hexadecimal to decimal conversion . 1.6 Conversion from decimal numeration . . . . . ....
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...VOCATIONAL HIGHER SECONDARY TEACHER’S SOURCE BOOK COMPUTER SCIENCE FIRST YEAR Government of Kerala Department of Education SCERT - 2005-06 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING Vidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12 Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT) Vidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12 Kerala E-mail:scertkerala@asianetindia.com Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab. © Government of Kerala Education Department 2005 P REFACE Dear Teachers, Computer Science is concerned with the gathering, manipulation, classification, storage and retrival of knowledge. Understanding Computer Science, is necessary because of its power and influence in modern society. Learning of Computer Science should be activity based, process oriented, student-centred, environmental based and life oriented. The approach to learning is based on five domains of science: Knowledge domain, process domain, application and connection domain, domain of attitudes and values and creativity domain. But we know that most of the present vocational higher secondary teachers are not familiar with this paradigm. Hence for the first time we are introducing sourcebooks for all the subjects in the vocational higher secondary curriculum. This source book for computer science aims to provide guidelines to the teachers of our state to change their pedagogy from the conventional content-based approach to the process...
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...Exercise1.4.1 What is the ASCII hexadecimal code for a blank space? Why is it necessary to represent a blank space as a separate character in text? A) 0000 B) Defines ascII symbol table Exercise1.4.2 Using Microsoft Word or Excel, create a chart similar to Table 1-3 for the hexadecimal codes for the numbers from 0 through 0) 0000 1) 0001 2) 0010 3) 0011 4) 0100 5) 0101 6) 0110 7) 0111 8) 1000 9) 1001 Exercise1.4.3 What are the binary and decimal values of the ASCII letter K? Show the steps of the conversion. decimal | binary | 75 | 01001011 | Exercise1.4.4 Use the web to explore the origin of the Universal Character Set (UCS)—ISO/IEC 10646—and explain why it was developed. And contrast this system with ASCII. What is the relationship of ASCII to the UCS encoding? A) For communication and exchange of electronic information B) The way they encode each character and the number of bits used Exercise1.4.5 Use the web to explore the application of UTF-8 text encoding. What features are provided by UTF-8 that is not provided by ASCII? Why was it chosen to replace ASCII as the standard for the web? A) A variable with encoding that can represent every character in the Unicode character set B) Utf-8 functions better on the web C) It can translate foreign languages Lab Review 1.4 1...
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...1 – Introduction to Computer Concepts History of Computer * Often referred to the different generations of computing devices. * The circuitry is smaller and more advanced than previous generation. * First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes * Often enormous, very expensive, use a great deal of electricity and generate a lot of heat. * E.g., UNIVAC, ENIAC * Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors * Computers are smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. * Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits * Miniaturized Transistors were placed on silicon chips called semiconductors. * Increased speed and efficiency. * Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors * Thousands of Integrated Circuits (IC) were onto a silicon chip. * Computers are more powerful and linked to networks. * Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence * Uses parallel processing, quantum computation and nano-technology. * Respond to natural language input and capable of learning and self-organization. Computer Literacy * Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses. Computer * An electronic device that transform input into output. Information Processing Cycle * Is a series of Input, Process, Output and Storage. Components of a Computer * Input, Process, Output, Storage and Communication Computer Systems * It has data inputs, processes that transform data...
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...N E L L D A L E J O H N L E W I S illuminated computer science J O N E S A N D B A RT L E T T C O M P U T E R S C I E N C E computer science illuminated N E L L D A L E J O H N L E W I S computer science illuminated N E L L D A L E J O H N Villanova University L E W I S University of Texas, Austin Jones and Bartlett Publishers is pleased to provide Computer Science Illuminated’s book-specific website. This site offers a variety of resources designed to address multiple learning styles and enhance the learning experience. Goin’ Live This step-by-step HTML Tutorial will guide you from start to finish as you create your own website. With each lesson, you’ll gain experience and confidence working in the HTML language. Online Glossary We’ve made all the key terms used in the text easily accessible to you in this searchable online glossary. The Learning Store Jones and Bartlett Publishers has a wealth of material available to supplement the learning and teaching experience. Students and instructors will find additional resources here or at http://computerscience. jbpub.com The Language Library Here you will find two complete chapters that supplement the book’s language-neutral approach to programming concepts. A JAVA language chapter and C++ language chapter are included and follow the same pedagogical approach as the textbook. http://csilluminated.jbpub.com eLearning Our eLearning center provides chapter-specific...
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...CCNA Portable Command Guide Second Edition Scott Empson Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA ii CCNA Portable Command Guide, Second Edition Scott Empson Copyright© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America First Printing July 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Empson, Scott. Portable command reference / Scott Empson. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-58720-193-6 (pbk.) 1. Computer networks--Examinations--Study guides. 2. Internetworking (Telecommunication)--Examinations--Study guides. 3. Electronic data processing personnel--Certification. I. Title. TK5105.5.E4352 2007 004.6--dc22 2007023863 ISBN-13: 978-1-5872-0193-6 ISBN-10: 1-58720-193-3 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Certified Cisco Networking Associate (CCNA) exam and the commands needed at this level of network administration. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided...
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...INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION 1 Compiled By: RONKY F. DOH (aka: ronky biggy diggy daddy igp) FU DAME TALS OF COMPUTERS We are living in an information age dependent upon digital information. Digital information is electronic information, the result of computer processing. Every type of job relies upon getting information, using it, managing it, and relaying information to others. Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. Do not think of a computer merely as the machine with the keyboard and the mouse, although that might be true for some types of computers. Embedded computers may be inside your household appliances, the video cassette recorder, the automobile, planes, trains, power plants, water purification plants, calculators, and even inside a few toys. These embedded computers are very small. They affect our lives each day. Why, even modern traffic lights operate with computers. They are all around us. Think of additional ways in which computers affect our lives each day. Every organization somehow use(s) a computer to run the organization. Some of the places are hospitals, schools, fire department, banks, stores or supermarkets, stock exchange, police department, insurance companies, transport companies, and government agencies etc. What is a computer? A computer is many things to many people, depending on what it is being used for. At one time the computer can be a machine which processes the payroll, then it can be a machine which tabulates...
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...CCNA Portable Command Guide Second Edition Scott Empson Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA ii CCNA Portable Command Guide, Second Edition Scott Empson Copyright© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America First Printing July 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Empson, Scott. Portable command reference / Scott Empson. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-58720-193-6 (pbk.) 1. Computer networks--Examinations--Study guides. 2. Internetworking (Telecommunication)--Examinations--Study guides. 3. Electronic data processing personnel--Certification. I. Title. TK5105.5.E4352 2007 004.6--dc22 2007023863 ISBN-13: 978-1-5872-0193-6 ISBN-10: 1-58720-193-3 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Certified Cisco Networking Associate (CCNA) exam and the commands needed at this level of network administration. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The author...
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...the essentials of Linda Null and Julia Lobur JONES AND BARTLETT COMPUTER SCIENCE the essentials of Linda Null Pennsylvania State University Julia Lobur Pennsylvania State University World Headquarters Jones and Bartlett Publishers 40 Tall Pine Drive Sudbury, MA 01776 978-443-5000 info@jbpub.com www.jbpub.com Jones and Bartlett Publishers Canada 2406 Nikanna Road Mississauga, ON L5C 2W6 CANADA Jones and Bartlett Publishers International Barb House, Barb Mews London W6 7PA UK Copyright © 2003 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Cover image © David Buffington / Getty Images Illustrations based upon and drawn from art provided by Julia Lobur Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Null, Linda. The essentials of computer organization and architecture / Linda Null, Julia Lobur. p. cm. ISBN 0-7637-0444-X 1. Computer organization. 2. Computer architecture. I. Lobur, Julia. II. Title. QA76.9.C643 N85 2003 004.2’2—dc21 2002040576 All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Chief Executive Officer: Clayton Jones Chief Operating Officer: Don W. Jones, Jr. Executive V.P. and Publisher: Robert W. Holland, Jr. V.P., Design and Production: Anne Spencer V.P., Manufacturing and...
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...Excel 2010 Microsoft ® ® ® Formulas John Walkenbach BONUS CD-ROM! Includes all Excel workbook files used in the book, plus the complete book in a searchable PDF file Excel® 2010 Formulas by John Walkenbach Excel® 2010 Formulas Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 7486011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks...
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...COMPUTER CAPSULE Dear Readers, We are presenting you the Computer Capsule. As per our commitments towards the needs of every student, this capsule contains all the important facts and details that can be asked in the Upcoming Exams IBPS Exams. We are starting this with the introduction of the Syllabus. Let us begin now : Syllabus of The Computer Section 1. Fundamentals of the Computer : i) Hardware and Software ii) Memory and Memory Units iii) Number System 2. Internet 3. Microsoft Office (MS-Office) 4. Networking 5. DBMS (Database Management System) 6. Programming Languages 7. Full Forms/Abbreviations and Important Terms 8. Shortcut Keys 9. Miscellaneous (Latest in Computers and Mobile Technology) Distribution Of Marks In IBPS Exams 1. Fundamentals 2. MS-Office 3. 4. Full Forms/Abbreviations Important Terms 5. Shortcut Keys 6. Internet 7. Networking 8. DBMS 9. Programming Languages Miscellaneous 10. www.bankersadda.com | www.careerpower.in 16-17 Marks 3-4 Marks | www.sscadda.com Page 1 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS A Computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the...
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