...Depression disproportionately strikes women and older persons. Hence, older women constitute one of the populations most strongly affected by depression. The psychology of depression has historically received considerable attention, particularly as a disorder with an impact on women. A number of factors identify the depression phenomenon as arising as much from social influences as from the structure of individual emotional lives. At the same time, the results of medical research and medical treatment suggest a physiological basis for many, if not most, of the symptoms of depression. Treatments for depression try, in some instances, to address those physiological factors. In other instances, treatments attempt to address the complex of cognitive, behavioral and social factors that may underlie depression. It may be that depression as a recognizable disorder reflects the interaction of several elements in ways that at least partially explain its prevalance among older women. The incidence of depression is markedly higher among females than among males. Studies vary in the actual numbers they yield, but women across age groups are apparently about two times more likely than males to suffer from depression (Brown & Harris, 1978). Because almost every study of depression conducted in industrialized nations reveals a substantial sex difference in depression, researchers believe that there actually is a difference in the population and not some widespread flaw in depression...
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...Mid Term Women’s Health As a women in the United States I am very fortunate to have access to health care. I know that many women in other countries are not as fortunate as I am. There are many disparities when it comes to health, however there is one humbler in the equation. Mental health services can be sorely lacking, both in the United States and in other countries around the world. Women that come from all walks of life can have trouble receiving the care that they desperately need when it comes to their mental health. In this paper I plan to explore the stigmatization of depression and how postpartum depression can be found in women around the world. Women’s health has come a long way in the United States, no one is denying that. However...
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...lived on the plantations of their owners who purchased them through slave trades. African Americans before the 1930s During the Great Depression, blacks suffered a great deal when it came to jobs. Blacks were pushed out of jobs which they held before the depression by whites who would not be caught doing the types of jobs they held. Although Roosevelt administration National Recovery Act (NRA) stated that there was not to be nondiscriminatory in hiring, and blacks should get the same equal pay as whites, it didn’t employ blacks, but it remained to be racist whenever a black was hired. During the Great Depression, unemployment was very high, but there were some like “William Green” President of the American Federation of Labor that opposed segregation, but did nothing to support civil rights. Therefore blacks were forced to organize a separate union. Women during the Great Depression before the 1930s There were also women in the work force. The unemployment was high for men who work, but it was even higher for women. Most women who worked back in the time of the depression was not accepted well back then, because they were thought to be homemakers. It was especially hard for single, divorce, or widowed women, but it was harder on women of color who had to overcome both sexual and racial stereotyping. It was nearly impossible for not only women, but...
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...isolation that was facilitated enabled individuals to not pay attention to the minimalist approach the government took towards capitalism. This allowed society to be eased into a false sense of security in not scrutinizing business practices, moving away from regulatory measures, and silencing the workers’ movements such as the IWW that participated in strikes to bring attention to these realities. Also during this time, African Americans and women struggled for their rights and equality in society. Zinn argues that while there was such an emphasis on social reality, the government was able to use this advantage for political and economic affairs that encouraged the business community. This materialized in a recoil against workers and ethnic minorities, something that Zinn believes is essential in understanding the rise of the Klan and other issues in American society. Howard Zinn also argues that the Great Depression, brought upon by the stock market crash, uneven distribution of wealth in society, and other factors that helped aid the Great Depression, brought out more social activism such as the Bonus Army and the establishment of “Hoovervilles” as a way to bring back the social and political activism that raised the affairs of unfair capitalism to the publics’ interest. This called for Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policy, elements that helped to recover, reform, and provide relief to those who suffered in the 1920s. During the post World War l period, there was an...
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...Era through the Great Depression History 105 The Progressive Era Around the 1910’s, most Americans were anxious about the rapid economic and social changes that confronted the United States, including industrialization, the rise of powerful corporations, the growth of cities and the mass arrivals of immigrants. This period was known as the Progressive Era. Two major historical turning points that took place during this time were (1) Women earned the right to vote and (2) Education. Women Suffrage The early 1900s saw a successful push for the vote through a coalition of suffragists, temperance groups, reform-minded politicians, and women's social-welfare organizations. Although Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton devoted 50 years to the woman's suffrage movement, neither lived to see women gain the right to vote. But their work and that of many other suffragists contributed to the ultimate passage of the 19th amendment in 1920. Two groups that contributed to the passage of the 19th amendment the women organizations the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded in 1890, and the National Women’s Party (NWP), founded in 1913 and led by Alice Paul. Alice Paul and other women of the National Women's Party picketed the White House. They wanted then President Woodrow Wilson to support a Constitutional amendment giving all American women suffrage, or the right to vote. Women gained voting right...
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...Name Institution Course Tutor Date HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Introduction The current America we know today is not comparable to the America which existed after the civil war. Great things such as urbanization, equal rights for citizens and the two major wars have made us understand the current United States. Since the time United States ended slavery, a lot of great things have happened. Some of the major ones being the period of reconstruction, Civil Rights Movement, the great depression and the World wars I and II. The aim of this paper is to compare the views of America a Narrative History 9th edition by George Brown Tindall and those of America Compared 2nd edition by Carl J. Guarneri. According to the two authors the history of United States since 1965 somehow differs. According to (Tindall, George Brown, and David, 196), the period of reconstruction, lasting from 1865 to 1876 was a period when the nation tried to restructure itself and incorporate the southern states which became part of the union. The freed men from the South had found themselves with no system to control them in their lives. So they had to look for a way to incorporate them in a still society that was biased against them. The reconstruction dealt with the transformation of southern states. During this period, a little social or political agreement was available on issues such as who was supposed to vote and how the southern states were going to rebuild themselves after the destruction...
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...male, 47% female) Hispanic population that is mostly middle-aged, between 35 and 49 years1. According to the zip code data encompassing this area, this low-income section consists of mostly unmarried individuals with a high school education (62%)2. The most common mode of transportation is by car alone (66%), which likely means that this population is spending a good amount of time being sedentary2. There is a high incidence of binge eating disorder (BED) among this population. When binges occur, high amounts of inexpensive, low-nutrient food is consumed and has several negative side effects, such as weight gain, which could lead to obesity. The community nutrition problem that will be addressed herein is reducing the occurrence of binge eating, and subsequent weight gain, among this population. Literature Review...
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...Under apartheid, approximately seventy-six percent of the white population had at least one black servant who was responsible for menial domestic work around the household. Apartheid policies thrived upon “the projected beliefs about the inferiority of non-white people” (Jahannes 1986, 749), which plays out not only through bias and segregation but also in irrational fears and hostile behavior towards Blacks. Black women working as servants described that this attitude resulted in them seeing themselves as inferior and dependent, and therefore they lack the motivation to develop themselves. Other occurrences of mental instability are caused by the inconsistent custom of having the domestic address their master’s children as boss and madam. This practice, which is only exacerbated by the fact that white children raised by black women grow up to become privileged white masters who continue the cycle, degrades the black women’s sense of self-worth and lead them to disregard their maternal instincts. The authors of the case study concluded that “the implicit assumption is that the ideology of apartheid creates circumstances for feelings of incompleteness and inferiority among this group of Blacks. Thus, apartheid has been created by the White racist minority to oppress and psychologically devastate the mental health of...
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...experimental and control groups for length of labor are similar. There is not a significant difference in the described hours to change the outcome of the study. 5) Both the experimental and control group were similar for the types of feeding. For both bottle and breast, both had the same value of (2) and the remaining categories were very close in values. 6) In comparing the marital status mode between the experimental and control groups, the majority of women in both groups were married with a frequency of 25 and 78.1 percent in the experimental and frequency of 31 and 86.1 percent in the control. 7) Median values can be obtained from the education categories for both groups. This would be the mid-range value of Some College. The experimental group has a median of 11 and the control group has a median of 15. 8) The findings in this study cannot be generalized for black women as black women did not account for the majority of the participants. The data would be grossly skewed if stating a generalization since there were no black women in the control group. 9) The reason there is data on only 30 subjects on the experimental group and 34 in the control group is explained on the disclaimer information at...
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...references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African American Odyssey (Upper Saddle River: Printice-Hall, Inc., 2000). Other general texts not to be overlooked are Colin A. Palmer’s Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America Vol. I: 1619-1863 and Vol. II (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), which emphasizes culture; and, Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson’s Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black...
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...Research Proposal Use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPNDS) with mothers of different cultural backgrounds within Butetown in Cardiff Introduction Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (SCPHN) are increasingly expected to adopt evidence based practice, utilising research findings to base actions and decisions on that are clinically appropriate, cost effective and result in positive outcomes for clients (Polit and Beck, 2004). Through implementing research based evidence into practice and evaluating its effects, the SCPHN is able to meet standards of proficiency and improve client care (NMC, 2004; Robothom and Frost, 2005). Some women have a much more severe change in mood after the birth of their child and may be assessed as experiencing postnatal depression (PND). The symptoms of (PND) may include anxiety, depressed mood, lack of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite, sleep dysregulation, agitation, irritability, fatigue, malaise, feeling worthless or guilty, unable to concentrate or make decisions as well as thoughts of death and suicide (Driscoll, 2006). The condition is often assessed by a health visitor using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPNDS) (Appendix 1). A number of studies indicate that 10-15 per cent of new mothers will experience PND (Chung et al, 2008). A health visitor sees the mother at home and has a preventive role in relation to both maternal and child health. Women routinely have a postnatal check at 6 weeks...
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...the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination” (Mandela 69). The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines discrimination as “The practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people.” Every group of people in America was affected by social problems in the 1930s. Discrimination was a big problem among African-Americans, all women, and mentally disabled. To begin with, black people were discriminated against in the 1930s. Although the African-American population had already been living with discrimination before the Great Depression, black people seemed to suffer worse than...
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...Description of advocacy activity The advocacy activity chosen was the University of Denver’s third annual Black Sisterhood Retreat. The purpose of the retreat is to give an opportunity for Black and African-American women of a predominately white institution a chance to discuss issues that are impacting their experience at the University of Denver. In hope that acknowledging these issues that Black and African-American women endure will create a sense of hope and empowerment. This dialogue will identify resource for success and build a safe inviting community among women of color on a predominately white institution. The societal concerns being discuss can bridge the understanding of the oppressed women of color. These women typically face systematic and institutional oppression and discrimination. Infractions, such as these, can play a large role of possible cognitive distortions. This particular retreat can also provide insight on how one may handle traumatic experiences. The infractions may unconsciously cause traumatic stress disorder (post and acute), depression and social phobias. These experiences may also lead to a multitude of mental disorders depending on the severity of the experience....
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...We call depression "the blues" in the black community. We have been taught, at least in the past, and, to a certain extent even now, to shrug off this mental state. For many of us, it is not just a fact of life; it is a way of life. When bluesmen used to sing, "Every day I have the blues" or "It ain't nothing but the blues" or similar words from hundreds of songs, they do more than mouth lyrics. They voice a cultural attitude. They state an accepted truth at the heart of their music: Having the blues goes along with being black in America. In addition, from the time we are young boys, black males have ingrained into us an idea of manhood that requires a silence about feelings, a withholding of emotion, and ability to bear burdens alone, and a refusal to appear "weak." The internal pressure to adhere to this concept of masculinity only increases as we sometimes experience various forms of racism in a society that historically has sought to deny us our manhood. The internal wall that often keeps black men away from psychotherapy goes along with external barriers built just as high, if not higher. Mental health practitioners are overwhelmingly white, with the proportion of black psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychoanalysts estimated at less than three percent of the nation's total. This would mean that even if black men were to break through the self-imposed barriers and seek professional help for mental issues, it may be difficult to find someone with whom they can build...
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...Influence of gender, race and socioeconomic differences on depression Introduction According to Link and Phelan (1995), socioeconomic resources are a major determinant of differences in wellbeing of people. This paper draws heavily on the work of Roxburgh (2009) to extend on the fundamental cause perspective by expanding of the definition of resources, examining how race and gender influence the differences in relations between resources and mental health and modeling the relation between social status, gender and race while taking into account any differences in effect of resources across race and gender. While Roxburgh (2009) used a 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) dataset, this study used the 2011 NHIS dataset. According to fundamental cause perspective, socioeconomic resources (education, income and wealth) enables one to access resources which leads to better health outcomes through its influences on attitudes and behavior. According to role theory, the relation between role occupancy and health stems from access to resources, for example, social support which is derived from occupying socially value roles (Simon, 1995). For example, the primary social roles of marriage and employment confer one psychosocial support, social support and economic resources which lead to differences in welfare of individuals. For the case of employment, economic benefit in terms of income and co-worker social support plus the structured working routines encourage healthy...
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