...expensive and therefore less competitive in the international market - agricultural production and its social consequencs: agricultural production stagnated rural wages declined –migration to the cities migrants resided in urban slums increase in the size of the informal sector Exhaustion of the first stage - limited dynamism 1st stage: production stage : substitution industrialization light industries- the easy phase required little technologies most financed by domestic business 2nd stage: deepening of industrialization required more sophisticated technology and know-how domestic business (main loser) could not finance the second stage multinational corporations were invited to invest in Latin American tensions within populist multi-class coalition Inflation Erodes the purchasing power of currency Affects the poor, who can’t store their wealth in assets that do not lose their value (property) A highly organized and politically mobilized working class demands wage increase forcing the government to print more money -> bottlenecks Indebtedness FOREIGN DEBT ISI required massive state spending (subsidies for business, wages&social welfare for works Severe imbalances in balance of payments Demands for increasing wages Balance of payments difficulties Export revenues could not finance the capital needed for imports of machinery Export...
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...job of supporting this theme throughout with details how it started, why it started, and the effects on our American society then and now. Hatch argues that the popular religious movements during the first half of the 19th century was responsible for the Christianize of American society and was primarily carried out through the Methodist and Baptist movements in both white and black society When the Revolutionary War ended, the United States experienced unprecedented growth due primarily to a high birth rate in both free and enslaved people. These are the years in which Christianity boomed and was later referred to as the “Second Great Awakening”. Citizen rights and society changes took center stage in the development of a religious America. The American Revolution and the freedom won from it helped to get people to think for themselves and they formulated strong opinions on freedom, equality, and representation. In our American society, children were they migrating to larger cities to find work, We saw a decrease in respect for authority, in tradition, and drunkenness Hatch points out that the expansion of evangelical Christianity in the early 19th century was a result of ordinary people starting to look after their own priorities rather than the priorities of the nation. In these Christian religious movements, Ordinary people were drawn to and empowered by these movements which accepted their...
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...Reconstruction: The process of reestablishing the union to again include the seceded states began during the war and lasted until 1877. Abraham Lincoln believed secession was unconstitutional, and so legally, the Southern states were still in the union. He believed the executive branch, particularly the president, should establish the process of reconstruction and the terms should be generous. As the union army gained control of seceded states such as Tennessee, Lincoln appointed military governors and was prepared to recognize a new state government once 10 percent of the state’s 1860 voting population swore allegiance to the union. Members of congress in 1864 presented their own much less generous plan, but Lincoln did not sign the bill, angering the radical or extreme Republican in congress. Republican in Congress, more interested in punishing the south than Lincoln was bristled at Lincoln’s leniency. In opposition to Lincoln’s plan they passed the Wade-Davis bill, which would have allowed a southern state back into the union only after 50 percent of the population had taken the loyalty oath. Furthermore, to earn the right to vote or to serve in a constitutional convention, southerners would have to take a second oath, called the iron-clad oath that testified that they had never voluntarily aided or abetted the rebellion. Lincoln vetoed the bill, but the battle about reconstruction continued. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot in the back of the head while watching a...
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...resignation of Chavez. Venezuela suffered a catastrophic recession in 2002, “According to the Central Bank, in 2002 the variation of the GDP compared with the previous year register -8.9% and in 2003 it was -7.8%. For the oil industry, the variation registered was -14.8% for 2002 and -1.9% for 2003. In 2003 the unemployment rate reached 18.9% and by 2004 it had decreased only to 15.1%” (Lopez Maya, pg 222).The leadership of Hugo Chávez in 1998 marked the rise of the left in Latin America and especially the rise of the Bolivarian forces. The leadership of Hugo Chávez in 1998 marked the rise of the left in Latin America and especially the rise of the Bolivarian forces. After this devastating downfall for Venezuela's economy and political regime the government seeked an effective way to productively confront the political and economic impact that was created. Leading to the creation of the Endogenous Development Nuclei. This reform was created on the basis to offer solutions to the principles of participatory democracy for important social problems. This was used to strengthen the social economy as well as to gain social unity. The Bolivarian economy began to strengthen as the oil prices boomed and their international policy strongly promoted the multipolar international system. Controversy arose as Venezuela created more links with Cuba, Chavez wanted to make himself heard and known in the international system, verbally emphasizing his...
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...the People’s Republic of China’s Influence in the Americas: Potential Consequences facing the United States, Brazil &Venezuela Abstract This research seeks to examine the strategic implications facing the United States of America’s due to its benign interest in the Caribbean and Latin America (Americas) given the People’s Republic of China (China) increasing economic interest in the region. It is intended to first define the current security environment of the Americas and the relations between Brazil and Venezuela with that of the United States of America (United States) and China. Thereafter, China’s economic and domestic agenda in the Americas will be examined with hypotheses of the emerging global power potential growth success, challenges or possible collapse in her foreign policy. The likely consequences facing Brazil, Venezuela and the United States will also be examined. The assessment will be done across a continuum of China’s realized economic growth, development of hostile relations due to competition for scarce energy sources or possible collapse due to the country’s internal problems. Finally, the research seeks to encourage proactive thinking by the United States on China’s increasing political and military influence in the region and its possible underlying agenda of becoming the next global super power or hegemony. Introduction A general perception persists in the Caribbean and Latin America that the United States is disinterested in the...
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...GLOBALIZATION BACKLASH AND THE RISE OF ANTI-HEGEMONIC PARTY STATES Diego Olstein Hebrew University of Jerusalem Contents Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………..5 Part I: Principle Chapter 1: Defining Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………………………….18 Chapter 2: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Domestic Features of Political Regimes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Chapter 3: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Exogenous Perspective on Political Regimes……………………………………………………………………………………………75 Part II: History Chapter 4: The Global Rise of Anti-Hegemonic Party States and Globalization Backlash 1917-1945...…………………………………………………………….91 Chapter 5: The Big Leap of Anti-Hegemonic Party States: The Second Wave 1946-1975…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………111 Chapter 6: Globalization Anew and the Marginalization of Anti-Hegemonic Party States 1976-2010………………………………………………………142 Conclusions Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State In 1997 the European Commission defined Globalization “as the process by which markets and production in different countries are becoming increasingly interdependent due to the dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of capital and technology. It is not a new phenomenon but the continuation...
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...America: A Nation Divided. In George Washington’s Farewell Speech on September 19, 1796, he warned against political parties as follows: The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dissention, which in different ages & countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders & miseries, which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security & repose in the absolute power of an Individual: and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of Public Liberty (J.E. Quidam, 2008). This ideology seems to have evolved and held truth for the past 227 years as now Americans are even more divided by political parties than any other stature. According to Edward S. Greenberg and Benjamin I. Page’s “The Struggle for Democracy”, political ideology is defined as a system of interrelated and coherently organized political beliefs and attitudes, which include conservatives, liberals, populists, and libertarians (145). Greenburg and Page further describe that the “two dimensions” that Americans generally divide along are government’s roles in economy and society (147). Conservatism can be defined as the disposition to preserve or restore what is established...
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...Charles sumner * Had similar reasons * Stevens in sympathetic to those that are oppressed ; steps up and opposes lincoln’s plan; doesn’t think the oppressed have been helped enough through concrete measures. Big supporter of freedman’s. * Sumner was beaten by canes in the senate chamber – personal animosity toward slavery and democracy in the south * almost like restarting over; a do-over * idealism and political motive * wanted to create a republican party in the south * Wanted to * Punish southerners * Protect freedmen * Strengthen republican party * 14th amendment * granting citizenship to African americans; can vote and hold office * outlawed black codes * righting wrongs that had popped up * some African americans were actually elected to senate; although this doesn’t last * 15th amendment * can’t deny someone the right to vote based on race * designed to reinforce democratic party taking over the south; new political role in the south * “Redemption “ * Around 1870, things look like they’re making progress * Grant elected president in 68, steps out of the way and let’s congress do what it wants * General amnesty act (1872) * Granted...
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...inmate count in the u.s The United States has less than 5 percent of the world’s population. But it has almost a quarter of the world’s prisoners. Indeed, the United States leads the world in producing prisoners, a reflection of a relatively recent and now entirely distinctive American approach to crime and punishment. Americans are locked up for crimes — from writing bad checks to using drugs — that would rarely produce prison sentences in other countries. And in particular they are kept incarcerated far longer than prisoners in other nations. Criminologists and legal scholars in other industrialized nations say they are mystified and appalled by the number and length of American prison sentences. The United States has, for instance, 2.3 million criminals behind bars, more than any other nation, according to data maintained by the International Center for Prison Studies at King’s College London. China, which is four times more populous than the United States, is a distant second, with 1.6 million people in prison. (That number excludes hundreds of thousands of people held in administrative detention, most of them in China’s extrajudicial system of re-education through labor, which often singles out political activists who have not committed crimes.) San Marino, with a population of about 30,000, is at the end of the long list of 218 countries compiled by the center. It has a single prisoner. The United States comes in first, too, on a more meaningful list from the prison...
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...in the literature associated with this movement and the amount of leaders that nominally subscribed to this theory. In Latin America, specifically, liberalism took a very unique path that culminated in the abandonment and complete rejection of these theories. The adoption of liberal policies both economically and socially moved from adhering very strictly to the theory at first (whilst being disconnected from reality) to the eventual degradation and disassociation of liberal ideals around the 1930’s. The initial adoption was due to the closeness of Latin American intellectuals with their European and American counterparts, while the shift towards autochthonous movements was caused as a response against the ever-present influence of Europe over the Latin American subcontinent and the effects of positivism. Liberalism is defined by a set of policies, ideas, and beliefs that hold individual autonomy, equality, and freedom as the pillars of human life. From this basic concept the economic ideas of laissez-faire economics and free markets are developed. Further on, democracy naturally stems from this idea that people are autonomous, rational, free agents that are capable of having decision making power and thus elect the best person possible amongst a pool of potential candidates. This ideology resonated with many social elites in Latin America as it justified their position in the world. The revolutions and wars of independence that occurred in the 19th century are...
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...Instructor’s name Date Erez Manela immediately after world war one, started writing on international and transnational arena, his writings revolve around 1919 Paris peace conference from the perspective of an outsider. Erez chose not to focus on the subsequent peace process that followed after the war and its impact on the main powers like European powers but rather he focused on the impact of the peace process on the side states like Korea and china. These countries didn’t play a major or rather significant role in the peace process in fact they were largely ignored. Central to his thesis is the Wilsonian message of national self-determination and equality among states. To be well conversant with the encumbrance and openings implanted in China's the excellent place to start is on Jonathan D. Spence's good new book. ''The Search for Modern China,'' a detailed account across centuries from the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1600 up to the point of death of the democracy movement in June 1989, will educate everybody students and public alike of Chinese history. The effect and similar causal sequence of Wilson's discourse from 1918 up to the end of Paris peace conference is what Manela defines as the "Wilsonian Moment. As per Manela, Wilson radical ideals was based on his need and determination for all the nations of the earth to become self-governed and to embrace colonial ideologies. Wilson was directing his message to Europe audience but the broadcasting media in Europe send the...
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...http://whynationsfail.com/ Democracy, What Is It Good For? [pic]Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson In an earlier post, we reported on our research joint with Suresh Naidu and Pascual Restrepo, “Democracy, Redistribution and Inequality”, which showed very limited effects of democracy on inequality. So one would be excused for paraphrasing Edwin Starr’s famous song and Ian Morris’s forthcoming book, War! What Is It Good for?, and ask “democracy, what is it good for?” Certainly not economic growth, most would reason. This conclusion is based on a consensus engulfing both academia and the popular press that democracy is at its best irrelevant for growth, and perhaps even a hindrance. For example, Tom Friedman wrote in the pages of The New York Times: One-party nondemocracy certainly has its drawbacks. But when it is led by a reasonably enlightened group of people, as China is today, it can also have great advantages. That one party can just impose the politically difficult but critically important policies needed to move a society forward in the 21st century,” Friedman wasn’t making this up. Robert Barro, who has written several papers on the topic, argued in his book Getting it Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society: More political rights do not have an effect on growth… The first lesson is that democracy is not the key to economic growth. A recent survey of the recent literature similarly concludes: The net effect of democracy on growth performance cross-nationally over the...
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...The United States Constitution A list of laws that a country and its people must follow. Organizes the government Tells the states how they will work together and what rights they have. Tells the people what rights they have. Most important document in America! The Preamble to the United States Constitution We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. The United States is a Democratic Republic The United States is the oldest continuously functioning democracy in the world Democracy – A style of government in which people vote in elections to choose their leaders. Republic – A style of government where the people retain control over the government and the head of the government is not a monarch. Balance of Power Writers of the Constitution wanted to make sure no group would become too powerful. They, therefore, created 3 branches of government, each with their own power. So the U.S. has a strong central government but a balance of power. Three Main Branches Checks and Balances Legislative Branch United States Capitol Membership Senate Two from each state. 6 year terms. Must be at least 30 years old Must be a U.S. citizen for 9 years House of Representatives Based on...
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...Democracy Mukulika Banerjee A s India is hailed as the next superpower, do its political credentials stand up to scrutiny? Is its record on governance and development up to the challenge of its newfound reputation? India has been a democracy for over six decades. In this time it has achieved some remarkable successes but also failed in significant ways. While economic growth has been rapid over recent decades, this has not translated into greater welfare for the majority of the Indian population. Despite being severely critical of its politicians, the electorate however remains enthusiastic in its political participation, especially at elections. In 1947, when India gained her independence from colonial rule, the choice of parliamentary democracy and a universal franchise for such a poor, vast and largely illiterate nation was considered foolhardy by many observers, at home and abroad. Nevertheless the first general election was held with great rigour, enthusiasm and success in 1952. In the meantime, a Constitution reflecting the political and ideological goals of the new nation had been adopted. It was authored by the Constituent Assembly made up of 299 members who represented the enormous class, religious and linguistic diversity of India’s population and who after much debate and deliberation set out the framework for India’s future as a republic and parliamentary democracy. Enshrined within it were the principles of the separation of powers, a universal...
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...Although Latin America has faced many social, political, and economic issues within the last three centuries, inequality remains one of the most important, historical, and omnipresent aspects of the region’s culture. As Europeans took over Latin America during the time of colonization, they implemented many elitist social structures that have held strong and are evident today (Harris). Income inequality is the most visible and greatest disparity that the region faces; yet inequality between gender, ethnicities, and education remain strong and significant problems with a necessity for improvement. Inequality of wealth and disparity of power and influence are Latin American’s greatest curses and are at the root of many of the developmental, social, criminal, and political problems that continue to plague the region (De Ferranti). Since inequality has pervaded into every feature of Latin American society, it is important to measure inequality accurately in order to obstruct the causes of the discrimination and prevent new ones from beginning. The Gini Coefficient is an effective way that people indicate the inequality of a country by measuring a frequency distribution of income or wealth. Using the "Gini Index" of inequality in the distribution of income and consumption, the researchers found that Latin America and the Caribbean, from the 1970s through the 1990s, measured nearly 10 points more unequal than Asia, 17.5 points more unequal than the 30 countries in the Organization...
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