...In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder.[1][2] Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Freudian psychosexual development 2.1 Oral stage 2.2 Anal stage 2.3 Phallic stage 2.4 Latency stage 2.5 Genital stage 3 Criticisms 3.1 Scientific 3.2 Feminist 3.3 Anthropologic 4 Medical sexological model 5 See also 6 References Background[edit] The neurologist Sigmund Freud, c. 1921. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body, e.g. the mouth during breast-feeding, the anus during toilet-training. He argued that adult neurosis (functional mental disorder) often is rooted in childhood sexuality, and consequently suggested that neurotic adult behaviors are manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire. That is because human beings are born "polymorphous perverse", infants...
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...Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory posits that developmental change happens because internal drives and emotions influence behaviour. Freud argued that personality develops through a series of stages in which the energies are focused on certain erogenous areas (Kilborne, 2008). This psychosexual energy or libido is described as the driving force behind behaviour. On this basis, Freud developed his theory of Psychosexual development. In the development of his theories, Freud's main concern was with sexual desire, defined in terms of formative drives, instincts and appetites that result in the formation of an adult personality (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2003). He also argued that personality has three parts. The Id is the part of the personality that is entirely unconscious and compromises a person’s basic sexual and aggressive impulses and it contains the libido and stimulates a person to gain pleasure immediately. Next, the Ego is the thinking element of the personality, located in the conscience, preconscious and unconscious mind. Lastly, the Superego is the part of personality that is the moral judge. The Ego is responsible for keeping the three components of personality in equilibrium. Freud’s patients had memories of sexual feelings which he saw as important to personality development. Based on his patients’ childhood memories, Freud proposed a series of psychosexual stages. The psychosexual stages of personality development through which humans move in a static order determined...
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...children can successfully use their rational thinking ability, while Walter Mischel did not take this fact into account. Researchers divided children in two groups, called the 'reliable' and 'unreliable' group. The expectations of the children from the unreliable group had been deceived for several times: the adults gave them crayons and pencils and promised to give them more if the children would agree to wait a few minutes. But when the adults returned they did not bring other art supplies. Unlike them, the children from the reliable group got the promised materials. This experiment was followed by the Marshmallow Test, and predictably, the children from the reliable group were more likely to get their delayed reward. As a result, the research shows that “delaying gratification is only the rational choice if the child believes a second marshmallow is likely to be delivered after a reasonably short delay.” ("The Marshmallow Study Revisited”) Children are able to adjust their behavior to particular situation, which proves their logical reasoning rather than the lack of...
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...personal criminological theory review Janise harris ajs/542 instructor reyes january 19, 2015 personal criminological theory review Janise harris ajs/542 instructor reyes january 19, 2015 Personal Criminological Theory Review In criminology, analyzing why individuals perpetrate wrongdoing is imperative in the progressing level headed discussion of how crime should be taken care of and prevented. Numerous theories have developed throughout the years, and they keep on being investigated, individually and in combination, as criminologists look for the best solutions in eventually diminishing sorts and levels of crime. During the six weeks of this course we have examined several theories. Here is a review of some of the key theories: * Rational choice theory: Individuals act in their venture toward oneself and settle on choices to perpetrate wrongdoing in the wake of measuring the potential dangers against the rewards. * Social disorganization theory: An individual’s physical and social situations are basically in charge of the behavioral decisions that individual makes. * Strain theory: Many people have similar desires, yet they don’t all have the same opportunities or abilities. When individuals neglect to attain society’s desires through approved means, for example, hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt to accomplish accomplishment through crime. * Social learning theory: Individuals create inspiration to commit crime and the abilities...
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...person. Some people do commit crime for survival and some commit because of the influence of several factors. These factors are poverty, peer influence, discontentment, greed and motives. There are several theories that explain why a person commit a crime. Rational choice theory: People generally act in their self-interest and make decisions to commit crime after weighing the potential risks (including getting caught and punished) against the rewards. Social disorganization theory: A person’s physical and social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that person makes. In particular, a neighborhood that has fraying social structures is more likely to have high crime rates. Such a neighborhood may have poor schools, vacant and vandalized buildings, high unemployment, and a mix of commercial and residential property. Strain theory: Most people have similar aspirations, but they don’t all have the same opportunities or abilities. When people fail to achieve society’s expectations through approved means such as hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt to achieve success through crime. Social learning theory: People develop motivation to commit crime and the skills to commit crime through the people they associate with. Social control theory: Most people would commit crime if not for the controls that society places on...
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...There are many theories within the field of psychology that seek to explain and undestand why humans behave in certain ways, display certain actions, and have certain motives. Personality theories are theories that have been developed to understand human personality and behavior. Psychodynamic personality theories are a specific group of theories. They are different from other psychological principles because they basicaly ignore the “science” or biological and physiological aspects that are generally focused upon in other disciplines. They depend rather on environmental, social, and interpersonal relationships asd the basis to this field of study. Two of the most influential theories were developed by psychologists many years ago. The two theories that I chose are Sullivan’s Interpsonal Social Theory and Jung’s Analytical Theory. This paper will anazlyze the strengths and limitations of the two theories, as well as compare and constrast them in relatinoship to their basic underlying assumptions, deterministic versus free will, and awareness of self, or concious vs unconcsious motives for behavior. Henry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) proposed his Interpersonal Theory as it relates to personality. He has also been considered the father of interpersonal psychiatry. His theory explains the role of interpsonal relationships and experiences in society as the defining catalyst in forming personality. He felt that life events, situations, and relationships are the major things that affect...
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...the educational achievement of different social groups (20 marks) * Decode = The meanings of encoding/decoding, it is how media messages are produced, circulated and consumed by the nation, proposing a new theory of communication. Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) argued that the meaning is not fixed or determined by the sender, the message is never transparent. There is a “ lack of fit “ between the moment of the production of the message ( which is referred to as ENCODING ) and the moment of its reception ( which is referred to as DECODING ). The meaning of the text is located between the producer and the reader. The producer – encoder ‘ encoded ‘ meaning in a certain way, while the reader decoder – ‘ decodes ‘ it differently according to his/her personal background, beliefs and values. * Interactionists Labelling Theory = ‘ Interactionism ‘ is a sociological perspective that focuses on a small-scale interactions between individuals and groups. And ‘ Labelling Theory ‘ is the theory of how the self-identity – ( what someone thinks of themselves. E.g what they are, who they are e.t.c ) and behaviour of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. As we are talking about ‘ Interactionists Labelling Theory ‘ meaning that the only relevant meaning in this case, is the small group interactions and how they interact together and how the label themselves and the people in their small groups, also, what their beliefs and...
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...sensations and feelings. Behaviorists believed conditioning could change human behavior. Gestalt psychologists theorized humans and some animals perceive the world around them in an organized pattern. Psychoanalysts believed that powerful inner forces from the unconscious mind develop and influence human behavior. This paper will discuss the personality theories proposed by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. This discussion will include a description of each theory. In addition, this paper will analyze the strengths and limitations of these theories. Finally this paper will compare and contrast each theory based on basic and underlying assumptions, deterministic versus free will, and awareness of self. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, a psychologist from Vienna, was the first person to propose the Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality. Though his work, he suggested the personality is comprised of three separate elements, the id, the ego, and the super ego (Burger 2008). The id, present at birth, is entirely unconscious, and includes primitive and instinctive behaviors. The id is driven toward immediate gratification, known as the pleasure principle (Burger 2008). The id is important in early life, ensuring that the demands of an infant are met. If these needs are not satisfied, then the individual will experience anxiety. This is the reason that babies cry when they are...
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...Abstract Model Paper Analyze the different types of abstract models and examples of the problems that are applicable to each type of model. Write the paper in 2–3 pages including the following details: * A brief description of each type of model: * Deterministic * Probability * Simulation * Discipline specific * A brief description of problem for which each model is applicable. * Why each example is applicable to the model for which it was chosen? Present the paper in Microsoft Office Word document format. Name the file A deterministic model is the one that contains no random elements. The output of the model determined the parameter values and the initial conditions. Deterministic models samples include accounting, timetables, pricing, a linear programming model and economic quantity models (Nic, 2013). For example, decision-making problems can be deterministic or probabilistic decision models. As deterministic models, decisions to bring good final outcomes. A deterministic model is “you get what you expect” risk-free model, which determines the outcome. It also depends on the influence of the uncontrollable the factors that determine the outcome of a decision and the information the decision-maker input as a predicting factor (Arsham, 1996). According to Schrodt (2004), deterministic models was widely used in the early 18th century to study physical processes to develop differential equations by many mathematicians. These...
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...with last name and says whatever he feels within the current situation, comprehensive expression of his feelings. Also, pt. is able to say what he wants but if he does not get it, would do such tantrums. Play activity Pt. jumps and plays around, running. Rides on a bicycle with training wheels but still takes a lot of him to get it moving. Also mention sometimes that he has this imaginary friend “lintong” . Bowel and Bladder Control Pt. is able to follow the proper bowel and bladder control but there are still times, that he fails to do the said procedure at the right way. Pees on his pants and poops on his underwear sometimes. Dentition Total of 20 teeth without any cavities or any other tooth problems. 2. Havighurst Developmental Theory – Baby being identified as infant falls under the developmental tasks expected from kids ages from 0-6 yrs old. Such as leaning to crawl, adjusting to eating solid foods, control of waste elimination but with the fact that baby still does it on her diapers. 3. Psychosexual Development – “Anal stage”. Erogenous zone...
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...expression for survival and, second, adaptation.[2] In the 1900s, even though traditional definitions of intelligence emphasized cognitive aspects such as memory and problem-solving, several influential researchers in the intelligence field of study had begun to recognize the importance of the non-cognitive aspects. For instance, as early as 1920, E.L. Thorndike used the term social intelligence to describe the skill of understanding and managing other people.[3] Similarly, in 1940 David Wechsler described the influence of non-intellective factors on intelligent behavior, and further argued that our models of intelligence would not be complete until we could adequately describe these factors.[2] In 1983, Howard Gardner's Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences[4] introduced the idea of multiple intelligences which included both interpersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people) and intrapersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations). In Gardner's view, traditional types of intelligence, such as IQ, fail to fully explain cognitive ability.[5] Thus, even though the names given to the concept varied, there was a common belief that traditional definitions of intelligence were lacking in ability to fully explain performance outcomes. The first use of the term "emotional intelligence" is usually attributed to Wayne Payne's doctoral thesis, A Study of...
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...Open Source Software Intro While knowledge is the public good, there is discussion whether or not all knowledge should free for public. Today society chose suffer the loss of knowledge for certain years. They use intellectual property law to encourage individuals to invest in research and development and creating knowledge they can profit. We want to analyze an alternative way in distributing knowledge specifically open source software and how useful it is to both creators and society. Definition and characteristics Open source licenses promise to everyone what many in the community refer to as software freedom. The terminology of Freedom is emotionally satisfying, but it has proven to be very confusing. Not that software freedom isn’t definable. The Free Software Foundation lists four essential kinds of software freedom: 1. The freedom to run the software for any purpose 2. The freedom to study how the software works and to adapt it to your needs 3. The freedom to redistribute copies of the software 4. The freedom to improve the software and distribute your improvements to the public Confusion about the term Freedom was the very reason the term open source was created. The newer term refers to an important concept well understood by anyone who has ever written computer software: Programmers write source code to direct computers to perform specific tasks, while the computer itself takes care of the routine task of translating the source code into an...
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...Hierarchy of Needs: According to Abraham Maslow, humans have certain needs that must be fulfilled for healthy living. These needs motivate us to act the way we do, and in particular, in ways that satisfy the needs that are not yet fulfilled. In addition, Maslow suggested that these needs are not all equally important, but exist in a hierarchy (shaped like a pyramid), with the most important, basic needs at the bottom. The Hierarchy of needs is often presented as a pyramid. Forming the base are the Physiological Needs that are essential for survival. This includes the need for oxygen, water, and food. It is only when these lower-level needs are met to some degree that one can move up to fulfill other needs. The second level is composed of Safety and Security needs, which includes finding stability and an environment where one is safe from harm. This might mean finding a stable job, having a house in a safe neighborhood, or having some money in the bank. The third level refers to Love and Belonging Needs. This might mean having a partner or spouse, friends, family, a church group, or other support network. The fourth level is composed of Esteem Needs, which may include the need for recognition, respect, dignity, confidence, and a sense of achievement. This might mean finishing a college degree, passing the bar exams, or getting ahead in one's career. The fifth and highest level of needs is the need for Self-Actualization - the continuous need to fulfill one's potential and be...
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...Exercise has been touted to do everything from treat depression to improve memory, with the power to cure a host of problems while preventing even more. In particular, exercise leads to the release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain that alleviate pain, both physical and mental. Additionally, it is one of the few ways scientists have found to generate new neurons. Much of the research done in this area has focused on running, but all types of aerobic exercise provide benefits. Although the exact nature of these benefits is still being determined, enough research has been done to provide even skeptics with a motivation to take up exercise. Exercise exerts its effects on the brain through several mechanisms, including neurogenesis, mood enhancement, and endorphin release. This paper not only examines how these mechanisms improve cognitive functioning and elevate mood states, but also proposes potential directions for future research. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for exercise's generally non-habit forming nature, despite effects on the reward centers of the brain that mimic those of highly addictive drugs like morphine. One of the most exciting changes that exercise causes is neurogenesis, or the creation of new neurons. The new neurons are created in the hippocampus, the center of learning and memory in the brain (1), however the exact mechanism behind this neurogenesis is still being explored. At a cellular level, it is possible that the mild stress generated...
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...Oppositional Culture: The Pursuit of a Decent Life To explain the social origins of the oppositional culture is to explain the why humans seek peace of mind and overall security for their own well-being. The system of oppositional culture essentially represents “two poles of value orientation” (Anderson 2000: 35). Ideally, everyone in society would associate themselves with the upper pole of value orientation, but this clearly is not the case. Society dictates how one is to behave and respond in a given environment; Anderson calls this behavior of decency – cleverly enough – the “decent” behavior which represents the upper tiers of the value orientation scale (Anderson 2000: 35). On the other hand, many people struggle financially and thus have to “hustle” and perform an act of “code-switching” between decent and “ghetto” (or “street”) behaviors in order to secure their lives yet still fit into the ideals of society (Anderson 2000: 35-37). These acts (or lack thereof) create a marker for various individuals as to how high or low on this orientation scale they are ranked; this is the scale of value orientation and how “decent” or “street” one is. According to Elijah Anderson (2000), street families commonly have one set frame of mindset that dampens any advancement. First and foremost, he claims that street parents differ from decent parents in a sense that they “often show a lack of consideration for other people and have a rather superficial sense of family and community”...
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