...business cycles. A business cycle refers to various trends that occur within a business or industry, such as growth or contraction. Often times, management decisions are impacted by where the company stands in reference to a particular cycle. Macro business cycles such as the general state of the economy also play an important role in management decisions. When the economy is in a cycle of retraction, management will act conservatively, whereas in a cycle of expansion, management may tend to act more aggressively to gain as much market share as possible. One of the main cycles business management will encounter in the life of a business is one that sees four, distinct trends: slowdown, bottom, growth and peak. All businesses, even the most aggressive sales organization on the planet, will experience these cycles. A slowdown occurs after a market has experienced a normal period of expansion. This is often followed by a period of sales maturity and product assimilation by the existing customer base, which is viewed as a slowdown. During a slowdown, competition has probably entered the market that has also created a dilution, or taken away from existing sales. Eventually the business hits a bottom or trough. After this bottom or trough period business gets aggressive and makes steps of expansion and marketing efforts to aggressively go after new market share. Following this period of expansion, business will again begin to see a peak in their performance and start the cycle all over...
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...and the predicated economic futures for Larson Incorporated. The recommendations include underlying attention to: pricing strategies, non-pricing barriers, business cycles, macroeconomic conditions, credit markets and affected global conditions over the next five years from previous Milestone research. Description of Three Alternatives Economic Futures Business cycles are alternating rises and declines in the level of economic activity, sometimes over several years (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2009). An understanding of cycles and their impact on Larson will allow Larson to react to changing economic conditions. The three alternative economic futures are recession, depression and expansion. (See Figure 1) Figure 1 The rising and descending of the economy is reflected below for the months between Jan 2006 and June 2010 (The National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010). Understanding this data and preparing for future expansions and contractions enables Larson to sustain through recessions and build smartly during times of expansion. Figure 2 Recession and Depression * Economic Future Recession is marked by a period of decline in total output, income and employment (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2009). There is widespread contraction of business activity to include a decline in real GDP and an increase in unemployment. In a depression or the trough of a recession, output and employment bottom out to their lowest levels. Business activities decline drastically...
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...Business Proposal ECO/561 May 11, 2015 Business Proposal Introduction Transportation has evolved tremendously in today’s world. If someone does not have a way of transportation, there is a taxi service available and now a business called Uber. Uber is a company that is available to consumers to request a ride and pay via the mobile app. Uber is available in more than 50 countries and is expanding. This seemed to be very convenient to the consumers because they can go anywhere and even reserve a driver for a day for an individual price. Market Structure There are four basic types of market structure. They are as followed; Perfect Competition, Oligopoly, Monopoly, & Monopsony. Uber is fundamentally a marketplace, where supply is controlled not by the company but by the legion of independent contractors and transportation providers with whom they work. (Gurley, n.d.) That being said, their market structure is an Oligopoly because Oligopoly has to do with several large sellers who have some control over their prices. Elasticity of the product Price elasticity is imperative. Uber’s analysis and research have shown that both the supply curve and the demand curve are highly elastic (Gurley, n.d.). Uber lets the customers do the talking since the goal is to please them. Price elasticity tells how much of an impact a change in price will have on the consumers’ willingness to buy that item (Tuck, 2015). If the price is too high for the consumer, then they will most likely...
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...THE CAUSES OF AMERICAN BUSINESS CYCLES: AN ESSAY IN ECONOMIC HISTORIOGRAPHY Peter Temin* This paper surveys American business cycles over the past century. Its task is to identify the causes of these cycles; other papers in this collection address the nature of policy responses to these causes. This paper can be seen as a test to discriminate between two views of the American economy. The first is expressed in a characteristically vivid statement by Dornbusch, who proclaimed recently: “None of the U.S. expansions of the past 40 years died in bed of old age; every one was murdered by the Federal Reserve” (Dornbusch 1997). This stark view can be contrasted with its opposite in the recent literature: “[N]one of the popular candidates for observable shocks robustly accounts for the bulk of business-cycle fluctuations in output” (Cochrane 1994, p. 358). I expand the time period to consider the past century, but it is easy to distinguish the past 40 years, that is, the period since World War II. A survey of business cycle causes over an entire century runs into several problems, of which three seem noteworthy. First, it is not at all clear what “cause” means in this context. Second, the Great Depression was such a large cycle that it cannot be seen as just another data point. Third, the survey relies on the existing literature on business cycles, which is why I have entitled it an essay in economic historiography. The paper proceeds by discussing each of these problems in turn, then...
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...very long time. The curiosity of the human being supporting it, further aids in discovering the secrets hidden behind the way a human being is. Biological rhythms or circadian rhythms also make up one of the hidden secrets for the functions of the human beings and scheduling of various tasks. The terms Circadian is derived from Latin word Circa, “around” or “about” and diem or dies “day” meaning literally “about a day” or “around a day”. This circadian rhythm is already built in the complex human body but is regulated by external factors known as “zeitgebers”. The primary or the most important zeitgebers is ‘light’ which helps human automatically start a particular process in one’s life and controls various cycles at regular intervals. This may include sleep/wake cycle, eating habits, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or bipolar disorder. Scientists have long been researching the effects of disturbance of circadian rhythms and its consequences on the life of a human being. This paper also considers the facts that have been established in this area to identify and discuss the process undergoing in a human being and its complexities with a particular reference to circadian rhythms and bipolar disorder, its causes and how shall it be handled to ease a human at such discomfort. Literature Review: Biological rhythms -By taking the two words and breaking them down into their separate meanings a...
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...1995 Pergamon 0 005-7967(94)E001 !-7 C opyright ('~ 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd P rinted in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0005-7967/95 $7.00 + 0.00 HOW DOES COGNITIVE THERAPY PREVENT DEPRESSIVE RELAPSE AND WHY SHOULD ATTENTIONAL CONTROL (MINDFULNESS) TRAINING HELP? J OHN D. TEASDALE, 1 ZINDEL SEGAL2 a n d J. MARK G. WILLIAMS3 ' MRC Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, England, 2Clark Institute of Psychiatry, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, 3Department of Psychology, University College of North Wales (Received 12 November 1993; receivedfor publication 17 January 1994) S ummary--There is encouraging evidence that structured psychological treatments for depression, in p articular cognitive therapy, can reduce subsequent relapse after the period of initial treatment has been completed. However, there is a continuing need for prophylactic psychological approaches that can be administered to recovered patients in euthymic mood. An information-processing analysis of depressive m aintenance and relapse is used to define the requirements for effective prevention, and to propose mechanisms through which cognitive therapy achieves its prophylactic effects. This analysis suggests that similar effects can be achieved using techniques of stress-reduction based on the skills of attentional control t aught in mindfulness meditation. An information-processing analysis is presented of mindfulness and mindlessness...
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...Theme A: The Dynamic Landscape |Specification Content |Learning Outcomes |Teaching and Learning Activities |Resources | |The Drainage Basin: A |Students should be able to: | | | |Component of the Water Cycle | | | | | |demonstrate knowledge and understanding of|The two websites listed here give clear animations of the hydrological cycle |www.epa.gov/ogwdw/kids/flash/ flashwatercycle.html | | |the components of the drainage basin cycle|which students can watch and discuss. |www.sweetwater.org/education/ watercycle.swf | | |and their interrelationships: | | | | |inputs: precipitation; |A useful starting point is to get students to place relevant...
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...subconscious and revisited or attached to a situation as a means of trying to deal – or not deal – with it. This is the case with self-defeating behaviours where the pattern of behaviour is one that is preventing them from reaching their potential or sense of well-being. A therapist trying to help someone deal with this type of behaviour would be able to explain how it is also learned and through therapy try and investigate where set behaviour stemmed, its causes, and ways of dealing with recurrence as some way to gaining understanding and closure for the client. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy or CBT is one approach to the treatment of self-defeating where a regressive or limiting pattern of behaviour is identified and change of that pattern or cycle is sought through therapy by changing the person’s thinking, which in turn changes actions, and ultimately the regressive or self-defeating patterns of behaviour. For a CBT practitioner or behaviourist the problem is in the behaviour and not in the person arguing that the reinforcing and conditioning effects of a person’s environment hugely influence their behaviour. Behaviour being linked to thoughts means that all behaviour is learned right through an individual’s life and is their learned responses to their environment. Cognitive-behavioural therapy will aid the individual to learn and apply new techniques in life – focusing on how learned behaviour could be the main obstacle in overcoming problems and thus challenging set patterns...
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...examine the Arnold, Schwinn and Company (Schwinn) and their rise and fall as an American icon. By looking at the management, leadership, and organizational structure in the different stages of growth the slow decline and failure can be examined. History Arnold, Schwinn and Company was established in 1895 by German immigrant Ignaz Schwinn and Adolph Arnold. Schwinn was headquartered in Chicago, Illinios, and by 1905 had become a leader in bicycle manufacturing. Ignaz successfully brought the company through the Great Depression with new models, innovations, and improvements. Ignaz Schwinn died in 1948 and control of the company went to his son Frank W. Schwinn. Under the leadership of Frank W., Schwinn continued making improvements and in 1952 established the “Authorized Dealer Network.” The network established specific Schwinn stores that expanded their “genuine parts and accessories” program and provided training by Schwinn in repair; parts, and sales (Re-cycle, 2011). Schwinn became famous for its outstanding quality, service, and lifetime guarantee. With the death of Frank W. in 1963 Schwinn came under an incompetent third generation, Frank Jr. followed by Edward Jr., and thus began the end. Organizational Behavior and Structure Organizational behavior is “the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organizations performance (Robbins, 2011. P. 10). From 1895 to 1963 Schwinn was managed by strong innovative and business wise leaders....
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...A Reflective Paper On Bipolar Disorder Bipolar is a condition known as manic-depressive disorder, which referred to as bipolar or manic depression, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more abnormal episodes. An estimated 15-20% of patients who suffer from bipolar disorder and who do not receive medical attention commit suicide. Bipolar disorder is a very dangerous illness that is often over looked. Although many people may assume that bipolar disorder is just a person's personality fluctuating between highs and lows, there is much more to this disease. Bipolar disorder is a complex physiological and psychological disorder that can influence and manipulate a person's thoughts and actions in their daily life. Bipolar elevated moods are symptoms of mania or milder hypomania. Individuals who experience manic episodes have both mania and depression present at the same time. These episodes are usually separated by periods of "normal "mood; but, in some individuals, depression and mania may rapidly alternate, which is known as rapid cycling. Feldman, R.S 2009. In addition, extreme manic episodes can sometimes lead to psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Depression phase of bipolar disorder include persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, anger isolation, or hopelessness; disturbances in sleep and loss of appetite and interest in usually enjoyable activities; problems concentrating; loneliness...
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...Struggles Joyce W. Davis Oklahoma Wesleyan University Abstract Research has shown that physical and sexual maltreatment precipitate runaway behavior in adolescents. However, there has been little large— scale examination of the family, school, and personal problems of maltreated adolescents. In the present paper, an 85—items Client information Record was completed on 2,019 runaway by shelter staff from eight southeastern states. There were significant differences in the problems reported by physically abused, sexually abusive, depression, stress and prostitution runaways when compared to their non abused runaway peers. Runaways who were both physical and sexual abuse maltreated were significantly more vulnerable and much was off than those who only experienced either physical or sexual abuse. The purpose of this review of information is to contribute a better understanding of how physical and sexual abuse are correlated to runaway teens and how depression, stress and prostitution faced by many young people, today. Runaway Teen Struggles “The runaway and throwaway issue has been a silent crisis far too long. We badly need a little noise, and the hope is that government officials, educators, and ordinary citizen join in the clamor.” Maureen, Blair Although estimates vary, each year approximately 1.5 million young people in the United States—more than half of them between the ages of 15 and 17—leave home suddenly under difficult circumstances. Some run away...
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...that 11% reported they had been diagnosed with or treated for depression within the past year. Further, 22% had experienced depression in the past 12 months; among those endorsing depression, 39% said that it has affected their academic performance (American College Health Association, 2013). Other research further supports that depression is a significant predictor of both lower grade point average and higher probability of drop- ping out (Eisenberg, Golberstein, & Hunt, 2009). National surveys show that a substantial minority of college students report depression (Eisenberg, Gollust, Golberstein, & Hefner, 2007; National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2012). The 2012 report from the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors indicated that 95% of counseling center directors believe that psychological problems are a growing concern and that depression is one of the most prevalent concerns with 36% of college students affected (Mistler, Reetz, Krylowicz, & Barr, 2012). Depression is caused by a number of risk factors such as, family history, physical illness, medication and ethnicity. Some types of depression tend to run in families. However, depression can occur in people without family histories of depression too. Scientists are now studying certain genes that may make some people more prone to depression than others. Some genetics research indicates that the risk for depression results from the influence of several genes acting together with...
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...Business 650, Managerial Finance Use of Real Options Theory Financial Management/Modeling I April 18, 2011nstructor: Abstract At a previous employment environment, the president of the corporation acted on a whim, rather than, conducting a series of testing for his expansion to go into other businesses ventures. Within a few short months, the plan was abandoned for lack of profitability. As an employee, I thought of this as a failure on the owner’s part. However, the Real Options Theory is basically, weighing the outcome for expansion or acquisition utilizing capital investments for future ventures. Consider Real Option theory as a method to remove some of the risk in capital investments. Helpful assistance and decision making can be derived using such charts as the Decision Tree. The decision can be extremely tiresome. Use of Real Options Theory in Financial Management/Modeling Long past are the days, where a company can sit idling waiting for an idea, because while waiting someone else is making the move. The benefits that an older company may experience through experience may not fit into today’s society of technological changes. However, the risk of a company that has existed over 50 years, can they lose to new companies that evolve because of revolutionary changes in the ability to change the course of history. Creating valuable service for consumers and bringing a product or service to market, must be planned to meet the expectations of stockholder...
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...disorders include: depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, and even seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The immediate stigma that is placed on most if not all mood disorders is that they are sicknesses. In the case of depression, this is not to confuse depression, a normal emotion with biological depression, an illness. Further along this line of irrational thought is the belief that they are not treatable and the person affected is in some way, shape or form disconnected from civilization as we know it. In this research paper, we will attempt to destroy these unfair stereotypes on this subject, attempt to rationalize the behaviors, and shed light on treatments for the various disorders. The research gathered will attempt to understand and answer these questions: 1. What are mood disorders and their symptoms? 2. What are the causes? 3. How can the stigma of mood disorders be removed? 4. What forms of treatment are the most successful? What Are Mood Disorders And Their Symptoms? In order to get a good idea of what causes mood disorders, we first must attempt to categorize what various classes of disorders there are. Our text, Psychology: A Journey (2008 p. 500), defined mood disorders as major disturbances in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania. The two major classes are: depressive and bipolar. Depressive disorders bring about extended bouts of depression, apathy, complete...
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...International Economics Paper Hercillia C. Henderson ECO/372 October 21, 2015 Professor Watson Ragin The Role of the President and Congress in Stimulating and Contracting the Economy Both the President of the United States and the United States’ Congress are capable of enacting policies that may have the effect of either stimulating or contracting the economy. The President is able to stimulate the economy in a variety of ways. One is to propose a Congressional budget that includes increases in spending for the purpose of creating a stimulus, or proposing tax cuts that likewise are intended to have a stimulus effect. The President may also issue executive orders in certain areas that have the effect of creating a stimulus or contracting the economy. These might include appointing like-minded people to the Federal Reserve Board, adjusting certain tax rates by means of changes in revenue collection policy, adjustments to trade policy, and the like. Congress possesses similar powers in that Congress may appropriate spending for purposes of a imposing a stimulus package, adjusting rates of taxation for the purpose of generating economic growth, adjusting trade policy, such as lowering tariffs, for a similar purpose, and creating public works programs. Budgets and legislation that are proposed by the President must ultimately be approved by Congress, although the executive branch of the federal...
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