...Decision Making Across the Organization ACC/561 University of Phoenix Decision Making Across the Organization Every company must make decisions regarding different aspects of the business. The individuals that make these decisions must be informed properly on all options and must collaborate with other decision makers within the company to make the best decision for the company. The following will review a decision by the Martinez Company to introduce a new product using either the capital-intensive or labor-intensive method of manufacturing. In order to make the right decision for the Martinez Company, management must first calculate the break-even point in annual unit sales for each method. This will give management an idea of which method may be better to use when manufacturing the new product. The following shows the break-even calculations for each method: Capital-intensive method Total Fixed Cost = 2508000+502000 = 3010000 Contribution Margin Per Unit = Selling Price –Variable Costs = 30 -5 - 6 - 3 - 2 = $14 Breakeven Point in Unit Sales = 3010000/14 = 215000 Units Labor-intensive method Total Fixed Cost = 1538000+502000 = 2040000 Contribution Margin Per Unit = Selling Price –Variable Costs = 30 -5.5 - 8 - 4.5 - 2 = $10 Breakeven Point in Unit Sales = 2040000/10 = 204000 Units The results of the above calculations show that by using the labor-intensive method the Martinez Company will reach the break-even point 11,000 units sooner...
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...Name: Zaheed Diwan Address: 127 Allerton Drive, Schaumburg, Illinois, 60194. Phone: (310) 357 4218 Email: zzdiwan@hotmail.com Instructor: Mae Hicks Jones Outline: Section | Description | Title Page | Leadership and Organizational Behavior in Action – J.P.Morgan case study. | Introduction | An overview of the organization and my role in it. | Problem Statement | How is any problem identified & analyzed, and how effectively are decisions taken, necessary changes communicated & implemented, to avoid any repercussions? | Analysis | Detailed analysis of the problem statement. * Identification & Analysis of a problem * Effective Decision Making * Identifying and Implementing Changes * Communications | Solutions | Identification and critical evaluation of potential workable solutions to the problem. | Reflection | Statement about how this assignment influenced my personal, academic, and professional leadership and managerial development. | References & Literature Review. | Reference to Scholarly reviews during the analysis. | * Overview of the Organization: (Source: Google Images) The Organization that will be the topic of discussion for this project paper is J.P.Morgan Chase & Co. & Co. (India operations are under J.P. Morgan Services India Private ltd). J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. is a leader in financial services, offering solutions to clients, in more than 100 countries with one of the most comprehensive global...
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...COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (CBIS) IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR: A STUDY OF PROCUREMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, USE AND EVALUATION A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY KHUSHDEEP KUMAR DHARNI (Regn No. 9040751) SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES THAPAR UNIVERSITY (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) PATIALA – 147002 PUNJAB – INDIA February 2010 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to Almighty for enabling me to come through this task and bow to my Gurudev Shri Swami Vidyanand Ji for being the source of enlightenment in my life. I am indebted to my revered supervisors, Dr. R.K. Sharma, Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor, School of Mathematics and Computer Applications, Thapar University, Patiala, and Dr. Ravi Kiran, Associate Professor School of Management and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala for their pertinent guidance, prudent advice and encouragement in the accomplishment of this research work. Both supervisors have made the writing of this thesis the most rewarding experience of my life. I am thankful to Dr. D.S. Bawa for guiding me at the start of this research work. I express my regards to Dr. Santha Kumari, Associate Professor and Head, School of Management and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala for providing inspiration and ingenuous suggestions. It‟s a pleasure to express my regards to Dr. Abhijit Mukherjee, Director, Thapar University, Patiala and Dr. Susheel Mittal...
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... The successful implementation of strategy takes more time than its formulation. This can challenge managers’ attention to execution details. The longer time frame can also detract from managers’ attention to strategic goals. Controls must be set to provide feedback and keep management abreast of external “shocks” and changes. The process of execution must be dynamic and adaptive, responding to unanticipated events. This imperative challenges managers responsible for execution. * Execution involves many people. Strategy implementation always involves more people than strategy formulation. This presents problems. Communication down the organization or across different functions becomes a challenge. Making sure that processes throughout the organization support strategy execution efforts can be problematical in a large organization. Linking strategic objectives with the day-to-day objectives at different organizational levels and locations becomes a challenging task. The larger the...
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...international business. Identify basic views of managerial leadership in international business. Discuss the nature of managerial decision making in international business. Describe group dynamics and discuss how teams are managed across cultures. CHAPTER SUMMARY Chapter 15 examines the behavior of managers and employees in different cultures, and the impact of managerial behavior on international business. The chapter begins with a discussion of Hofstede’s work concerning individual behavioral differences, and then relates his ideas to motivation, leadership, and decision making. Finally, issues related to creating and managing cross-cultural teams are discussed. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Individual differences are reflected in personality traits. Attitudes, perception, creativity, and stress also are factors in influencing individual behavior. Personality Differences across Cultures • Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. Both biological factors and environmental factors are believed to be important influences on personality. It is important for international managers to recognize the existence of these differences and how they affect individual behavior. • Five personality traits are especially important in organizations. The “big five” personality traits are agreeableness (the ability of a person to get along with others); conscientiousness (the order...
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...Introduction Day by day, the decentralization of decision making in present-day organizations is rising. It is an undeniable fact that the decision making tactics have evolved through time and they are beneficial not only for modern day global organizations but also for the employees’ productivity. It is an inevitable approach for that type of organizations as they have several departments across the world, and as for employees, autonomy at making their own decisions leads to motivation and empowerment. Main body International contemporary organizations operate across the world with several departments or divisions and they certainly require a more decentralized structure. A new unit opens in a different geographic region and in order to perform with success, it operates as an independent entity. The reason for this independence comes with the idea that the needs in every region differ. Zoghi and Mohr (2011, p.688) state that ‘as the size and the scope of the business grow, it becomes increasingly difficult to possess and process all the relevant information and make decisions.’ Top managers of a national firm choose to distribute the decision control among employers with lower business position, as these employers know at firsthand what the needs of their working area are. The assigned group of workers can efficiently decide what the best solution to a problem is, what changes need to be made, and adapt to the consumer needs of their area. As far as the employees’ side...
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...Topic: Decision Support Systems for Supply Chain Management and Design A. Summary: Supply chain management (SCM) has evolved to become an integral part of the operations management. SCM can have tremendous impact on organizational performance in terms of cost, quality, flexibility an responsiveness in the global market. Companies are investing in data driven decision support application frameworks to help then response to the changing market condition and customer needs. A more defined organizational structure, performance metrics and decision support systems (DSS) in SCM is required to create competitive advantages for an organization. Since Information Technology/Information System (IT/IS) is an integral component of SCM, DSS is inevitable in making available the right information at the right time so that managers can make timely and more accurate decisions. However, there is no best known DSS type that is required to effectively manage a supply chain. A properly designed DSS will help decision makers to extract useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge and/or business models with the objective of identifying and solving problems, and making decisions. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized information system that supports business and organizational decision-making activities. The DSS in supply chain management can be a model, communication, data, document and knowledge driven. Three fundamental components of DSS...
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...or a particular business only? Information Technology develops rapidly, because changes in these technologies are making the people’s lives easier. There’s a growing need for information in market and the competition of handling information. Some businesses needs to improve their ability and capability to handle big data or information. Data warehousing evolved and plays a big or essential role in the storage, information management and to support strategic reporting and analytics of companies. Businesses are investing to integrate their daily operations to be contained in their data warehouse. Businesses aims for a growth to their competitive advantage compared to other organizations. Some of these competitive advantages includes data warehousing, data mining and predictive analytics to be applied with effective use of Information Technology. Data warehouse is designed to support decision making for leaders or owners of an organization. Data warehouse is truly important for which it gives or share all data by every department of an organization that allows decision making in order to achieve good analysis which will help better the organization’s business situation to improve their current operational processes. Data mining is a process that assists data warehouse to dig and analyze big sets of data and extracting the data. It allows organizations to make proactive and effective results. It is simply a process that involves searching, analyzing, filtering, collecting...
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...which an organization divides its tasks and then coordinates them. It defines the firms’ decision-making authority and serves as the connecting fiber between the company’s strategy and the actions and behaviour of its members. An organization structure designates formal reporting relationships, encompassing the number of levels in the hierarchy and the span of control held by managers and supervisors; identifies groupings of individuals into specific positions, work units, teams, departments, division and others as well as the groupings of these submits into the total organization. Organization structure is reflected in the organization chart. The organization chart is the virtual representation of a whole set of underlying activities and processes in an organization. It can be quite useful in understanding how a company works. It’s also shows the various parts of an organization, how they are interrelated, and how each position and department fits into the whole. The concept of an organization chart – showing what positions exist, how they are grouped, and who reports to whom. Several Dimensions of Organization Structure and Design Chain of Command An unbroken line of authority that links all persons in an organization and shows who reports to whom. It is associated with two underlying principles. Unity of Command – each employee is held accountable to only one supervisor. Scalar Principle –refers to a clearly defined line of authority in the organization that includes...
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...objectives, performance and stakeholders. The authors investigate the origins of certain variables that affect the ethical values of an organization. In addition, a review is performed on how both ethics along with these variables contribute to the success of the organization with respect to quality and quantity of output. A link is established between power, ethics and commitment to productivity. Brickley, J.A., Smith , C.W. & Zimmerman, J.L. (2002). Business ethics and organizational architecture. Journal of Banking and Finance, 26 (9), 1821-1835. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00193-0 This journal implies that there is potential for a balance between economics and business ethics in several instances. One instance is found in the presumptions of how organizational members make decisions and from what ethical foundation they are considered? In addition, the importance of the union between business ethics and organizational structure is visited considering their value to the motivation of the internal stakeholders. The journal explores another instance where there may be a balance between business ethics and economics by evaluating an organization’s brand name capital and value with consideration to its ethical behavior. There are also elements in this writing that observe the responsibilities managers of an organization have in...
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...Compensation Pratice: Google Compensation Practice Tiyauna Walden Lezlie Banks Compensation Management February 5, 2013 Abstract Google operates on having competitive pay amongst its competitors. As well as being paying at the highest levels within its markets. With Google making the decision to invest all of this money into its employees a lot of time and research had to be put into the investment. Although, the time and research was thought out there are always pros and cons to the decision. The company can be positively impacted and or negatively impacted. As well, as the employees themselves. Introduction All organizations have a compensation plan, written or unwritten, formal or informal. For some organizations, the purpose of that plan may be merely to meet compliance requirements. For other organizations, the goal of the compensation plan may be to attract qualified employees, to retain those employees, and to motivate employees to direct their efforts towards achieving the goals of the organization. Regardless of the goal, size and complexity of a compensation plan, there are generally many easily-identified elements to any compensation plan. Before an organization actually develops a compensation plan, there are several questions that need to be answered. Taking the time to consider and answer these questions will make the both the process of developing and administering a compensation plan much easier and will result in the development of a compensation...
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...all well managed organizations across the globe. The necessity of such reporting systems is going to increase in future as the market-place become highly competitive and organization functions become more complicated and inter-twined. This fact also brings to fore the necessity of a common control framework to monitor this system so that it can contribute effectively and efficiently to the pre-determined organizational goals. What is Cost & Management Accounting Reporting Systems? Cost Accounting Reporting System deals with the process of tracking, measuring, recording and classifying the appropriate allocation of expenditure (financial and non-financial) for the determination of the cost of product or service in an organization and for the presentation of suitably arranged data for the purpose of control and guidance of management ( Horngren et al, 2010). Costs are measured in terms of Direct Costs, Indirect Costs and Overhead / Absorbed Costs. Managers use cost accounting to support decision making to reduce a company's costs of products and services and improve its profitability. Management Accounting Reporting System is concerned with the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of financial and non-financial information used by managers to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources to managers within organizations, to provide them...
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...PROPOSAL Introduction Business organizations both financial and non-financial institution adopting information technology at astonishing rate in delivering good service as the end state to satisfying their customer. Dependence and interdependence of this organization on information technology have increased this as well increase the consequence of IT risks. IT has become more and more central to business over the past decade but many enterprise organizations have not yet modify their processes for making key decisions related to IT and IT risks. Literature The research tailored to analysis IT risk management approach and the business impact. Including the integration of enterprise risks management in the organization. This is totally different from traditional risk management. The integrations refer to modifying the IT-operations approach, adjusting its capital structure and focus on engaging the right financial instruments. There are key areas enterprise risk management integration will address. The first is that, it integrates and coordinates all the various risks type across the entire organization. Thereby, risk management cannot be managed in silo rather all the risk that occurred in the entire ICT environment must be managed and approach in an enterprise way. Second, using enterprise risk management makes it possible for users to easily identify any potential incident that may affect the organization. Moreover, this makes decision taken to curb such risks in parallel...
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...Running head: DECISION MAKING Decision Making Bonnie K. Hinsdale Grand Canyon University BUS 660 November 24, 2010 Decision Making The purpose of this paper is to explore how a company can become an analytic competitor. Questions as to what are the sources of Decision Making to an analytic competitor will also be discussed. A discussion on how influential quantitative modeling is and its utility in business decision making will be summarized. Finally, a Christian view that presents an ethical perspective on quantitative modeling and decision making will be presented. In an ever increasing global environment, maintaining a competitive advantage can be sustained through quantitative modeling, which can make a company a viable analytic competitor. How Can a Company Become and Be an Analytics Competitor Competitors make it increasingly more difficult to maintain a strategic competitive advantage when exclusive technologies, products and services can be duplicated (Davenport, Cohen & Jacobson, 2005). Organizations are now framing their strategies to accomplish optimization of “key business processes”: serving optimal customers, optimize supply chains, and understand and create optimal financial performance (Davenport, et al., 2005, p. 1). Optimization strategies demand that organizations now gather extensive data and perform extensive analysis that will guide executives in the decision-making process. The data and the analysis...
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...departmentalization High level of centralization Jobs are narrow and highly specialized Best used for creating specific, uniform products Advantages High efficiency Little redundancy Uniformity of control Simple Inexpensive Allows for rapid decision making Specialization of labor Disadvantages Inflexible Insensitive to subtle differences across products, region and clients Little decision making authority Communication between functional areas may be difficult Forces accountability to the top Minimized career development opportunities Sometimes comes with low employee morale Poor delegation of authority Inadequate panning for products and markets Types of Environments (in which might be used) Best for stable or predictable environments Well suited for organizations with single or dominant core products DIVISIONAL (pp.162-166, Chapter 4 PPT slides and class notes) Nature of Design Workflow departmentalization Decentralized - Low level of centralization Semi-autonomous Advantages Flexible and innovative Sensitive to subtle differences across products, regions and clients Creates career development opportunities for managers Leads to a competitive climate within an organization Allows new business and products to be added much easier Accountability is clear See immediate results of performance Morale is generally higher Disadvantages Not as efficient because of the redundancy associated with each group Lack...
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