...Using a conceptual framework in setting accounting standards Ian Dennis Business School Oxford Brookes University Abstract The paper examines the nature and role of a conceptual framework for financial reporting. Although much has been written about such frameworks and their purported role and the FASB and IASB are currently revising and converging their frameworks there are still questions about the kind of thing it is and how it is used in setting accounting standards. Using insights from the philosophical literature this paper considers the nature of the statements that appear in the chapters of the conceptual framework on objectives and qualitative characteristics. It then considers how these statements are used by standard setters in reasoning towards accounting standards. The kind of reasoning involved and the type of statements that are used in such reasoning is examined. The idea that some of the statements in the conceptual framework express desires that are to be fulfilled by financial reporting regulated by accounting standards is explored. These should be conceived as expressing general desires that are used in practical or instrumental reasoning towards accounting standards rather than as universal desires that enable the deduction of such standards. The need for the exercise of judgement in such reasoning is explored. The nature of the other statements in the conceptual framework is ambiguous. They are sometimes taken to be empirical statements about...
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...Girls’ Physical Director Job Description A. Identification Analysis Date | September 15, 2011 | Department | Athletics | Number of Employees | 34 (18 female, 16 male) | Promotion | Director of Physical Program Services | Initial Wage | $30,000 | Period of Training Required | 2 day overnight retreat | Number of Immediate Supervisor | Victor Manuel Ayala | Name of Analyst | Melissa González Montañez | B. Position Summary The Girls’ Physical Director manages all functions necessary to efficiently operate a well-organized and successful girls’ athletics program. The Girls’ Physical Director is the program coordinator for the Healthy Living Club, a nutritional program focused on healthy eating and being physically active. In addition, this position holds primary responsibility for program budgeting, part-time employee supervision, database management, and equipment inventory and management. The Girls’ Physical Director works directly with parents of club members and volunteers and is responsible for developing and fostering interpersonal relationships with them in order to promote a positive community environment. The Girls’ Physical Director is also expected to lead and motivate all subordinate staff members and child members of the club. C. Job Duties The Girls’ Physical Director typically: * Arranges and coordinates all scheduling, management, program budgeting, equipment dispersal and travel arrangements for girls’ sports teams...
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...This is a constant issue with things like moneyed interests, lobbyists, 24 hour news networks, the internet, hearsay and in current affairs; election polls. Who's numbers are we to believe? Who's viewpoints are we to accept? It's a tough call especially considering the 24 hour news cycles and misinformation and even intentionally disinformation. The best way to tackle these things is first to verify the credentials of the source and see if it seems reliable. Next, verify that the information seems pragmatically appropriate and apply Occam's Razor. After that scan for logical fallacies. The final point is the most subjective, which is align yourself with news outlets that you find to be more trustworthy and representative of quality data. At the end of the day even the most trusted news source could end up being verifiably wrong, but by taking a pragmatic, hard-science approach to the issues we value and the news we receive we can help minimize the frequency that our trusted news outlets are incorrect. For a more interactive person you can also do more fact checking, but even then fact checking is interpretive as well. For example, I love politifact, but their conclusions are still based in interpretation of data rather than the raw data itself, even though they are really good about it. How do I consider information to lack validity?... Well logical fallacies present in an argument are usually red flags, but we can't assume the data is wrong just because...
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...Logical Fallacies Fallacies are all around us. We see fallacies on the television, newspapers, and radio. People around the world experience logical fallacies on almost a daily basis. A fallacy is defined as “errors or flaws in reasoning” (Axelrod and Cooper 620).Fallacies used in advertisements are; band wagon, begging the question, confusing chronology with casualty, either-or reasoning, equivocating, failing to accept the burden of proof, false analogy, hasty generalization, overreliance on authority, oversimplifying, personal attack, red herring, slanting, slippery slope, sob story, straw man. I have gathered four advertisements that have fallacies. The fallacies are slippery slope, overreliance on authority, and hasty generalization. My first finding is an advertisement with the fallacy slippery slope. The advertiser tells people “Use this 3D White collection together and get a noticeably whiter smile in just two days”. Slippery slope is defined as pretending that one thing inevitable leads to another (Axelrod and Cooper 621). The advertisement has the celebrity Shakira smiling with beautiful white teeth. It has three Crest 3D White products a toothbrush, mouthwash, and toothpaste. Advertiser say’s “Reveal your inner rock star with a 3D White smile”. Also, it claims that “life opens up with a whiter smile”. This advertisement is pretending that life will be better if people use its products. It will also supposedly make your teeth glamorous white. The toothbrush...
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...What Are Logical Fallacies? Unknown AIU Online What Are Logical Fallacies? There are two different kinds of reasoning in philosophy. One uses the logical synthesis of two or more true statements, it is called deductive reasoning. The other generalizes by observing a number of specific examples, it is called inductive reasoning. (Carroll, 2000) Both deductive and inductive reasoning requires us to use sound logic to reach valid conclusions. Without the use of this logic errors can occur, which in philosophy are called logical fallacies. Mere Assertion The first logical fallacy I am going to define is mere assertion. This is an argument of opinion. There is no guarantee that what you say will be expected. But all opinions whether they are believed to be true or not must be supported by evidence. Here is an example of a mere assertion fallacy. My cats love me because they sleep on my bed. Also when I open their cat food they come running, so they must love me. Both of these statements are not supported by evidence. They are just statements of opinion that I believe to be truth. Circular Reasoning The second logical fallacy I am going to define is circular reasoning. This is an argument where your conclusion and premise are the same. It is an argument that asks you to simply accept the conclusion without real evidence. Also it can be an argument that simply ignores an important assumption. So to avoid this fallacy you cannot...
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...Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) (Deductive reasoning, 2010). Inductive reasoning is or induction, is reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations. Being able to reason and identify one’s own and other’s delusions is the center of critical thinking. The two methods of reasoning are deductive and inductive. An example of deductive thinking is all rectangles are squares. All squares have four sides. In deductive reasoning, logical thinking leads to conclusions. In inductive reasoning, conclusions are drawn because of evidence that is often used to categorize the same people in that group. An example of inductive reasoning is all birds that have been seen are black. Therefore, all birds are black. Critical thinking in the workplace daily and is also very important. If one’s workplace is changing structure, all styles of thinking will come into play. For example, democrats have held the seats of the legislature for more than a decade. In January 2011, republicans will take over the seats of the legislature. Thinking styles on both sides are much different and will come into play. The creative thinking styles come into play by brainstorming the types of legislation that republicans will want to pass. Republicans will wonder how to persuade other members to vote for their legislation. Republicans...
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...iv) Recognize and define problems * Assess the validity of statements and arguments Reason as a Way of Knowing * Deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Logical fallacies * Informal reasoning “All generalizations are false – including this one” Henry David Thoreau, 1817 – 62 “Logic (n) is the art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding.” Ambrose Bierce, 1842 – 1914 Deductive Reasoning * Any from of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific. * In deductive reasoning, an argument is made based on two facts, or premises. If the premises are true, then it should follow that the conclusion of the argument must also be true Politicians * “High taxes are putting people out of work (general premise). Tax cuts are a better policy (premise 2). Tax cuts will give people jobs (reason)” “Logic is the beginning of wisdom, Valeris, not the end.” Spock, STAR TREK Deductive Reasoning * Deduction is the process of reasoning from two general premises, or things that are known, to a specific conclusion. These three parts are : A . Major premise : Raising taxes will put people out of work B. Minor premise : I will not raise taxes C . Conclusion : People will not lose jobs * Hw Read / Take notes page 68 – 73 Qualities of a Deductive It has two premises that provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion by providing support for it that is so strong...
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...well rested every night if I go to bed at 8. This logic is fallible because some nights I may wake up in the middle of the night and others I may sleep throughout. Another example I use a lot with inductive thinking pertains to World of Warcraft. Player A has awesome stats on his gear. Better gear with higher stats mean better players. Therefore Player A is an awesome player. With that assumption one does not simply know. Deductive reasoning is basing decisions from more fact then generalization. For example, if I do not eat, I will be hungry. Therefore I must eat to not be hungry. Another good example of deductive reasoning used on a daily base is I dirty dishes when I eat. The dishes will pile up in the sink. Therefore I will have a sink full of dishes when I eat. This is also partly false because sometimes one does not use the same amount of dishes. The body uses deductive reasoning on its own. One does not simply think to oneself I must breathe right now. It is a built in mechanism that the brain has learned through logic. Other example of deductive reasoning is I want to make more money....
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...Mid-Term Assignment Penny S. Weaver Kaplan University Mid-Term Assignment 1. What are the methods of inquiry & how are they used in criminal investigation? After researching through the chapters that we have been reading, I believe that the methods of inquiry is basically finding out and utilizing the concepts of the five W’s. I do believe after all of the reading that they are the: who, what, when, where, why, and also how a crime was committed. You basically using what I call the five methods to reconstructing a crime that has been committed. As an investigator, it would be my responsibility to use the five methods to the fullest of my potential along with gut instinct and plain common sense. Of course using your gut instinct and common sense will get to certain places, you always have go with the evidence that you have because that is what a case is mainly about. Evidence, such as DNA, is rock solid along with fingerprints. I believe that when you are using the methods of inquiry that you are really gathering facts and evidence for a case that you are investigating. Using the methods of inquiry is how I believe that an investigator would use to gather all of the information that is needed to find out what type of crime was committed, who committed the crime, when did the crime take place, where did the crime take place, why did this crime happened and also how did the crime happen. You are reconstructing a crime, so you have to have all of the facts...
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...PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz Click below link for Answers http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 Question 1 Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique. • A. means-end analysis • B. reasoning-by-analogy • C. gestalt restructuring • D. generate-and-test • E. productive-thinking Question 2 The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one. • A. generate-and-test • B. means-end analysis • C. reasoning by analogy • D. mental set • E. introspection Question 3 When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by: • A. introspection • B. analysis • C. analogy • D. backtracking • E. working memory Question 4 When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as: • A. functional fixedness • B. procrastination • C. a heuristic • D. mental set • E. reasoning by analogy Question 5 Study of chess masters indicate that masters: • A. consider more possible moves than novices...
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...| | |GLOBALIZATION | |Argumentative Paper | |PHL/ 320: Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business | |University of Phoenix | |Malika E. Potter | |September 12, 2015 | | | In today’s business world, the term “world” is literal. Globalization, the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets, has become the norm. While there are always two sides to an issue, globalization...
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... Americans lose jobs to outsourced countries and American income and employment declines. The solution would seem to be to just simply raise trade barriers that in essence would put an end to globalization. However, that would just lead to trade wars, such was the case in the 1930s (Mourdoukoutas, 2011). Conclusion Globalization sounds good in theory. The goal of most businesses is to make profit. However, globalization has a more negative undertone in the big picture of things. Income and employment decreases, and a possible repeat of the trade wars of the 1930s could ensue. Businesses should look out for the well being of our country. Keep hard-working American workers in our jobs. One example of how I used deductive reasoning was through the research of globalization. When we...
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...Globalization Argumentative Essay and Critical Thinking Introduction Globalization involves various ideas of the business incorporating the process that extends to nearly all parts of the world. It aims at developing a global economy that is increasingly integrating through the utilization of free trade. More so, it taps the free flow of resources (like capital) and tapping of foreign labor markets that are quite cheap. Globalization can be to some extent useful or beneficial to the business is some ways. For instance, it makes the operation of foreign markets much efficient. The right, in this case, involves having benefited, profits, or advantage. Therefore, globalization is necessary and precisely enough for all businesses. It is because it helps the company or business by ensuring increased profits in other markets of the world (Boudreaux, 2008). (1, Premise) The operation of open markets makes the businesses to have an efficient flow of information due to improved and extensive communication. The clients and customers can communicate thus advancement of the company performance effectively. The connection permits the companies to manage the inventories, supplies as well as the distribution networks. There is ease of marketing and selling of businesses’ products on a similar schedule as it would happen in respective home countries. (1, Conclusion) Globalization permits various businesses to transact in foreign countries through the ability to sell while marketing the...
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...The Design of Business Why Design Thinking Is the Next Competitive Advantage by Roger Martin Copyright 2009 Roger Martin Summarized by permission of Harvard Business Press 256 pages Focus Leadership & Management Strategy Sales & Marketing Finance Human Resources IT, Production & Logistics Career Development Small Business Economics & Politics Industries Intercultural Management Concepts & Trends Take-Aways • Business leaders often believe they must choose between analysis and intuition. “Design thinking” offers a third path. • Design thinkers observe the world, imagine alternatives and bring them into being. • Innovations start as intriguing “mysteries.” To unfold them, first develop workable “heuristics” and then derive predictable “algorithms.” • Think of the learning and discovery process as moving through a “knowledge funnel.” • People need analysis and creative thinking at different points in that funnel. • New firms emphasize “exploration.” As they mature, they shift to exploiting known ideas, but if they stop at that point, other innovators will surpass them. • Your organization must balance predictable or “reliable” production with “validity,” experimentation that leads to new ideas and commercial success. • To protect a company, leaders must protect the exploration that leads to its validity. However, over time, organizations tend to emphasize reliability instead. • To develop your design mind, broaden your “personal knowledge system.” • Cultivate the “stance...
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...Chapter 1 – Introduction and Ethical Concepts 2. Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning in a business ethics context. Provide examples. Inductive reasoning moves from specific details and observations (typically of nature) to the more general underlying principles or process that explains them (e.g., Newton's Law of Gravity). It is open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning. In the business ethics context, inductive reasoning is adjusting a course of action based upon a limited amount of information gathered. It is a process where one starts from a specific experience and draws inferences (generalizations) from it. For example, a salesperson, by observing a potential customer's reaction to the sales presentation, may induce what the customer's needs and personality are and what should be said to obtain the sale. In contrast, deductive reasoning typically moves from general truths to specific conclusions. It opens with an expansive explanation (statements known or believed to be true) and continues with predictions for specific observations supporting it. Deductive reasoning is narrow in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming a hypothesis. Deductive ethical reasoning provides a framework for the resolution of moral problems in business today. However, it is supported by very little experience and does not create a practical scheme, thus incapable of providing answers to specific moral problems. For example, Chapter 2 – Plato ...
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