...Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory The multi-store model of memory is a representation of the flow of information through the memory system. The information first flows through the sensory memory, then the short-term memory, and then the long-term memory. Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If the information is not given attention then it is forgotten through trace decay. If the information is given attention then it goes to the short-term memory. If you repeat the information then it stays in your short-term memory due to the process of maintenance rehearsal. This means that if the information is repeated then it stays refreshed in our minds. But items can also be forgotten in the short-term memory due to displacement. This is the process by which items in the STM are pushed out to make room for incoming new ones. However, if the information has remained in the STM due to maintenance rehearsal and links are made, then the information is transferred to the long-term memory through the process elaborative rehearsal. Making links is when you subconsciously compare information to something you have seen before therefore making it easier to remember. When you think of a memory then you retrieve it from your LTM and bring it to your STM. This is called retrieval. Each part of the multi-store model of memory has a different amount of capacity, duration and encoding. The capacity is the amount of information that can be held...
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...sensory memory, encoded through one of the 5 senses depending on the type of information. If attention is paid to this information it will enter short term memory ( STM )which, according to Miller, has a capacity of 7+/- 2 bits of information. It can last up to 18 seconds, without rehearsal, according to Peterson and Peterson. Baddeley found that information in STM is encoded mainly acoustically, although Brandimonte showed that sometimes it is done visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in STM or be forgotten through decay or displacement. Elaborative rehearsal will then transfer information into long term memory ( LTM ) which has unlimited capacity and, according to Bahrick, can last a lifetime. Baddeley found that LTM encodes mostly semantically. Information can be retrieved from LTM to be used in STM when needed and can be forgotten through decay or displacement. ( 157 words ) A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence from clinical amnesics, and as this is based on real people rather than experiments, it is more ecologically valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For example, H.M. underwent brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information from STM to LTM so that he could not form long term memories, supporting the concept that there are separate stores. (...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi-store model (12) | A01Atkinson and Shiffrin argued that there are three memory stores: 1. sensory store 2. short-term store 3. long-term storeAccording to the theory information from the environment is initially received by the sensory stores. (There is a sensory store for each sense.) Some information in the sensory stores is attended to and processed further by the short-term store. In turn some information processed in the short-term store is transferred to the long-term store through rehearsal or verbally repeating it. The more something is rehearsed the stronger the memory trace in the long-term memory. The main emphasis of this model is on the structure of memory on rehearsal | A02Case studies support to the multi-store modelGlanzer and Cunitz found that when rehearsal is prevented, the recency effect disappears.There is evidence that encoding is different in short term and long-term memory. For example Baddeley There are huge differences in the duration of information in the short term and long term memory (Peterson & Peterson). (Bahrick et al.)oversimplified. (reductionist) | Outline and evaluate the working memory model (12) | Episodic buffer was added by Baddeley in 2000 | Active process: PET scans Amnesiac case studies Shallice & Warrington (1974) Baddeley (1986) found that patients with damage to their frontal lobe had problems concentrating suggesting damage to the central executive (researcher biased) | Outline...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi store memory model of memory The multi-store model of memory as proposed by Atkinson and shiffrin states that memory has 3 stores (sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory) and 2 processes (attention and rehearsal). Information enters the sensory memory through our senses according to the environmental stimuli. This information is register for a brief second and then decays unless we pass attention to it and when we do it moves to the short term memory. The sensory memory has a high capacity, short duration and it sensory buffers. The short term memory contains small amount of information. According to the digit span test by miller capacity is just 7+/-2 (limited). At this stage information is encodes acoustically through sound, memory traces are fragile with duration of 18-20 secs. Maintenance rehearsal (by repetition) within the short term memory allows information to be refreshed and recycled for us to be able to use it. This Information is then passed through elaborative rehearsal (by meaning) to the long term memory. The capacity for the LTM is unlimited, it encodes information semantically and duration lasts from an hour to a lifetime. The multi store memory has three features: It has 3 unitary stores, it is simplistic & well-structured and it moves in a linear. Evaluation There is support from neurological case studies. Since the MSM claims that the STM and LTM are in two separate stores evidence can be found...
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...Outline and Evaluate the Multi – Store Model of Memory ( 12 marks ) Information from the environment enters sensory memory, encoded through one of the 5 senses depending on the type of information. If attention is paid to this information it will enter short term memory ( STM )which, according to Miller, has a capacity of 7+/- 2 bits of information. It can last up to 18 seconds, without rehearsal, according to Peterson and Peterson. Baddeley found that information in STM is encoded mainly acoustically, although Brandimonte showed that sometimes it is done visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in STM or be forgotten through decay or displacement. Elaborative rehearsal will then transfer information into long term memory ( LTM ) which has unlimited capacity and, according to Bahrick, can last a lifetime. Baddeley found that LTM encodes mostly semantically. Information can be retrieved from LTM to be used in STM when needed and can be forgotten through decay or displacement. ( 157 words ) A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence from clinical amnesics, and as this is based on real people rather than experiments, it is more ecologically valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For example, H.M. underwent brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information...
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...Outline and evaluate the Multi Store Model (12 marks) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory (MSM) shows the distinction between the separate unitary stores of sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) and two processes (attention and rehearsal). All information passes through the system in a linear fashion. External stimuli/ information first enter the sensory store directly from our five senses. It remains in the sensory store for a maximum duration of around 2 seconds before it decays and is replaced with new information. If information in the sensory store has been paid attention to then it can be passed on to the short term memory/store (STM). According to George Millar (1956), the STM can store around 7 +- 2 chunks of information. It is encoded primarily in an acoustic format (Alan Baddeley, 1996) however it can also be encoded visually. Furthermore it remains there for around 12-30 seconds without being rehearsed. When there information is rehearsed it can remain there for as long as it’s being rehearsed (maintenance rehearsal) and will be able to stop any new information from entering the store. Transfer from the STM to the LTM is achieved through elaborative rehearsal. New information which enters the STM displaces any information which is already there; consequently the information which is not rehearsed and passed to the LTM is forgotten (decay occurs once again). When information enters the LTM it can remain there for a life time...
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...Outline and evaluate the Working Memory Model. The Working Memory Model (WMM) is a model of the STM. The WMM was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch when they carried out a Dual-task method experiment only to find that the MSM was too simple as it stated that the STM is only one store. The model shows that information is first received by the Central Executive. The Central Executive has overall control of the STM and it is multi-modal meaning it can process information from different senses. This information can then go to one of two stores. If it is speech-based information it will be transferred to the Phonological Loop. It has two subcomponents, phonological store and articulatory control process. The phonological store is the inner ear and contains snippets of sounds either from the outside world or recalled from long term memory. The articulatory control process is the inner voice which essentially is our own voice inside our heads as it constantly repeats or rehearses information so therefore preventing forgetting by decay. The visuo-spatial sketch pad is visual short term memory, or the inner eye. It can manipulate images in two and three dimensions. The WMM shows memory as an active process as the Central Executive can store and retrieve information from either slave store. As this is a model of the STM, all three stores have a limited duration and capacity. A good thing about the WMM is that it’s pioneering. This model is the first of its kind to explain STM as having separate...
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...Outline and evaluate the working memory model. The working memory model was proposed in 1974 by Baddeley and Hitch, who felt that Atkinson and Schifrin’s multi store model, was too simplistic, therefore the working memory model acted as an alternative, unlike the multi store model the working memory model presents short term memory stores because it focuses on the short term memory. The term working memory is used by Baddeley and Hitch to refer to the part of the memory that is active, for example calculating sums or reading a sentence all of which are collecting data to be stored. There are three parts main of the original working memory model: the central executive, phonological loop, visual spatial sketch pad and the later added episodic buffer. The central executive controls attention and draws on the other the other two systems also known as slave systems. The central executive only has a limited capacity, which is supported by the dual task technique. This is when an individual struggles to do tasks that require the same component – this is because they are competing for the central executive’s capacity. There is evidence to suggest that there may be more than one component of the central executive, for example Eslinger and Damasio study. Their findings were that a patient, who had recently had a brain tumour removed, performed well on tasks that required reasoning, but not on decision making tasks. The two slave systems in the working memory model have similarities...
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...Outline and evaluate the working memory model (12 marks) Baddeley and Hitch proposed that memory has 4 components. The central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer. The central executive decides how to share out and direct attention to incoming information. The phonological loop can be thought of as a maintenance rehearsal mechanism for retaining verbal information. It is sub-divided into two other components, the phonological store (inner ear), which holds acoustically coded information, and the articulatory process (inner voice), which allows for sub vocal rehearsal (words you are about to say). Furthermore, the visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye) is responsible for storing visual and spatial information. In other words, it codes information in images and can create and manipulate visual and spatial images. Finally, the episodic buffer. This component takes information from different sources and integrates them together. For example, Baddeley suggested if we imagine an elephant playing ice hockey, we have to draw out images stored in long term memory and combine them into a moving image. The working memory model is good and is an improvement over the multi-store model. It demonstrates how the short term memory works because it explains how we can store information briefly and simultaneously manipulate it, for example, mental arithmetic. This shows that the model has face validity, which means that the test appears to measure what it is...
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...this paper is 72. Question 10 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 10, you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. TOTAL (JAN09PSYA101) G/K40960 6/6/6 PSYA1 2 SECTION A: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS Answer all questions. Areas outside the box will not be scanned for marking Total for this question: 12 marks 1 The following are all concepts relating to memory: A B C D 1 Duration Capacity Encoding Retrieval. (a) In the table below, write which one of the concepts listed above (A, B, C or D) matches each definition. Definition The length of time the memory store holds information Transforming incoming information into a form that can be stored in memory (2 marks) Concept 1 (b) Outline the main features of the multi-store model of memory....
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...be marked. TOTAL Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be assessed on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JUn13psyA101) G/T90614 6/6/6/6/ PSYA1 2 Do not write outside the box Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ. Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory and long-term memory are different. ...............................................................................................................................................
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...you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be assessed on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. 10 TOTAL (JUn13psyA101) G/T90614 6/6/6/6/ PSYA1 2 Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box Total for this question: 4 marks 1 According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which short-term memory and long-term memory differ. Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory and long-term memory are different. ...............................................................................................................................................
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...Topic : Name : Course : Date : Word Count : Abstract NoSQL databases offer a noteworthy change to how venture applications are manufactured, testing to two-decade authority of social databases. The inquiry individuals face is whether NoSQL databases are a fitting decision, either for new extends or to acquaint with existing undertakings. Where they originated from, the nature of the information models they utilize, and the diverse way you need ought to consider utilizing them, why they won't make social databases old, and the essential outcome of bilingual ingenuity. Versatile Search consolidates the force of Apache Lucene (NoSQL since 2001) and the simple to utilize composition free web index that can serve full-content hunt appeal, key-esteem lookups, pattern free investigation demands. The key highlights of Elastic Search with live cases. The discussion won't be a thorough highlight presentation yet rather a review of what and how Elastic Search can accomplish for you. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is Nosql Database Systems? 3. Relational Database Systems 4. Comparison 5. Conclusions 6. REFERENCES 1. Introduction NoSQL stays for Not Only SQL in like manner declared as noseequel. NoSQL is used for securing epic measure of data made by various source, for instance, facebook(audio, highlight and consistently posts). NoSQL is a non-social database organization structure and speedy information recuperation...
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...now the fastest growing industry worldwide in electronics. A large part of the electronic industry is known with digital technology. Electronic product Computer, cell phones television were on peak of the demand and sales by the consumer. Early Sony engages in a variety of different marketing as one of the leading manufacturer of electronic products for the consumer and professional market. Sony was known for electronic gadgets in market.From past few years Apple Company products are highly in demand by the India Market. Apple is an American multinational company Headquarter in Cupertino California. The company designs electronic item such as IPhone smartphone and the IPad tablet computer, its online service included iCloud, ITunes and App store. The company is mainly know for the hardware products are the Mac line in computer. Apple is the world's second-largest information technology company by revenue after Samsung...
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...Hardware 2 Application Patterns 4 Schema Design & Indexes 5 Disk I/O 6 Considerations for Amazon EC2 7 Considerations for Benchmarks 7 We Can Help 9 Resources 9 Introduction MongoDB is a high-performance, scalable database designed for a broad array of modern applications. It is used by organizations of all sizes to power on-line, operational applications where low latency, high throughput and continuous availability are critical requirements of the system. For a discussion on the architecture of MongoDB and some of its underlying assumptions, see the MongoDB Architecture Guide. For a discussion on operating a MongoDB system, see the MongoDB Operations Best Practices. This guide outlines considerations for achieving performance at scale in a MongoDB system across a number of key dimensions, including hardware, application MongoDB Pluggable Storage Engines patterns, schema design and indexing, disk I/O, Amazon EC2, and designing for benchmarks. While this guide is broad in scope, it is not exhaustive. Following the recommendations in this guide will reduce the likelihood of encountering common performance limitations, but it does not guarantee good performance in your application. MongoDB 3.0 exposed a new storage engine API, enabling the integration of pluggable storage engines that extend MongoDB with new capabilities, and enable optimal use of specific hardware architectures. MongoDB 3.2 ships with...
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