...The Apology Plato What I found interesting about Plato’s Apology is how you can see Socrates values throughout this account or description of the trial. The Greek “apologia” translates as a defense, or a speech made in defense. I feel like the real defense was not so much a defense to save his life but a defense in which to safeguard or uphold his values about life and to defend his relationship with the Delphic Oracle. His honesty and directness may have got him into this situation but he contuined to use this method throughout his trial. I feel like being a smart as he was, he knew if he was going to fuse to these procedures or practices during this trail it could cost him his freedom or may even death. Even knowing this he was unwaveringly and defended his way of life. I had an inspiration on the fact that the Delphic Oracle told Socrates he was the wisest man in Athens. Because the Oracle knew he would strive to know more about this prediction. I think that by him wanted to know more about what the Oracle said caused him to turn many people against him. I do think that at first Socrates didn’t really take it too seriously. I do consider the fact when or if he did recognize, appreciate, and understand what the Delphic Oracle said he used it in a way that would allow him to always be precise in his values. Or at least be precise when questioning another person. How can someone be troubled about a person when he claims to have no knowledge of anything? And I think this...
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...The Delphi Technique: Public Decision Or Public Manipulation? Before deciding on this particular article for . my assignment, .I had not the slightest idea as to what the Delphi Technique was or how it ever managed to cross paths with my eyes and gain enough interest to warrant my full attention but it most certainly did. I will begin by telling you that The Delphi Technique was developed in the 1950s by the Rand Corporation for Technological Forecasting..However, today it is most commonly used as a way of collecting opinions of experts without them ever having to meet face to face. As of more recently though the technique has become popular within the Health and Social Care domains. And even more so within the nursing industry..It is also believed to be of greatest value when views from collective experiences are sought rather than descriptive information. Commonly done via email, a typical Delphi study collects data using three rounds of questionaires, usually beginning with a broad question that can be further defined from the participants responses. The researchers role is to act as intermediary, facilitating discussion between the experts in the group and, in this way, the collection tool becomes a collaboration between the researchers and the participants as to what further...
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...Socrates gives at his trial in Athens. Socrates is giving his defense of not in favor of believing in the gods and corrupting the youth. In making his defense, Socrates will respond to two kinds of accusations. The first one is referred to as the older or more ancient accusation and the second one is the current charge being made by Meletus, and other civilians who are currently at the trial. They accused him of being a sophist, someone that provides wisdom for a fee. Socrates advises the jurors that the statement is false; he enlightens others for the sole purpose to make everyone aware of their lack of knowledge. Socrates informs the jurors how he achieved this reputation. He claims that his childhood friend, Chaerophon, went to an Oracle of Delphi and inquired if there was someone wiser than Socrates and the oracle said “there is no man wiser” (561). Socrates couldn't accept Wu 2 the Oracle's words since he knows for a fact that he doesn't own this wisdom. Socrates then went on a mission to decipher the paradox and to clarify the meaning of the Oracles words by interrogating others that were wise. By questioning others, this earned him a reputation of being a "busybody" and caused many people to dislike him. Socrates opening move was to call on...
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...A plague has stricken Thebes. The citizens gather outside the palace of their king, Oedipus, asking him to take action. Oedipus replies that he already sent his brother-in-law, Creon, to the oracle at Delphi to learn how to help the city. Creon returns with a message from the oracle: the plague will end when the murderer of Laius, former king of Thebes, is caught and expelled; the murderer is within the city. Oedipus questions Creon about the murder of Laius, who was killed by thieves on his way to consult an oracle. Only one of his fellow travelers escaped alive. Oedipus promises to solve the mystery of Laius’s death, vowing to curse and drive out the murderer. Oedipus sends for Tiresias, the blind prophet, and asks him what he knows about the murder. Tiresias responds cryptically, lamenting his ability to see the truth when the truth brings nothing but pain. At first he refuses to tell Oedipus what he knows. Oedipus curses and insults the old man, going so far as to accuse him of the murder. These taunts provoke Tiresias into revealing that Oedipus himself is the murderer. Oedipus naturally refuses to believe Tiresias’s accusation. He accuses Creon and Tiresias of conspiring against his life, and charges Tiresias with insanity. He asks why Tiresias did nothing when Thebes suffered under a plague once before. At that time, a Sphinx held the city captive and refused to leave until someone answered her riddle. Oedipus brags that he alone was able to solve the puzzle. Tiresias...
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...Greek tradition should be served to provide moral lessons and justice because, although it can be manipulated for political purposes or personal gain, its main purpose is to be passed on through generations to come and meant to be a guide and show culture of the people. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates says that he is going against the traditions in order to show the importance of the traditions, although in a way that argues against it which is irritating to some. He claims that without him the state is likely to enter into a “deep sleep” meaning that it would be forgotten. In Aristophanes’ Clouds, he treats Socrates crudely because its purpose is for Just Arguments whereas Socrates used Unjust Arguments. In The Apology, Socrates gives a speech defend himself and his conduct. He says that since he has no experience with the law courts he is going to talk in the manner he is most used to: honestly and directness. He explains that his conduct was because of the Delphic oracle who said that he was the wisest of all men. Knowing that he doesn’t know much of world affairs, he concluded that he is only wiser than other people only in that he knows nothing. To spread his wisdom he goes around to question “wise” men to expose their ignorance. Although he earned the admiration of young Athenians, hatred ensued from the people he embarrassed which would be the reason he was on trial. He says that he is merely a gadfly stinging a lazy horse which is the Athenian state. Claiming that without...
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...Karolina Dymon Response 2 Oedipus the King Aristotle, In the play Oedipus the King, the city of Thebes is under a plague and many people are dying. Kreon, Oedipus’s brother in law ventures to find an oracle to get some answers on how he can help the city. He finds out that the only way the plague can be stopped is when the murderer of the late King Laius is caught and expelled from the city. King Oedipus vows that he will catch the murderer and help his city. Oedipus sends for a prophet and asks him about the murder. The prophet tells Oedipus that he is the murderer. Oedipus refuses to believe the prophet, before the prophet leaves he says a riddle saying that,” the murderer of Laius will turn out to be both father and brother to his own children, and the son of his own wife.” Oedipus angry at what the prophet has said threatens Kreon with death for conspiring with the prophet and telling lies. Jocasta, Oedipus’s wife explains to him that all prophesies are false and as proof tells him that the Delphic oracle told Laius that he would be murdered by his son, but his son was cast out of Thebes as a baby and Laius was murdered by a band of thieves. The description of Laius’s murder sounds very familiar to Oedipus and he asks more questions. Shocked, Oedipus tells his wife that he might be the one that murdered Laius. Outside of the palace a messenger approaches Jocasta and tells her that Oedipus’s father has died and that he has come all the way from Corinth to ask Oedipus...
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...In the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles (rpt. In James P. Place, Literature: A Reader for Freshman Composition II, 1st ed. [Boston: Pearson, 2011] 122-168) many philosophical questions are raised by Iolaste’s judgement on the oracles. The chorus responds to these judgments at first as the gods are all knowing and anything said otherwise is blasfomous. Then they seem to go into a rant about how if the gods are not right in their prophecy then everything they say is not law. In the end of the play it is revealed that you cannot avoid the word of the gods. Iokaste raises many philosophical questions about the oracles judgement. You can see this when she says, “Thus Apollo never caused that child to kill his father, and it was not Laios’ fate to die at the hands of his son, as he had feared. This is what prophets and prophecies are worth! Have no dread of them.” (143) The chorus responds two different ways to Iokaste. The first way is that they think that the gods are all knowing. You can see this when they say, “And any mortal who dares hold no immortal power in awe will be caught up in a net of pain.”(148) Then the chorus flips the coin by saying if the gods end up being wrong then there is no fate and man determines his own destiny. You can see this when they say, “Words in the wind, and the Delphic vision blind! Their hearts no longer know Apollo, and reverence for the gods has died away.” In the end of the play it is shown that man cannot avoid his destiny. You can see...
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...ANCIENT THEATRE AT DELPHI, GREECE The ancient theatre at Delphi, Greece was built in the 4th century BC in the ancient town of Delphi and has 35 rows of seats that could seat 5,000 spectators. It is over 150 feet wide and was restored in the 2nd century BC. This is also the location of the most important Greek temple and the oracle of Apollo. It was located in the territory of Phocis on the lower slope of Mount Parnassus about 6 miles from the Gulf of Cornith. It has been inhabited since the Neolithic era and by the end of the Mycenaean period became an important religious and political center of influence. It was first a place of worship for Ge, the mother earth deity, but by the end of the eleventh century BC became the place of worship for Apollo. Delphi is located 112 miles northwest of Athens. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] THE THEATRE AT SPARTA, GREECE The theatre at Sparta, Greece was an immense theatre built into the side of a hill. It was constructed during the Hellenistic period in the city-state of Sparta. You can still see the outlines of the theatre clearly although the stone that made up the theatre is mostly gone after the theatre was hastily adapted for fortification as the Spartan’s power declined. Some of the masonry was also used later in the building of Byzantine Mystra. Above the theatre was the temple of Athina Halkiakou. The city of Sparta lies at the southern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of...
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...Maria Panzo Phil 1301 03-31-12 Socrates was accused of denying the gods and of corrupting the young. The first of these charges rested upon the fact that he supposed himself to be guided by a divine sign. The second, Xenophon tells us, was supported by a series of particular allegations: (a) that he taught his associates to despise the institutions of the state, and especially election by lot; (b) that he had numbered amongst his associates Critias and Alcibiades, the most dangerous of the representatives of the oligarchical and democratically parties respectively; (c) that be taught the young to disobey parents and guardians and to prefer his own authority to theirs. The false images of Socrates arose because people misunderstood his true activity. Socrates explains this activity by relating a story about the Delphic Oracle. The Saying of the Delphic Oracle- A friend of Socrates' went to the Oracle and asked the priestess "Who is the wisest of mortals?" and the priestess replied: "Socrates is the most wise." The Testing of the Delphic Oracle - After some hesitation, he sought to show the saying wrong by finding someone wiser than he. He began to question various people, including politicians, poets, and craftsmen.. The Truth of the Delphic Oracle - After "testing" the saying of the god, Socrates became aware of the truth of the saying that "Socrates is most wise" -- it can be expressed as follows: Socrates was most wise because he was Aware of his ignorance. In the course...
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...Plato’s Apology, is by far one of the most logical yet critical thinking text that I have ever read. Plato describes Socrates, the accused atheist and corrupter of youth in ancient Athens, as a true beacon of ethics and morality. The method that Plato uses to depict Socrates on trial gives us a look back on how the trial of a man who encourages one of sound mind to ask questions even to those who are deemed wise in the eyes of others. Despite facing odds that are stacked highly against him, and this being his first time in court “For I am more than seventy years of age, and this is the first time that I have ever appeared in a court of law, and I am quite a stranger to the ways of the place; and therefore I would have you regard me as if I were really a stranger”(Plato). Socrates is able to achieve what he feels is the most imperative knowledge of morality for all present in the court to understand. When we, the readers, are first presented to Socrates we find him near the end of his trial where he is allowed to speak to the court. The sure genius of Socrates is revealed to us in his first words of dialogue. Using his brilliance of moral logic and ethical thinking he warns those present in the court of the mendacity of the accusations, “How you have felt, O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was - such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.”(Plato)...
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...GROUP ASSIGNMENT Greek philosophy Q) Critically assess the charges against and the defence given by Socrates in the apology? The apology- a compilation of Socrates dialogue- is a rare collection of works done by Plato which we must treasure. This work gives us a distinct clear picture of what must have happened in Athens in the 5th century. Each deep mystifying dialogue, if interpreted properly, unveils realities leaving us either enlightened or puzzled. Apprehending, such an abstruse matter, is indeed a tough task. So there may be a possibility of us misinterpreting him. First we feel that Socrates has misinterpreted the message of 'Oracle'. He has only partially comprehended oracle's message . In reference to the passage given : (the apology pg 22) "....he asked the oracle to tell him whether there was anyone wiser than I was, and the Pythian prophetess answered that there was no man wiser." (Pg30-) Socrates says, "......God orders me to fulfil the philosopher's mission of searching into myself and other men....., (pg 34)".....And this is a duty which God has imposed upon me as i am assured by oracles, visions and in every sort of way .....one." Criticism: 1) May be what oracle wanted to say was that there was no man wiser than Socrates, the Oracle could have meant that everyone had the same level of wisdom as that of Socrates. Hence, when Socrates went about in finding out whether what Oracle said was really true, he was only bent upon seeing...
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...Diogenes of Sinope was known for being different from the rest of society. Diogenes was popularly known as a Kyon, which in Greek means “dog.” The word cynic derives from Kyon and was later associated with the philosophy of cynicism which is “The end of life is virtue, not pleasure, and it can only be obtained by independence of all earthly possessions and pleasures” (Philosophy.lander.edu) as well as living a “living a life full of virtue in agreement with nature”(Philosophybasics.com). Diogenes lives in a barrel, and he happily demonstrates that there is more to life than just power and riches. The fact that he lives in such a simple manner, shows that he doesn’t need materials to be happy. In Tendryakov’s Revelations next to a Philosopher’s Barrel, Diogenes of Sinope is an outcast in society. Although he was an outcast, he was very popular because of how differently he lived his life and behaved around others. “There was only one person in the city who did not even stir to cast a glance at Alexander, the Macedonian king. He himself was famous both in Corinth and without it—Diogenes of Sinope, the strange sage. (Translator's Private Collection).” Diogenes was not like the rest of the Greeks, he kept to himself and didn’t really care too much for people of power. In this quote, he was the only one to not care for Alexander the Great or anyone else for that matter. The idea of not having any ethical duties in society is hard to imagine. Diogenes was detached from everyday human...
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...since the competing musicians brought with them to the Delphic stage many and diverse local musical traditions. Another set of external evidences could support the multi-regional inclusiveness of the Pythian Games, as well as to set the stage for understanding the effect that this process had upon local musical culture. Our attention will thus turn to the diversity of musical styles commonly performed on the Pythian stage, claiming that this variety in local musical culture was dependent on Delphi`s willingness to incorporate a wide array of foreign soundscapes. Delphi was a very early adopter of musical styles, a site of musical innovation and development that...
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...Broadly speaking, there are two approaches to demand forecasting. Survey method and Statistical method are further sub-divided into various methods. The former obtains information about the consumers’ intentions by conducting consumers’ interviews, through collecting experts’ opinions. The later using past experience as a guide and by extrapolating past statistical- relationships suggests the level of future demand. Survey methods are found appropriate for short term forecasting or demand estimation, while statistical methods are more suitable for long term demand forecasting or business and economic forecasting. Either of the methods may be used for forecasting demand for existing products, but the demand for new products, in the absence of any historical data, must be forecast through the survey method only. Under survey methods surveys are conducted about the consumers’ intentions, opinions of experts, survey of managerial plans, or of markets. Data obtained through these methods are analyzed, and forecasts on demand are made. These methods are generally used to make short-run forecast of demand. Survey methods are further sub-divided in to: Consumers’ Survey and Experts’ Opinion and Survey of Managerial Plans. A. Consumers’ Survey: Consumers’ survey involves direct interview of the potential consumers who are contacted by the interviewer and asked how much they would be willing to buy a given product at different prices. Consumers’ survey may take any form...
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...RISK ANALYSIS METHODS Delphi Technique “The Delphi Technique is a selected group of expert’s answers questionnaires and provides feedback regarding the responses from each round of requirements gathering. The responses are only available to the facilitator to maintain anonymity” (PMBOK, 2008, p.108). It is a technique that is useful for situation where individual judgments have to be tapped and combined in order to address a lack of agreement or incomplete of knowledge. The valued of this technique is the ability to structure and organize group communication. The group member discusses and reviews the summary report individually, and gives updated forecasts to the facilitator, who again look over the material and issues a second report. This process continues until all participants reach a consensus. The experts at each stage have a full record of what forecasts that the others have made, but do not know who made them. Anonymity allows the experts to express their self freely, encourages openness and avoids admitting error by revising earlier forecasts. The history of Delphi derives from the Oracle of Delphi. According to Wikipedia, the authors of the method were not happy with this name, because in implies something oracular, something smacking a little of the occult. The Delphi method was developed at the beginning of the Cold War to forecast the impact of technology on warfare. The method was a creation for the report, for the U.S. Army Air Corps on the...
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