...Describe and Evaluate the Multi-Store Model of Memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the Multi-store model of memory in 1968. The model had two distinct stores known as a Short-term store and a Long term store. The model also unravelled a stimulus from the environment known as the sensory register. The memory model elaborates three stages that take place from information passing to the sensory register then to the short-term memory and eventually stored in the long-term memory. The main features of the sensory register is its modality specific, therefore information is held in the same sense it is registered e.g a visual image is held as a picture in the person’s memory and taste is held as a taste. The capacity of the sensory register is quite large however it has a very brief duration of approximately half a second. A series of experiments have been conducted by Sperling in 1960 which discovered that the sensory register can hold at least nine items of modality specific information for a brief period of time. From the sensory register information can be lost or can be passed onto the short-term memory. The research was developed by Miller in 1956 called ‘The Magic Number Seven’ in which he discovered that the short-term memory can hold 5-9 items of information, with a capacity that can be extended by ‘chunking information’, e.g broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and peas can be chunked as one item known as vegetables. In 1959 Peterson and Peterson discovered the...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi store model of memory (12 marks) Information from the environment is transferred through one of our five senses into the sensory memory (encoded depending on the type of information we receive). The sensory memory is a store suggested to be large in capacity but the duration the information is held for is the problem, lasting only fractions of a second. When attention is paid to information it enters the short term memory. According to Miller, the short term memory has a capacity of 7+-2 items. The duration of the short term memory last between 18 and 30 seconds, the STM is encoded mainly acoustically but sometimes visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in the STM or will be lost through decay or displacement. Elaborative rehearsal will then transfer information into the long term memory, which has an unlimited capacity and duration (without interference such as memory decay). The LTM encodes mainly semantically (through meaning). Information can be retrieved from the LTM to be used in the STM when needed. One strength of the model is that is it supported from clinical/empirical research based on real people rather than laboratory experiments. This makes it high in ecological validity and can be applied to everyday life within the real world. For example, the study of HM, a brain damaged patient underwent an operation to cure a severe case of epilepsy but this resulted in the ability to transfer from the STM to the LTM,...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi-store model (12) | A01Atkinson and Shiffrin argued that there are three memory stores: 1. sensory store 2. short-term store 3. long-term storeAccording to the theory information from the environment is initially received by the sensory stores. (There is a sensory store for each sense.) Some information in the sensory stores is attended to and processed further by the short-term store. In turn some information processed in the short-term store is transferred to the long-term store through rehearsal or verbally repeating it. The more something is rehearsed the stronger the memory trace in the long-term memory. The main emphasis of this model is on the structure of memory on rehearsal | A02Case studies support to the multi-store modelGlanzer and Cunitz found that when rehearsal is prevented, the recency effect disappears.There is evidence that encoding is different in short term and long-term memory. For example Baddeley There are huge differences in the duration of information in the short term and long term memory (Peterson & Peterson). (Bahrick et al.)oversimplified. (reductionist) | Outline and evaluate the working memory model (12) | Episodic buffer was added by Baddeley in 2000 | Active process: PET scans Amnesiac case studies Shallice & Warrington (1974) Baddeley (1986) found that patients with damage to their frontal lobe had problems concentrating suggesting damage to the central executive (researcher biased) | Outline...
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...Outline and Evaluate the Multi – Store Model of Memory ( 12 marks ) Information from the environment enters sensory memory, encoded through one of the 5 senses depending on the type of information. If attention is paid to this information it will enter short term memory ( STM )which, according to Miller, has a capacity of 7+/- 2 bits of information. It can last up to 18 seconds, without rehearsal, according to Peterson and Peterson. Baddeley found that information in STM is encoded mainly acoustically, although Brandimonte showed that sometimes it is done visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in STM or be forgotten through decay or displacement. Elaborative rehearsal will then transfer information into long term memory ( LTM ) which has unlimited capacity and, according to Bahrick, can last a lifetime. Baddeley found that LTM encodes mostly semantically. Information can be retrieved from LTM to be used in STM when needed and can be forgotten through decay or displacement. ( 157 words ) A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence from clinical amnesics, and as this is based on real people rather than experiments, it is more ecologically valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For example, H.M. underwent brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information...
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...Outline and evaluate the Multi Store Model (12 marks) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory (MSM) shows the distinction between the separate unitary stores of sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) and two processes (attention and rehearsal). All information passes through the system in a linear fashion. External stimuli/ information first enter the sensory store directly from our five senses. It remains in the sensory store for a maximum duration of around 2 seconds before it decays and is replaced with new information. If information in the sensory store has been paid attention to then it can be passed on to the short term memory/store (STM). According to George Millar (1956), the STM can store around 7 +- 2 chunks of information. It is encoded primarily in an acoustic format (Alan Baddeley, 1996) however it can also be encoded visually. Furthermore it remains there for around 12-30 seconds without being rehearsed. When there information is rehearsed it can remain there for as long as it’s being rehearsed (maintenance rehearsal) and will be able to stop any new information from entering the store. Transfer from the STM to the LTM is achieved through elaborative rehearsal. New information which enters the STM displaces any information which is already there; consequently the information which is not rehearsed and passed to the LTM is forgotten (decay occurs once again). When information enters the LTM it can remain there for a life time...
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...Describe and evaluate the multi store model? 12 marks. A01: * Found by Atkinson and Shiffrim (1968) and it states that you have three different types of memory; Sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory * It is a linear model. Therefore, information passes in one direction and if one of the memory box gets disrupted, then the others will too. For example, if your short term memory is disrupted, then your long term memory will also be disrupted. * Your first memory storage is Sensory memory. All information from the environment enters your sensory memory, which has a limited capacity and duration that lasts up to 2 seconds. The information you pay attention to, then gets passed to your short term memory. (ionic, echoic and haptic) * Your short term memory receives all the information that you have paid attention to. It has a duration that lasts up to 18 seconds and a capacity that can store 7+/-2 chunks of information. It is encoded acoustically (by sound). * Information only moves to your Long term memory if it is rehearsed. Your long term memory has a duration that is unlimited (up to a lifetime) and the capacity is also unlimited. It is encoded semantically (by meaning) * If the information in your short term memory is not rehearsed, then it can’t move on to your long term memory and later on it will be lost. [+] Glazer and cunitz (1996) gave participants a list of words presented one at a time and then tested their recalls...
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...connections, functionality from over 250,000 applications available on Apple’s apps store, and with the ability to deliver video, music, games, etc. The main Challenges facing apple is how to convince the potential users that they need this new product with the functionality that iPads provide. This is the same challenges faced by the iPhone when it was first announced. As it turned out, the iPhone was a smashing success that decimated the sales of traditional cell phones through the world. If iPads become a hit, it will force many existing businesses to change their business models significantly. These companies may need to stop investing in their traditional delivery platforms (like newsprint) and increase their investments in the new digital platform. (More examples are mentioned in the case study questions) Nowadays, Apple understands that it needs high quality content from all the type of media it offers on its devices to be truly successful. The old attitude of Apple (“Rip, burn, distribute”), which were designed to sell devices are a thing of the past. In this case of disruptive technology, even the disruptors have been forced to change their behavior. 2 Case Study Questions: Q1. Evaluate the impact of the iPad using Porter’s competitive forces model. Due to the strong position of Apple, it can govern the tablet market but still there are many factors which are shown in the porter model that might affect iPad of being a true market leader. (+ indicates that the...
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...9. Reference……………………………………………………………………….....20 -2- Human Computer Interaction Abstract Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques for supporting user tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer’s actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of help, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers follow when creating Interfaces. HCI in the large is an interdisciplinary area. It is emerging as a specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases: computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces), psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior), sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization), and industrial design (interactive products). -3- Human...
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...be marked. TOTAL Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be assessed on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JUn13psyA101) G/T90614 6/6/6/6/ PSYA1 2 Do not write outside the box Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ. Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory and long-term memory are different. ...............................................................................................................................................
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...you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be assessed on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. 10 TOTAL (JUn13psyA101) G/T90614 6/6/6/6/ PSYA1 2 Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box Total for this question: 4 marks 1 According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ. Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory and long-term memory are different. ...............................................................................................................................................
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...Chapter One: Information Systems in Global Business Today -Information system: A set of interrelated components that collect, retrieve, process, store, and distribute info to support decision making and control in an organization –Six building blocks of computers: input, output, memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit and files. Control unit and arithmetic/logical unit together known as CPU (central processing unit). –Arithmetic/Logic Unit: carries out mathematical operations and logical comparisons, consist of very large scale integrated circuits, can perform billion operations per second, numbers taking from memories as input and results stored in memory as output. -Control Unit: controls the other five compo of the comp system, enables the comp to take advantage of speed and capacity of its other compo, list of operations called a program, these operations read from memory, interpreted and carried out one at a time (stored program concept). –Cache memory: high speed, high cost storage, used as intermediary between control unit and main memory, compensates for speed mismatches built into the comp system. –Multiple processor configurations: a comp system usually contains more than one processor, dual processor contain two physical separate processors as two separate chips, dual core contain two complete processors manufactured as a single chip, dual processor are better and faster. –Input: devices allow users to enter data into the comp for processing, common devices: keyboard...
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...Importance of Non-Functional Testing and Security Testing in Mobile Application Development Abstract Smart-phones have become part of human life. As smartphones become more powerful and usage rises, Smartphone makers have a much wider range of innovation possibilities than their PC counterparts. The personal nature and pocket size of mobile phones and their potential offer a wide scope for developing distinctive handset models targeted at a specific segment of the smart-phone market. The mobile application market’s growth is driven by the widespread push of advanced handset capabilities by the mobile industry and the increasingly-connected global consumer base. Progress of network technologies, restructuring of revenue-sharing pattern, lowering of mobile data usage cost, growing adoption of smart phones, and increase in application usability have contributed to the growth of mobile application adoption globally. This trend has led to substantial surge in the dependence and usage of the mobile Internet, specifically mobile applications. Mobile Application Development is the method by which application software is produced for low power handling devices, mobile devices, and other small digital equipment. As this technological development continues to gain momentum, it's quickly turning into one of the most powerful industries in the world. Majority of the mobile application testers tend to focus more on testing the product against client requirements – Functional testing...
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...(Pascal, Lisp,C++). The essential elements in constructing a student model are the background knowledge and the student behavior. The first component which is the background knowledge is difficult to acquire automatically and to extend, and in fact one of the major bottlenecks in the development of student modeling systems. The difficulty lies in constructing the bug library, which is the collection of common errors made by the students in a particular domain (Sison,1998). This implies that the background knowledge is a critical component in student modeling construction. Indeed, few systems are able to construct and extend bug libraries. The second component, which is the student behavior can be classified as simple and complex (Sison, 1998). Simple behavior involves classification and complex behavior involves problem solving task. Traditionally, in domains wherein the student behavior is simple (subtraction), student modeling systems used multiple behaviors as the primary input. This is known as synthetic student modeling. One drawback of this is that, the modeling system might construct a student model that is too general (incorrect covering of certain behaviors) or too specific (missing certain behaviors). To overcome this problem, student modeling systems computes a generalization of these behaviors, synthesizing elements from the background knowledge. The synthesized generalization makes up the student model. This is known as the synthetic approach. Moreover in...
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...files. There is no system enforcing any standardized control on the organization and structure of these data files. • Data Redundancy and Inconsistency Since data resides in different private data files, there are chances of redundancy and resulting inconsistency. For example, in the above example shown, the same customer can have a savings account as well as a mortgage loan. Here the customer details may be duplicated since the programs for the two functions store their corresponding data in two different data files. This gives rr.>e to redundancy in the customer's data. Since the same data is stored in two files, inconsistency arises if a change made in the data in one file is not reflected in the other. • Unanticipated Queries In a file-based system, handling sudden/ad-hoc queries can be difficult, since it requires changes in the existing programs. • Data Isolation Though data used by different programs in the application may be related, they reside in isolated data files. • Concurrent Access Anomalies In large multi-user systems the same file or record may need to be accessed by multiple users simultaneously. Handling this in file-based systems is difficult. • Security Problems In data-intensive applications, security of data is a major concern. Users should be given access only to required data and not the whole database. In a file-based system, this can be...
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...A PROJECT PAPER ON ANALYZING THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF BRAND LOYALTY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF BANGLADESHI SUPERMARKET. 7th January, 2014 NORTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH ANALYZING THE INFLUENCING FACTORS OF BRAND LOYALTY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF BANGLADESHI SUPERMARKET. Prepared by Shafa Alam Surovi ID: BBA080202800 Email: surovishaf@yahoo.com Department of Business Administration Northern University Bangladesh Submitted to Department of Business Administration Northern University Bangladesh 7th January, 2014 DECLARATION I do hereby declare that this project paper entitled “Analyzing the Influencing Factors of Brand Loyalty: An Empirical Study of Bangladeshi Supermarket”. Submitted by me to Northern University, Bangladesh, for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration is an original work. I also declare that the project paper has not been submitted earlier either partly or wholly to any other University or Institution for any Degree, Diploma, Associate-ship, Studentship, Fellowship and other similar title or prizes. …………………… Shafa Alam Surovi ID-080202800 Email: surovishafa@yahoo.com Department of Business Administration Northern University Bangladesh BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project paper entitled “Analyzing the Influencing Factors of Brand Loyalty: An Empirical Study of Bangladeshi Supermarket”. Submitted to Northern University Bangladesh, in connection with the project work is a bonafide record of...
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