...generation of information and technological convergence, have all contributed to the design of a new scientific paradigm. Thanks to our passion for research and to the continuous advancements in the technological ecosystem as well as the possibility of better understanding human activity and behavior we are on the threshold of a new era of the social science of tourism. This new social and technological paradigm affects tourism and human mobility in a way that gives the research process unheard-of possibilities. The current level of technological development allows for the construction of objects that are smaller, more intelligent and embedded in the environment and even wearable. These objects, which record and learn our habits are connected to the Internet and they have computing capabilities. They can also be interconnected and generate large quantities of information to benefit the environment in which they are located as well as the travellers that possess them. This gives rise to a new world of interconnected personal machines. This new world involves a convergence among what is physical, what is social and what is digital. Within this context, research assumes the principal role to guide evolution, transferring knowledge to the industry. Relevant academic research is more necessary than ever before in order to explore how ICT in tourism can...
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...economic activity * 10.4% of total GDP * 214,697,000 jobs or 8.1% of total employment * 12.2% of total exports [1] My task is to conduct a PEST analysis for a company within the Tourism industry. Within the tourism industry, I have to select one area of interest like transportation, accommodation and transportation etc. and then one company doing business with these sectors related with the tourism. According to Leiper “Transportation is the only link between the tourist-generating region and destination region”[2]So, transportation was a more interesting sector to discuss in the report but I tried to find a company which is related with all these main sub-sectors discussed above in the report. I have decided to look in the U.K market for such company because “Tourism is one of the largest industries in U.K, worth approximately 75.9 £ Billion to the U.K economy in 2002 and supporting around 2.1 million jobs.” [3] During my research on internet I found many companies offering services in the tourism of U.K but I have decided to choose “Simply Travel” because of its variety of services offering related with the accommodation, transportation and attractions. 1.2 Problem Formulation In the problem formulation part of my report I would describe the overall situation of the U.K Tourism industry. The service concept of “Simply Travel” will give us information about the services provided by the company. I will find...
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...investigation of tourists' destination loyalty and preferences Joseph S. Chen Assistant Professor, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Dogan Gursoy PhD Candidate, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Keywords Tourism, Holidays, Korea Abstract Investigates the relationship between tourists' destination loyalty and their preferences as to destination. Destination loyalty is operationally defined as the level of tourists' perceptions of a destination as a recommendable place. On-site surveys of Korean outbound travellers were conducted at the Seoul International Airport, South Korea, in March 1997. Of 285 questionnaires collected from Korean outbound travellers, 265 useful questionnaires are analyzed. Multiple regression analysis reveals that three destination preferences, including different culture experiences, safety, and convenient transportation, have a positive relationship with tourist's loyalty to the destination. Results from a path analysis show that past trip experience affects tourists' destination preference. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed in the conclusion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 13/2 [2001] 79±85 # MCB University Press [ISSN 0959-6119] Introduction Tourist choice behavior...
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...The future of tourism in ASEAN Introduction With the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War, there was no longer a pressing need for ASEAN countries to fear their Communist neighbours such as Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. These countries had started to abandon central planning and implement market-oriented economic reforms from the early 80s, changes which had significant implications for trade and investment opportunities and indicated the need for enlargement of the ASEAN regional grouping in order to maintain its relevance (Wong, Mistilis & Dwyer, 2011a). The momentum to expand ASEAN was further accelerated by the need to strengthen the region’s voice in international trading bodies such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, the World Trade Organization, and in negotiations with the European Union (Tan, 2003). Between 1995 and 1997, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV) joined ASEAN. They are sometimes referred to as newer members with less-developed economies. With the ASEAN Concord II in late 2003, Southeast Asia charted an ambitious path toward creating a community (AC) founded on economic, security and socio-cultural pillars. In contrast to the EU on which the agreement is loosely based, have rested on open dialogue and concensus processes that have allowed politically and economic diverse nations to cooperate at the regional level. The progress of on ASEAN Concord II will rest on strong regional diplomacy and management...
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...MEGATRENDS UNDERPINNING TOURISM TO 2020 Analysis of key drivers for change Larry Dwyer, Deborah Edwards, Nina Mistilis, Carolina Roman, Noel Scott and Chris Cooper Analysis of Key Drivers for Change Technical Reports The technical report series present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government and researchers. Unlike the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre’s Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report. National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data Dwyer, Larry. Megatrends underpinning tourism to 2020: analysis of key drivers for change. Bibliography. ISBN 9781920965525. 1. Tourism - Economic aspects - Australia. 2. Tourism - Social aspects - Australia. 3. Tourism - Political aspects - Australia. 4. Tourism - Environmental aspects - Australia. 5. Tourism - Australia. I. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. II. Title. 338.47910994 Copyright © CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd 2008 All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without...
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... | |Lo1.1 Key Historical Developments In The Travel And Tourism Sector |3 | |1.2 Early Travel |3 | |1.3 The Egyptians |3 | |1.4 The Persians |3 | |1.5 The Greeks |3 | |1.6 The Romans |4 | |1.7 Renaissance And Grand Tour (Ad 1763-1773) |4 | |1.8 Milestone |4 | |1.9 Earliest Tourism |4 | |2.0 Social Change In Victorian Society |4 | |2.1 Steamships |5 | |2.2 Late 19th Century Developments ...
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...alongside considering expenditure from tourists. Furthermore, it suggests a more practical set of strategies that distinguishes tourists. Gartner (1996) demonstrates how niche tourism consists of distinct interests, culture and/or activity built tourism including small proportion of tourist in authentic surroundings. Moreover, niche tourism can fall into more specific categories where cultural, environmental, rural and urban sectors are different components to consider when understanding the concept niche tourism (Robinson and Novelli, 2005). Drawing on key literature about eco-tourism planning and how ecotourism is marketed, this report studies the ecotourism prospects in Costa Rica. It also examines elements impacting this specific type of niche which considers the consistent alterations to make the destination more sustainable for tourists. This report will firstly focus on understanding the concept of ecotourism and the principles implemented. This leads on to discussion for focusing on the case study of Costa Rica and how it has developed into an ecotourism destination. Furthermore, a critical discussion of the approaches undertaken by the country will be conveyed, alongside stakeholder and partnerships that play a crucial role of the management of the destination. Finally, discussion will centre on the future directions and recommendations for Costa Rica in relation to help provide growth and become a leading ecotourism destination. Costa Rica is a principle example of...
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...the need for BISC? 8 3.1 Market definition 8 3.2 Total market size 8 3.3 Market need 8 3.4 Estimated segment size 9 Using a product development process 10 Process application – Opportunity identification and selection 10 Concept generation 10 Concept/Project evaluation 10 Defining the product protocol 11 Conclusion 12 Recommendations 13 References 14 Executive Summary New product development in tourism companies has been a nearly ignored theme in tourism marketing. Research on product development has in major studies handled destinations, development of resorts or sites as a total tourist product. We will aim to identify the major problems as well as key phases of the new product development process in tourism. We will have the challenge to innovate more and more attractive activities to fulfil the customers’ needs for emotional experiences. The theoretical framework is based on the traditional product (and services) development theory, which suggests it to be a process of following stages: idea generation, service concept development and evaluation, business analysis, service development and testing, market testing, commercialisation and post introduction evaluation. We will evaluate the usefulness of the traditional product development model in the direction of creating a service to give adventurous experiences to tourists. INTRODUCTION The service concept, the core product is built on an idea of e.g. hard adventure, soft adventure, water sports etc...
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...investigation was conducted from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The contribution of the same industry to the world economy is considerable. Many countries are now dependent on this sector for foreign currency earnings. Every destination country is trying to achieve more gain by developing this industry. The expansion of the tourism through out the world has increased competition among the tourist destinations, trying to attract more tourists by adopting appropriate marketing techniques and strategies. Failure of doing so by a particular marketer will lead to a less competitive in the world tourism market. As an important element of marketing mix, promotion plays the vital role in marketing any product and service. Tourism product/service is of no exception. Because of the tourists want to know in advance about the attractions and the facilities of a particular destination. The tourist also wants to know other related information of his/her visit to make the same safe, secured and enjoyable. As a result, dissemination of information on travel and tourism-related products and services are highly important. By using the different tools of promotion, marketers attempt to serve this purpose and try to influence the potential tourists’ attitudes in favour of the sponsor’s...
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...demand, facilitated the growth of the international tourist arrivals figures reported by the World Tourism Organization (2013), that highlighted a growth of 4% in 2012 and reporting at present a total number of 1.035 billion worldwide travellers. With the increase of the travel experience and the desire for new adventures, alternative forms of tourism have been blooming. Having been recognized as one the pillars for economic growth the tourism sector has shown the capability to adjust to the changing market conditions. Trends such as product development and diversification, the development of cheaper and faster access to new destination areas, the increased levels of ‘green awareness’ and the search for more sustainable alternatives to mass tourism resulted in the tendency of people to travel to more remote destinations. More environmentally conscious forms of tourism are therefore flourishing and the tendency towards shorter but more frequent trips permitted the rise in domestic tourism rates (Trew and Cockerell 2002). As according to the Tourism Alliance (2012) in fact, it has been possible to highlight that in 2011 the inbound tourism revenue grew at over 5 times the rate of the economy as a whole, while it has been reported that domestic tourism revenue ended the year 2011 at 14% higher rates than 2010 (Tourism Alliance 2012). 2.0 The Growth of Marine and Wildlife tourism While many established resorts and destinations remain popular, holidays “off the beaten track”, or...
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...OVERVIEW OF THE CRETAN CASE Dr Konstantinos Andriotis 1 Hellenic Open University, Greece. Abstract: The increasing demand of international tourists for holidays has resulted in a rapidly increase of the number of tourist destinations. To explain destinations development the life cycle approach has been widely adopted. According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents’ attitudes towards tourism. th Through the presentation of historical data from the start of the 20 century up to now it is the aim of this paper to document these changes by providing evidence from the island of Crete. Five stages of tourism evolution are evident, namely: the era of ‘wealthy’ explorers, the era of cruisers, the Second World War and the Civil War, the reconstruction of the tourism industry, and the era of mass organised tourism. The findings confirm that today the island is on the maturity stage, tourism has resulted on substantial changes on the island’s coastal resorts and various attempts are required by the private and the public sectors to avoid decline. Keywords: Tourism, Tourism Destinations, Life Cycle INTRODUCTION Various studies (e.g. Gilbert, 1939; Defert, 1954; Stansfield, 1978; Young, 1983) have attempted to illustrate the...
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...Brand India WHEN we look at Brand India, five characteristics come immediately to mind. I will focus on each of these very briefly. They often tend to get taken for granted. First, Brand India is multilayered - by caste, by language, by religion, by region, by income, which is very important as far as consumer goods are concerned. Second, Brand India is an evolved brand. Third, it is an aggregative brand, one that is composed of a large number of sub-brands. Fourth, it's a brand in transition. It's not a settled brand. It's undergoing transformation daily, in various attributes. And finally, it's a brand which has its own unique psychology. When we talk about India as a multilayered brand, the first thing that comes to mind is that we are a land of incredible diversity. In fact, there is no other country in the world which has the type of diversity that we have, in various dimensions. There is an ethnic diversity; linguistic; religious; regional. It's a brand of incredible diversity, and marketers who have not understood this basic fact have quickly come to grief. This is a fact that often gets lost when you see Power Point presentations by McKinsey or Boston Consulting Group, on which multinationals depend to enter this country. And they find that India is not quite what is portrayed. Second, it's an evolving brand. Today, we are all very proud that we are the world's IT capital, a country to which all the big companies are coming to, whether...
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...SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY IN THE CAT BA BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF VIETNAM Thanh Van Mai Bosch O.J.H School of Integrative Systems, The University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia Corresponding author (thanh.mai@uqconnect.edu.au) ABSTRACT Tourism is not simply an industry, but is an open, dynamic and complex system. The system consists of many interacting components and involves many different stakeholders. The development of tourism in a sustainable way impinges on and is subject to many factors. The limitation of traditional approaches to tourism research has become evidently in many cases. These approaches have usually looked at a particular issue or issues of the whole tourism picture. As a result, it has become difficult to manage tourism toward sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the systems thinking approach and its application in the study of the tourism system in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. This study shows that systems thinking has proved to be an effective and powerful tool to explain the complexities of the tourism system. It has helped to simplify, clarify and integrate isolated problems associated with the industry, and provided a mechanism for group learning and decision making to achieve desirable outcomes. The paper proposes systems thinking be used as an appropriate tool for sustainable tourism development. Key words: complexity, dynamics, sustainability, systems thinking, sustainable tourism development 1. INTRODUCTION...
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...in global tourism have shifted remarkably over the last decade. Information technology supports the increased sophistication of travellers (Chen and Sheldon 1997), who seek greater variety in their travel arrangements and expect personalized services that meet their unique needs (Sheldon 1993). Previously, travellers received information about destinations through books, brochures, promotional videos, word-of-mouth, travel agents or tourist offices. Tour operators create, arrange and operate tailor-made tours and travel programmes which they market to the customer either through travel agencies or directly via websites, TV adverts and call centres. There are four major players dominate the outbound sector. Leisure is big business. The leisure industry encompasses sport and recreation, health and fitness, betting and gambling. Whether you want to spend your relaxation time actively - by going to the gym, playing your favourite sport, visiting your local theme park, or passively - at the cinema, the bingo hall, or the casino, the leisure industry can cater for your every mood. Background: Intercontinental park lane London is one of the most prestigious outlet of world first hotel brand? Intercontinental hotels and resorts. The brand is being introduced as international hotels corporation on 4th of April in 1946. For the sake of worldwide development the name was changed as intercontinental hotels corporation in1947 and started voyage from Belem, Brazil in 1949. In 1963 they...
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...SYLLABUS Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism 9395 For examination in June and November 2015 Cambridge Advanced Changes to syllabus for 2015 This syllabus has been updated, but there are no significant changes. Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level? Why choose Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism? Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Diploma How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Assessment at a glance ................................................................................................. 7 4. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives.....................................................
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