...Determination of Densities Group 3 - ECE 12 Paul Anthony S. Dela Cruz Gwenn G. Dela Victoria Christian Dane A. Esteva Nicolo Martin M. Eugenio Neil Aaron M. Gayetta De La Salle University-Dasmariñas Dasmariñas, Cavite Philippines ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to identify the density, the degree of compression which resides in a substance through the relationship between the mass the substance and its volume, of solid and liquid samples. The materials used for the liquid samples include: water, isopropyl alcohol, coconut oil and an unknown liquid. In order to determine the mass, volume and density the group measured the different samples as accurate as possible. The experimental density values were measured at 1.01 g/ml, 0.800 g/ml, 0.940 g/ml, and 0.800 g/ml respectively at room temperature. As the group calculated for the percent error, using the given formula, the result was below 3.00% for all the samples. The unknown liquid, kerosene, was identified by comparing the measured density with its theoretical value. As for the solid samples a wooden cube, rectangular plywood, a marble, and a pebble was used in the said activity. The experimental density values of the solid samples were measured at 0.500 g/cm3, 1.99 g/cm3, and 2.61 g/cm3 respectively. Finally, after accomplishing the study, the accuracy of measuring, the needed quantities and the mentioned results proved that such a great success was achieved. INTRODUCTION Density is the...
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... The Densities of Liquids and Solids compound. Abstract: In this experiment we will determine the density of liquid and a solid by two quantities of mass and the volume of a given quantity of matter.To properly measure density,we need container whose volume is known to a high degree of accuracy. This container is known as a flask and stopper. Introduction: Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance or object to its volume. At any given temperature, the ratio of mass to volume is characteristic for a given substance.Common liquids and solids of various densities are layered in a beaker. The liquids form different layers and the solids float at the interfaces between them. This demonstrates that a solid's ability to float or sink depends on its density relative to the liquid it is in.The physical properties of a pure substance are those that can be measured without changing the composition of the substance. The density of a substance is an intensive property of the substance. The property is independent of the mass of the substance ( intensive ). The density of a substance is a measure of the mass of the substance per volume occupied by the substance. The density of solids and liquids are generally given in units of grams per milliliter, while for gases the units are grams per liter. We will be determining the density of water, the density of an unknown liquid, the density of a regular solid and the density of an irregular solid.The Density of solid...
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...Experiment 2 Density: Using Experimental Techniques to Solve an Inquiry based problem Introduction- Density is the measure of mass of a substance that is, the amount of matter in a substance per unit volume of the substance. The objective: 1. To find the density of a cube 2. To get the methods in which the density of an object can be determined 3. To discover which of the methods is more accurate to use in determining the density of an object Materials: 1. Object (cube) 2. Ruler 3. Balance Methods: The methods used for this experiment to get the density of the object are measuring the dimensions of the object and use of water displacement. INTRODUCTION Density is the measure of the amount of matter contained in a substance per unit volume of that substance. The equation for density, Density = Mass/Volume. It is measured in grams/ centimeter cube. In order to find the density of an object, the mass and the volume of the object is required. The Mass of an object can be obtained using a balance or weigh. The Volume of an object can be determined by water displacement and the measurements of the dimensions of the object. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS There were two experiments done to determine the densities. Experiment 1: Cube, Ruler, balance One side of the cube 3.7cm- Length at one side Mass of the cube=2.69g Volume = (3.7cm) =2.69/50.65 Density= 0.5g 2nd side of the cube 3.3cm= 35.94 Length=3.3cm 35.94/2...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction The students work experience scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skill training programme, which formed part of approved minimum academy standards in the various degree programme for all the Nigerian Universities, the programme was for six (6) months and formally at the end of first semester of 300 level and 400 level student. This programme started from July to December it is aimed at exposing students to machines, devices and equipments, professional method, ways of safe guarding, Health and environmental consciousness. 1.2 History of the Establishment/Company O.K. Isokariari and Sons Co. Ltd. (O.K.I.) located at 83 Rivoc Road Trans Amadi Industries Layout Port Harcourt, was established in the year 1970 as a non Limited liability firm which was formally known as O.K construction (Nig.) Ltd (O.K.C.), founding by Chief (Sir) O.K. Isokariara. Following its growth and success, the business I was incorporated as a Limited liability of Company in 1972. O.K Isokariari and Sons (Nig.) Ltd is basically on building and Civil Engineering contractors. Our reputation is based on our professionalizing the capacity to plan, design, construct and building projects to the satisfaction of our clients. Our services includes feasibility studies, design and surveying, construction programming, Reinforced construction programming, Reinforced concrete products (Electric poles, culverts, pipes etc.), construction of road a and bridges, Engineering Services, project Management...
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...“Determination of Densities” EXPERIMENT #1: DETERMINATION OF DENSITIES **ABSTRACT** The experiment conducted was to characterized different substances using its density. It is the amount of matter occupying a unit of volume. Different types of solids and liquids were measured to get its density including a unknown sample (liquid). We started first on liquid samples which are distilled water, isocrophyl alcohol, coconut oil and an unknown liquid sample. The percentage error ranged below 5.00% for all sample except for coconut oil. We are also able to identify the unknown liquid sample to be kerosene as we compared it with its actual density value. For solid samples, a wood block, pebbles and a marble was examined. The density results were found to be 0.69 g/cm3, 0.53 g/cm3, and 14.21 g/cm3 respectively. Everything that let the overall results to be accurate and precision were the accuracy of the measurements of the samples. INTRODUCTION Density is an intrinsic property which means it doesn’t depends on the amount of a substance. It is defined as the amount of matter (usually as mass) occupying a unit volume. Density is commonly expressed in g/ml for liquids, g/cm3 for solids, and g/L for gases. It can describe the characteristic property of a certain substance. The formula for density is defined as D = M/V wherein M is mass of the material and V is the volume the material occupies. The mass of a liquid or a solid may be taken directly from a balance...
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...Liquid Density Frances Pauline U. Onting Department of Chemistry Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines Abstract — Liquid density is the mass per unit volume, whereas specific gravity is the density relative to water. The present study was conducted to determine the liquid density of water and the unknown sample. The experiment also aimed to calculate the specific gravity given the densities. The first part of the experiment aimed to determine the density of the liquid by using the Westphal Balance. The average liquid densities of water and the unknown were 1.1433 and 0.9313 respectively. The relative density of the unknown was then calculated to be 0.8146, given the average densities. The second part utilized the hydrometer to determine the specific gravity directly. The specific gravity values of water and the unknown were 1.009 and 0.8157 respectively. The unknown compound was found to be butanol, with a specific gravity of 0.810. Based on the experimental results, the percentage error were 2.2324% for the Westphal balance and 2.5684% for the hydrometer. Keywords- specific gravity, density, Westphal balance, hydrometer, unknown Introduction Density is a physical property unique to each substance. The density of a liquid is a measure of the mass of the substance in a standard unit of volume[1]. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [pic] (1) where ρ is the density, m is...
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...How is Lab Glassware Used? Intro: The concept of the lab, “How is Glassware Used?” was to familiarize ourselves with the different kinds of laboratory glassware like the buret, Erlenmeyer flask, beaker, and graduated cylinder. According to Dartmouth each glassware functions best in different settings; A buret is used to deliver solution in precisely-measured, variable volumes,1 Erlenmeyer flasks and beakers are used for mixing, transporting, and reacting, but not for accurate measurements, and graduated cylinders are useful for measuring liquid volumes but are for general purpose use, not for quantitative analysis.2 Essentially each glassware either holds certain volumes or delivers certain volumes. The main purpose of the experiment was to see which glassware is both the most precise and the most accurate through testing them and calculating which one has the lowest average percent error. Accuracy is how close the measured value is to the true value of what is being measured. To assure accurate measurements were made, special attention was kept on significant figures in the measurements. Significant figures are numbers that carry meaning in the measurement. Accuracy can be said to be “good” or “bad”, however this is qualitative and doesn’t give a decent sense of how accurate something really is, so a quantitative way of stating accuracy was devised to determine how accurate something is. The quantitative measure of accuracy is called percent error...
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...weighed using the Ohaus HD Solution Balance and approximately 1 kg of the gravel aggregate was measured. Sieves were obtained then stacked according to sieve size, from largest screen openings to finest, with the pan on the bottom. The 1kg of coarse aggregate was then poured over the top sieve and the lid was placed on top. The stack of sieves was then shaken by hand to sift the aggregate over the layers of sieves. The lid was removed and the coarse aggregate on each sieve was weighed and the weight was recorded on the Coarse Aggregate Lab. Data Sheet. #200 Wash Test This lab exercise consisted of weighing the coarse aggregate and then washing it though a #200 sieve to determine how coarse of an aggregate could be obtained by determining how much would pass through a #200 sieve. Approximately 1 kg of oven-dried coarse aggregate was weighed and recorded on the Coarse Aggregate Lab. Data Sheet....
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form What mud density would be required to provide a 500 psi [3450 kPa] overbalance in a formation having a measured depth of 14,650 ft [4465 m], a true vertical depth of 11,200 ft [3414 m] and an anticipated pore pressure of 7800 psi [53780 kPa]? | | (a) | 10.9 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.31] | | (b) | 12.5 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.5] | | (c) | 13.4 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.61] | | (d) | 14.3 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.72] | | (e) | Cannot determine. | | | 2 | What would be the density of a drilling fluid made up of the following components: * 4.5% by volume of bentonite and drilled solids (average specific gravity = 2.55) * Fresh water (Sp. Gr. 1.0)?(1 Bbl fresh water = 0.159 m3 = 42 gallons(1 Bbl fresh water = 350 lb) | | (a) | 8.6 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.03] | | (b) | 8.9 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.07] | | (c) | 9.2 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.10] | | (d) | 9.5 lb/gal [Sp. Gr. = 1.14] | | (e) | Cannot determine. | | | 3 | How many sacks of barite* would you need to raise the density of a 1000 Bbl [159 m3] fresh water mud system from 9.8 lb/gal to 10.6 lb/gal [i.e., from Sp. Gr. 1.176 - 1.27].*Average specifc gravity of barite = 4.26; 1 sack of barite = 100 lb [45.45 kg]. | | (a) | 48 sacks | | (b) | 336 sacks | | (c) | 480 sacks | | (d) | Cannot determine. | | | 4 | Which one of these solids control devices is the first one encountered by the drilling fluid as it exits the flowline? | | (a)...
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...liquid. • Describe how to use Pascal’s Principle in practical application. When you inflate a balloon with air, it expands evenly in all directions, this is an example. • Describe Archimedes Principle. States that the mass of a liquid displaced by a floating body is equal to the mass of that body. • Determine if an object will float in a fluid based on its relative densities. So if you fill a tumbler up with water to the brim, put an object into it, weigh the water that has been pushed out of the tumbler, and compare that with the weight of the object, you'll know whether it floats or not. • Use the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation to explain common effects of ideal fluid flow. The pressure in a fluid moving steadily without friction or outside energy input decreases when the fluid velocity increases Assignment Requirements 3. Mass is the same, so if the whale is taking up less volume, the density must have increased. The whale has displaced a greater mass of water at the depth, so the buoyant force is greater. 20. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid that it's in will float. 22. It will increase 35. It would be harder on the top of a mountain because the pressure of the atmosphere is lower the higher you go. The atmospheric pressure pushes on the surface of the liquid when you suck which helps the liquid move up the straw. At sea level, the pressure is fourteen and a half pounds per square inch and...
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...4 HMA - Marshall Method: The basic concepts of the Marshall mix design method were originally developed by Bruce Marshall of the Mississippi Highway Department around 1939 and then refined by the U.S. Army. Currently, the Marshall method is used in some capacity by about 38 states. The Marshall method seeks to select the asphalt binder content at a desired density that satisfies minimum stability and range of flow values (White, 1985). This section consists of a brief history of the Marshall mix design method followed by a general outline of the actual method. This outline emphasizes general concepts and rationale over specific procedures. Detailed procedures vary from state-to-state but typical procedures are available in the following documents: * Roberts, F.L.; Kandhal, P.S.; Brown, E.R.; Lee, D.Y. and Kennedy, T.W. (1996). Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction. National Asphalt Pavement Association Education Foundation. Lanham, MD. * National Asphalt Pavement Association. (1982). Development of Marshall Procedures for Designing Asphalt Paving Mixtures, Information Series 84. National Asphalt Pavement Association. Lanham, MD. * Asphalt Institute. (1997). Mix Design Methods for Asphalt, 6th ed., MS-02. Asphalt Institute. Lexington, KY. 4.1 History (from White, 1985) During World War II, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USCOE) began evaluating various HMA mix design methods for use in airfield pavement design...
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...Name:____________________ Density, Buoyancy, and Force Diagrams PhET Lab (rvsd 2/2011) Introduction You’ve heard that oil floats on water. You also know that ice cubes normally float in a glass of water. Why? What causes some things to float in water (corks, ice, dogs) and some to sink in water (rocks, metal spoons, mobsters)? Density is often described as the amount of mass crammed into a volume, and is illustrated by the formula shown below. The units for density are expressed g/cm3, g/mL, kg/m3, and kg/L. In this simulation, we will use kg/L. Water’s density is 1.00 kg/L. Important Formulas: Procedure: PhET Simulations Play With Sims Physics Density * Take a few minutes and familiarize yourself with the simulation before moving on. Free Body Diagrams for Floating Objects: * Grab the various blocks, lift them over the water and drop into the water a few times. * In the boxes at the right, draw free body diagrams for a falling block, block under water, and a floating wood block. * When is the block accelerating? ________________&________________________ * What should be the net force in the vertical direction when the block is floating? _____ The %-Density Ratio Trick * % under = _____________ Estimate the percentage of the wood, ice, and Styrofoam block that is under water while those blocks are floating. Remember: the density of water is 1.00 kg/L % Wood under water | % Ice under water | % Styrofoam under water...
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...SOIL MECHANICS QUIZ NO.1 SOLUTION 1. Determine the void ratio of the soil in percent. γm=G+Se1+eγw Alternative 1 Use 105.73 and 50 105.73lbft3=G+0.5e1+e(62.4lbft3) G=105.73+74.53e62.4 Substitute to 112.67lbft3=G+0.75e1+e(62.4lbft3) Then 112.67lbft3=105.73+74.53e62.4+0.75e1+e(62.4lbft3) SHIFT + SOLVE e=0.8013856813 in percent: 80.14% Alternative 2 Use 112.67 and 75 112.67lbft3=G+0.75e1+e(62.4lbft3) G=112.67+65.87e62.4 Substitute to 105.73lbft3=G+0.5e1+e(62.4lbft3) Then 105.73lbft3=112.67+65.87e62.4+0.5e1+e62.4lbft3 SHIFT + SOLVE e=0.8013856813 in percent: 80.14% NOTE: Rounding of values to nearest hundredths is permissible only in your final answer. It must be avoided in the computation. (e.g. 1.81) 2. Determine the specific gravity of the soil solids. Alternative 1 G=105.73+74.53e62.4 G=2.651558891 or 2.65 Alternative 2 G=112.67+65.87e62.4 G=2.651558891 or 2.65 3. Determine the porosity of the soil in percent. n=e1+ex100=0.80141.8014x100=44.49% n=44.49% 4-7. Noted that the container is filled with water. Therefore Vv=Vw Total weight of soil mass (Wt): 0.0174g or 1.74x10^-5 kg Weight of sample (Ws): 0.014g or 1.4x10^-5 kg Weight of water (Ww) = Wt-Ws= 0.0034g or 3.4x10^-6kg x 9.81m/s^2 = 3.3354x10^-5 N or 3.3354x10^-8kN γ=WV VV=3.3354x10-8kN9.81kNm3 If Vv=Vw Vw=3.4x10-9m3 Total Volume (Vt): 0.089cm3 or 8.9x10^-9m3 Volume of solids (Vs): Vt-Vw= 5.5 x 10^-9 m3 e=VvVs=0.62 n=e1+e=0.621.62=0.38 ...
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...Finding the Speed of Sound Materials: Graduated Cylinder PVC pipe Ruler Tuning Forks Striker Meter Stick Water Procedure: Record the temperature of the room in degrees Celsius. Record the frequency of each tuning fork one at a time. Take the graduated cylinder and fill it with water, approximately 5cm from the top. Take the PVC pipe and record it’s inside diameter in meters. Now strike the tuning fork with the rubber mallet and hold the vibrating tuning fork over the PVC pipe as close as possible making sure it doesn’t touch the pipe. Gradually raise PVC pipe up in the graduated cylinder until the tuning fork’s frequency has the highest resonance. This distance is the fundamental length of the pipe, record the distance in meters. Repeat these steps until you have found the fundamental length of the PVC pipe for all ten tuning forks. For each tuning fork, calculate its period of vibration in seconds. Data Analysis: Frequency (Hz) Period (sec) Fundamental Pipe Length (m) Wavelength (m) Room Temp (◦C) 512 .002 .165 .684 22 480 .0021 .175 .724 426.7 .0023 .200 .824 384 .0026 .220 .904 Pipe Diameter 341.3 .0029 .240 .984 .02 m 320 .0031 .270 1.104 288 .0035 .295 1.204 256 .0039 .335 1.364 Graph: Discussion: The slope of the line would be 357.89 m/s. The accepted value for the speed of sound was 344.2 m/s. The value that we calculated was 347.5 m/s. The percent...
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...Density Lab: Look at two sample cylinders. Even though the cylinders are the same size and shape, one has a greater mass than the other. Both cylinders are solid and are not hollowed out anywhere inside. 1. Look at the drawing of the copper and aluminum cubes and their atoms. What are two possible explanations for why a copper cube has a greater mass than the aluminum cube? Hint: Just because the aluminum atoms are larger, they are not necessarily heavier. Explanation 1: Explanation 2: 2. The density of a substance like copper or aluminum is its mass divided by its volume (how much space it takes up). Density = mass/volume or D = m/v. Which is more dense, copper or aluminum? How do you know? 3. **How do you find the density of a cube? Cylinder? 4. **How do you find the volume of a cube? Cylinder? 5. Volume of a cube (length)*(width)*(height) 6. Volume of a Cylinder (pi)*(diameter/2)^2*(height) 7. 8. 9. **How do you find the mass of a cube? Cylinder? 10. Multiply volume and the density 11. 12. Calculate the density of a cube using the following information: 0 Each side is 4 cm long. 1 The mass of the cube is 128 g. 13. Calculate the density of a cylinder using the following information: * The diameter of the cylinder is 5cm * The height of the cylinder is 7 cm ACTIVITY Your group will work with eight samples each with the same volume...
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