...democracy today, one could depict its very faults and blemishes. However, we should view her reign as it was then , but not as it should have been nowadays. Whether somebody coined it as an enlightened absolutism, the real truth remained : Catherine the Great has brought Enlightenment to Russia, the European Enlightenment. What was it, Enlightenment?- It was a philosophical movement that greatly fostered rational thinking, the use of science over traditions and superstitions, and also promoted freedom ,security and equality before law for all people. Catherine was thrilled by such great ideas. She devoted herself to reading and established a great line of correspondence with the true leaders of the movement such as Voltaire, Diderot, Bossuet,etc..In her letters, she overtly expressed her intention of becoming an adept of the movement. She started in creating schools and reforming the educational system. She Turned to Voltaire for advice. As an Enlightenment's follower, she was deeply interested in classical plays. Thus, she started to educate some motivated some young women in the country. " The young ladies, I must confess surpass our expectation: they are making astonish progress and everyone agrees they are growing up as delightful as they are full of social accomplishments. Their morals withal are irreproachable, without , however having the rigid austerity of...
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...democracy today, one could depict its very faults and blemishes. However, we should view her reign as it was then , but not as it should have been nowadays. Whether somebody coined it as an enlightened absolutism, the real truth remained : Catherine the Great has brought Enlightenment to Russia, the European Enlightenment. What was it, Enlightenment?- It was a philosophical movement that greatly fostered rational thinking, the use of science over traditions and superstitions, and also promoted freedom ,security and equality before law for all people. Catherine was thrilled by such great ideas. She devoted herself to reading and established a great line of correspondence with the true leaders of the movement such as Voltaire, Diderot, Bossuet,etc..In her letters, she overtly expressed her intention of becoming an adept of the movement. She started in creating schools and reforming the educational system. She Turned to Voltaire for advice. As an Enlightenment's follower, she was deeply interested in classical plays. Thus, she started to educate some motivated some young women in the country. " The young ladies, I must confess surpass our expectation: they are making astonish progress and everyone agrees they are growing up as delightful as they are full of social accomplishments. Their morals withal are irreproachable, without , however having the rigid austerity of...
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...It could be said that each society had its own period of enlightenment, and that it’s just a coincidence that many of their eras of enlightenment happened in a similar timeframe. Any society you look at has an enlightenment of its own, from England and various other nations holding a religious revolution, to the Americans taking ideas circulating in other societies to start a massive fist fight with the English over representation and taxation. The French took it on themselves to go head to head with England as well, helping in the American war efforts, and taking English philosophies to discuss as their own. Denis Diderot was one of the few Frenchmen who owned up to the deed, calling himself the “most English of Frenchmen”. Diderot acknowledge...
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...4. Beau Travail Beau Travail was the second film I watched as part of my film journal. I did not like it. Some scenes in the film made no sense. I did not understand their purpose as part of the film. The film confused me. It was very muddled. The title of the film ‘Beau Travail’ means good work. It was a low budget film. The makers had no permission from the French army. It is a French film with English subtitles. It was made in nineteen ninety nine. The film is about ex-foreign legion officer named Galoup who recalls his time as an officer leading his troops in the Africa. It was directed by Claire Denis. And the script was written by Claire Denis and Jean-Pol Fargeau. It is based on the short novella Billy Bud which was written by Herman Melville. Billy Bud becomes Sentain. Claggert becomes Galloup. Captain which was Vere becomes Captain Bruno Forestier. The Navy becomes the French army. The year seventeen ninety seven comes the present day. The sea becomes the land. The opening of the film is random. It just starts with people dancing in a disco then it goes to people on a train then it goes to army tanks in the dessert. Sound has a strong impact as you can vividly hear the sound of a man brushing the ground and then of water moving. I think a strong message is portrayed. This message is important for the rest of the film. He says ‘freedom begins with remorse.’ He repeats this again. The use of repetition is for emphasis and effect on those four words. These four...
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...Harold Wilson, who was the Prime Minister during 1964-70, had promised Britain one of his most effective campaign speeches. He had promised that Britain would catch up with “the white heat” of technological change. Wilson had successfully linked the Labour Party to modernisation in contrast to what were described as the “wasted years” of the Conservative government. The Labour government seemed to be more in touch with the social and cultural trends of the 1960s. Modernisation of the British economy was one of the key priorities for the Labour government. By 1964, it was widely accepted that Britain was lagging behind other countries such as West Germany and Japan. Britain’s economy seemed to be trapped in the cycle of “stop-go”, with bursts of prosperity always leading to inflation, runs on the pound snd regular crises over the balance of payments. Reorganising the economy to break out of this cycle was the key aim of Wilson’s government in 1964. Moreover, Labour inherited a deficit of about £800million. The two classic economic solutions to this kind of problem were deflation and devaluation. But Wilson and his Chancellor of Exchequer, James Callaghan, refused to do neither. Instead, Wilson was convinced that these problems could be fixed by careful management and planning. A new department, the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) was set up, led by George Brown and a National Plan had been drawn up. He had set growth targets and devised a national system of “economic planning...
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...------------------------------------------------- Informational Interviews ------------------------------------------------- BU 489IN – Winter 2014 Ianna Lee-Inniss Dr. Gene Deszca | Apr.18.2014 | 103008520 Interview 1: Gerrard Lee-Inniss By: Ianna Lee-Inniss Mr. Gerrard Lee-Inniss was born and raised in Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean. He began his academics as a chartered accountant in London, England. Lee-Inniss’ first job was as an auditor for Price Waterhouse Coopers LLP in London. He was then transferred to their division back home in Trinidad and Tobago, where he audited an insurance firm called Nemwil. That firm then offered him a position as an insurance underwriter however; not to long after, a Caribbean-wide company called Guardian Life subsequently bought out Nemwil. After serving a few years as the managing director of Guardian Life, Gerrard was promoted to President of Guardian General Limited, an arm of the Guardian Life conglomerate. Mr. Lee-Inniss stayed in that position for approximately 5 years where he was required to make numerous International visits to places such as; the United Kingdom, Germany, China and other Caribbean Islands. These visits usually lasted between 3-6 weeks. In 2006, Gerrard left Guardian General to spearhead his own real estate business, Gillani Limited. After purchasing property in the Caribbean, Orlando Florida and Hertfordshire England, Lee-Inniss returned to the executive insurance industry. Due to the...
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...Hello Ms Shaw and fellow students today I am talking about the events of Cathy Freeman’s life that made her famous. Cathy was born in the Queensland town of Mackay on the 16th of February 1973. She is the daughter of Norman and Cecelia Freeman and had 3 brothers and an older sister named Anne-Marie who died of cerebral palsy in 1990. Cathy Freeman took up athletics at the age of 2 years old and was coached by her step-father. Cathy exploded onto the athletics scene at an early age winning her first gold medal at the age of 16 at the Auckland commonwealth games in 1990 in the 4x100 m relay event. She was the first Aboriginal to win a gold medal at the commonwealth games as well as one of the youngest. At this time Nelson Mandela had walked to freedom after being released from jail. She went on to the world junior championships that same year in Bulgaria and came 5th in 200m and the 4x100m relay events. In 1992 Cathy competed in her first Olympic games in Spain in the 4x400m relay event and came 7th at the age of only 18. 1994 is the year that the US invaded Haiti due to the massive earthquake that affected the country. This was the year Cathy was also finally discovered by the world as a top competitor and athlete. In this year she was part of the world’s elite runners and competed in the Commonwealth games in Victoria, Canada. Cathy competed in the 200m and 400m events and won gold medals for both. This made her well known to the entire world as a top contender for the next Olympic...
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...philosophers were Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Denis Diderot. These thinkers were instrumental in shaping our world today. Thomas Hobbes (Enlightenment thinker) was known for some of his famous work such as, Leviathan, 1651.he is also famous for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as the “social contract theory”, this method of justifying principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made among suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons. The Social Contract also helped people give up on their right for an organized society. He believed that all people were selfish. John Locke (Enlightenment thinker) was known for some of his famous work such as Second Treatise of Government, 1690. He had a high belief in Being somewhat reasonable and moral, he also believed in how government should have limited power. People form governments to protect their Natural right. Natural rights are rights that all humans are born with. The government has an obligation to those it governed, if government does not fulfill this requirement then the people have the right to overthrow the government. Montesquieu (philosopher) was known for some of his famous work, The Spirit of laws, 1748. Montesquieu studied governments and how they work, he also studied the separation powers. Montesquieu believed in checks and balances like when the president can veto a law passed by the congress. Denis Diderot (philosopher) was known for writing and...
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...de cette limite, en direction de la banlieue, la tarification dépend de la distance. Les tickets t+ ne sont pas valables. Correspondances Fin de lignes en correspondance Pôle d’échange multimodal, métro, RER, tramway CDG Aéroport Charles de Gaulle Théâtre Gérard Philipe Marché de St-Denis Basilique de St-Denis Saint-Denis–Université Cimetière de St-Denis Hôpital Delafontaine La Courneuve 6 Routes Saint-Denis Asnières–Gennevilliers Parc des Expositions Hôtel de Ville de La Courneuve 1 Les Grésillons Gare de Saint-Denis Cosmonautes Les Courtilles Le Bourget Mitry–Claye 32 46 • wap.ratp.fr www.ratp.fr Les Agnettes Gabriel Péri Saint-Ouen Carrefour Pleyel Mairie de Saint-Ouen Garibaldi Porte de Saint-Ouen Guy Môquet La Fourche Pereire Place de Clichy Liège Trinité d’Estienne d’Orves Blanche Rome Villiers Monceau Europe Porte Maillot Courcelles Gare Saint-Lazare Porte de Clignancourt Saint-Denis Porte de Paris Basilique de St-Denis La Courneuve Aubervilliers La Courneuve 8 Mai 1945 Stade Géo André Danton La Courneuve–8 Mai 1945 Maurice Lachâtre Drancy–Avenir Hôpital Avicenne Gaston Roulaud Escadrille Normandie–Niémen Stade de France Saint-Denis La Plaine Stade de France Porte de la Chapelle Fort d’Aubervilliers Aubervilliers–Pantin Quatre Chemins 2 Cergy Poissy St-Germain en-Laye Pont de Levallois Bécon Mairie de Clichy Porte de Clichy Brochant La Ferme Pantin Libération Hôtel de Ville de Bobigny Bobigny...
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... The French Enlightened philosophes have undoubtedly launched the most ferocious attacks against the Christian church and its beliefs. François Marie Arouet (1694 - 1778), also known as Voltaire, criticized the fanatical, intolerant and superstitious facets of the Christian religion. He also valued Deism (philosophy based on the Newtonian world-machine) that described God as the creator of the universe but also ascertained that God had ceased to have any direct involvement in the universe and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws. Another example is Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784). Diderot labelled Christianity as "the most absurd [religion] and the most atrocious [religion] in dogma" because of its fanatic and unreasonable behaviour. He wrote his twenty-eight volumes "Encyclopédie", or classified dictionary of the sciences, arts, and trades" to "change the general way of things" (in his own words). Diderot and the contributors to the "Encyclopédie" aimed at promulgating social, legal, political improvements all over the world. In a way, they succeeded in Europe and in the New World thanks to purchasers of the "Encyclopédie". Those people assimilated the ideas of the Enlightenment and spread that ideology in Europe and far abroad. The American Revolution, the French Revolution, the abolition of slavery, and the subsequent creation of the United States of America, the groundbreaking US constitution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen were all the...
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...B C Légende E D CDG Aéroport Charles de Gaulle Théâtre Gérard Philipe Correspondances 1 Saint-Denis Fin de lignes en correspondance Carrefour Pleyel Gabriel Péri Saint-Ouen Pont de Levallois Bécon Porte de Saint-Ouen Porte de Clichy Guy Môquet Brochant Jules Joffrin Esplanade de La Défense Europe Neuilly–Porte Maillot Belvédère Ternes Avenue Foch Miromesnil Saint-Philippe du-Roule 4 Suresnes Longchamp George V Kléber Franklin D. Roosevelt Victor Hugo Boissière Avenue Henri Martin Rue de la Pompe Alma Marceau Pont de l’Alma Grands Boulevards Réaumur Sébastopol Louvre Rivoli 5 La Muette Les Coteaux Passy Champ de Mars Tour Eiffel École Bir-Hakeim Militaire Avenue du Pdt Kennedy Dupleix Jasmin Les Milons Michel Ange Auteuil 6 Porte d’Auteuil Boulogne Jean Jaurès Parc de St-Cloud Avenue Émile Zola Église d’Auteuil Michel Ange Molitor Boulogne Pont de St-Cloud Bd Victor Porte de St-Cloud Musée de Sèvres Gare Montparnasse Port-Royal Edgar Quinet Raspail Pernety Convention Corvisart Cité Universitaire Porte de Versailles Suzanne Lenglen Parc des Expositions Porte d’Issy Porte de Vanves Brancion Georges Brassens Didot Malakoff Plateau de Vanves Corentin Celton Jean Moulin Montsouris Porte d’Orléans Stade Charléty Malakoff ...
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...Machiavellianism is "the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct".[1] The word comes from the Italian Renaissance diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli, who wrote Il Principe (The Prince), among other works. In modern psychology, Machiavellianism is one of the dark triad personalities, characterized by a duplicitous interpersonal style, a cynical disregard for morality and a focus on self-interest and personal gain. Political thought In the 16th century, immediately following the publication of The Prince, Machiavellianism was seen as a foreign plague infecting northern European politics, originating in Italy, and having first infected France. It was in this context that the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572 in Paris came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years.[3] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized [sic] courtiers" in France (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers".[4] In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the...
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...Studying with my teammates over the course of the year not only brought us closer together, but also brought me to the realization that collaboration has brought the world forward in terms of knowledge and education. As my teammates and I learned, the collaboration of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert brought knowledge to the public in the first Encyclopedia and led the world into the Age of Reason. By bringing knowledge to a large enough populous, the collaboration that ensued lead the world forward in incredible ways. Not only did it expanded into the technology and innovation brought about by the Industrial Revolution, but the world’s population exploded, bringing about an unprecedented level of connectivity and idea sharing. From these concepts we built our team. By beginning with the “Dynamic Duo” of our team — another honors level competitor and myself — we broke down the material for our teammates, acting as both students and...
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...French founder of the Encyclopédie, Denis Diderot, once said "Freedom is a gift from heaven, and every individual of the same species has the right to enjoy it as soon as he is in enjoyment of his reason." These words were said during the time of the Enlightenment, which was an intellectual movement that changed society in different aspects. It was also known as the Age of Reason and took place primarily in England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Philosophers such as John Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft all believed that society would be best through freedom in government, religion, economy and gender roles. In order to have a good and working government, John Locke believed that freedom was the most important element. According to him, “There is nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank...should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection…” (Source A) This shows how he believes that a government without people who are superior and ruling (kings and queens) is the most successful type. John locke knew that individual freedom is the best for a good democracy that works for everyone....
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...was viewed as a process of religious, not secular redemption. Similar to earlier societies “the sinners has to pay two debts, one to society and another to God. Guilt and innocence was not a trial and conviction but a series of painful test. It was the belief of the church that “the innocent would emerge unscathed while the guilty would suffer agonies and die.”(p8) Which generally would ensure a high conviction rate. At some point the Church began to explore and expand the concept of crime to include new areas. Entering into the eighteenth century the Enlightenment Period Many things began to change. In this period the movement for the reform for better conditions and punishments began. Many great thinkers such as Francis Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Charles Montesquieu, Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, John Howard, and William Penn lead in this movement for improvement. During this period the philosophers use writings to bring light to the injustice of the punishments, poor conditions, and to challenge the ideas of legal torture, criminal responsibility, and justice. During this period the justice system and conditions was strongly supported and advocated for to create a more fair and just system for all. From the influences of the Enlightenment Period many new principles and laws were introduced to the flourishing laws of the land. The legal code of punishment has went through many changes and forms from primitive codes of the Greeks and Romans and has developed into what we...
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