...of children are more common in developing countries[1]. Developmental delay is widely used in the area of child health, it is a condition in which the child is not developing and / or does not reach skills in accordance with the sequence of predetermined stages [2].It is estimated that 17 percent of children (up to 18 years) have a developmental and /or behavioral disorder. However, only 30 percent are identified before school entrance. Children who are detected after that time miss the opportunity to participate in early developmental intervention / early childhood services, which are associated with long term benefits...
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...Introduction Social orientation is the recognition of human psychology and behavior. The emphasis on human thought, emotion, and behavior was to represent the thought, emotion, and behavior of members of a social group. Thomas Hobbes declared that the social groups are nothing more than a collection of individuals and that of social thought, emotion, and behavior, governed by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain (Greenwood, 2009). Cognitive psychology represents the distinction amongst the human mind and a computer that suggest that humans have the ability to process information from around the world just as computer. Cognitive psychology is not old but the newest part of psychology where the information we receive through our senses is then administered through the brain. Cognitive psychologists try to develop explanations of cognitive development, memory, attention, artificial intelligence, perception, and social cognition. The laboratory methods used to determine the outcome of a controlled circumstance are memory test and research studies. During the early 21st century, it appears that experimental psychology is healthy and growing; likewise the crisis in theories and progress is of discern. At this time there is not a crisis in psychology, nevertheless psychology can be described as an interregnum period, with much activity and no major leading directions or theoretical commitments (Mandler, 2011). The first crisis shown in psychology was seen in 1899. There...
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...Milestone One: Rule-oriented Games (Physical Domain) Section A: Knowledge of the Developmental Milestones During middle childhood, children’s play undergoes several changes, the most obvious of which is children engage in games with rules. These rule-oriented games include informally organized games as well as formally organized sports, such as little league, club or intramural sports. The former category may be variants on popular sports games, well-known childhood games such as red rover, and invented games that children develop on their own. The principal commonality is that these games have a set of rules and often have multiple roles for players. While informal outdoor play allows children to develop rules and try out multiple scenarios, formal, organized sports allows children to learn rules, appreciate their personal skills, and develop their position on a team. Both types of rule-oriented games are important for developing social competencies and enhanced cognitive capabilities. This milestone develops as children begin to develop more improved motor coordination, a better capacity for information processing, and a heightened social maturity (Berk, 2007, p. 294). The physical skills at play in rule-oriented games include flexibility, balance, agility, and force, reflective of increased muscle strength. All four of these are basic motor capacities which become more refined with the gross motor development of middle childhood. Additionally, children’s enhanced capacity...
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...TMA 06 Investigating the mathematical and scientific thinking of children’s concepts on the floating and sinking of various objects. ABSTRACT The purpose of this small scale study was to observe how children apply mathematical and scientific reasoning to various objects that sink or float. The study was designed to test the hypotheses that social interaction is related to cognitive change, that children progress through developmental stages in an understanding of science. Two children were used for the investigation a boy aged eleven and a girl aged six. The data was collated from video-recorded tasks. The participant’s predictions and explanations were coded. Findings revealed that when the children experienced cognitive conflict or were challenged by the researcher this could cause conceptual change, leading to a developmental progression in the children’s scientific thinking. INTRODUCTION Considerable research exists on the mathematic and scientific thinking of children. Selly, N (1993) proposed a developmental progression of children’s scientific understanding, relating to floating and sinking. Selly argues that young children have a very practical view of buoyancy. As children realise that their explanations are insufficient, they progress through a series of what Selley termed Hypotheses from 1, 1A,2,3,and 4. Cognitive changes in the development of mathematical and scientific concepts are Piaget’s discovery learning, this occurs when children are lone learners...
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...instructions. Internal consistency is shown by alpha coefficients of about .85. Evidence for sequentiality is provided by studies showing cross-sectional gains with age during adolescence, similar profiles of item scores for adjacent total protocol ratings, substantial correlations over long time spans, gains proportional to retest intervals during adolescence, gains following theory-relevant interventions of several months’ length, and better comprehension of lower than of higher stages. The SCT has substantial correlation with tests of related conceptions, such as Kohlberg’s test of moral maturity, and with measures of ego level applied to other behavior samples. Correlations with isolated traits characteristic of specific stages range from negligible to positive. Studies of external validity in general yield positive results, though theory does not sharply define what results should be considered positive. At lower ego levels there is behavioral evidence confirming the syndromes; at higher levels differential evidence lies in attitudes and ideas. Overall, the test has adequate validity for research purposes when administered and scored with sufficient care, but not for individual diagnosis unsupported by other data. Evidence for construct validity is substantial, but falls short of clear proof of sequentiality. tence This paper reviews studies bearing on the convalidity of the Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (SCT), emphasizing the logic of construct validation and...
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...University PSY325 Developmental Psychology Course Description: A survey of the major areas in human development with an equal emphasis placed on child, adolescent, and adult development. The course examines developmental changes over the entire life-span and the processes underlying these changes. All major areas are reviewed including biological, cognitive, language, personality, emotional, moral, social, and career development. This course is an upper level elective course in the major. It is a course that is highly desirable for students in Social Work, Education, Human Services, Pre-Med, and Pre-Nursing. The sub-discipline of Developmental Psychology also draws heavily upon almost every other field in psychology. Prerequisite: PSY121 Textbooks: Berk, L. E. (2014). Exploring lifespan development (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-95738-5 Course Objectives: Developmental Psychology is perhaps the most interdisciplinary field within psychology. It encompasses genetics, learning, physiological psychology, perception, cognitive psychology, intelligence, personality, gender issues, social influences, and psychological disorders. It uses a similar methodology as other fields but also utilizes some innovations specific to human development research. This course is a lifespan development course. That is, it will examine in detail how we develop physically, mentally, morally, and socially from the moment of conception through adulthood and old age. Our objective...
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...energetic older sister. Jonathan’s parents moved into a new home on Saturday, December 5th, so I took this opportunity to observe him as I was already scheduled to watch him that day. Over the course of the afternoon I was able to spend a great deal of time observing and rather than interview him, I performed small tests in an attempt to gauge Jonathan’s physical, cognitive and emotional development. Using these observations I was able to learn about his developmental process and see the milestones as noted in our book. Observation of Physical Developmental Milestones Jonathan is curious and very active during my observation. There are several different types of toys surrounding us in the living room. There is a television playing cartoons in the background, which Jonathan periodically stops to look at. Jonathan is teething so he drools quite frequently. After taking some time to fully wake up this morning, his mother Kelly drops him onto the middle of the play space and he is ready to play. To assess Jonathan’s developmental level, I record the gross and fine motor skills that he displays at this time. Gross Motor Development Motor skills are simply actions that involve using muscles in the body. Gross motor skills involve making large movements with the arms, legs, feet and entire body. Sitting, crawling and walking are examples of gross motor skills that can begin to develop as early as seven months, when an infant can begin to sit on his own. Sitting. Jonathan sits up...
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...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
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...of storm and stress revised Hanne Op de Beeck Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC) Hanne.Opdebeeck@law.kuleuven.be ABSTRACT This paper focuses on two issues regarding theories of adolescence. The first one, which has been a topic of discussion for a long time, concerns whether adolescence should be regarded as either an uncomplicated or a turbulent period. In the latter case, it is aspired in this paper to find out which factors account for such turbulence. The second issue, which arose more recently, concerns the continually longer postponement of the transition to adulthood. These topics are empirically addressed using the data of the second Flemish Youth Monitor. Analyses indicate that the loss of childhood innocence causes adolescents to have a more realistic evaluation of live, self and relationships. For adolescents whose ties with parents and their school environment are less tight, this can cause heightened stress in terms of lowered selfesteem and negative future prospects. These stresses, however, cannot account for the rise in delinquent activity during this developmental stage, for the analyses indicate that adolescent delinquency rather results from a more outgoing lifestyle. Finally, the idea of a prolongation of ‘storm and stress’ cannot be supported by the data, since it is found that most youth find their balance back around age 22. 1. STORM AND STRESS? The idea of adolescence being a period of ‘storm and stress’ – a perspective which was introduced by Hall...
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...Submit by 2359 Saturday of Week 4. Name: Date: Overview: Life Review Analysis For this assignment, you will reflect on your interview with the older adult, introduce the individual to the reader, and respond to guiding questions to prepare an analysis paper. DO NOT INTERVIEW A FAMILY MEMBER UNLESS YOU OBTAIN COACH’S WRITTEN APPROVAL PRIOR TO INTERVIEW Your paper should include the following sections: 1. Introduction of Older Adult – This is the overall context of your interview but should not include the entire interview itself. 2. Analysis of the Life Review Interview – This includes description of the goals and benefits of life review, your differentiation between a Life Review and ordinary remembering and your analysis of the degree of ego integrity reached by the older adult. 3. Student’s Reflections – This describes your personal experience during the process, any impact it will have on your clinical practice, and a projection of your own legacy. 4. References – This is a list of resources you used during your interview and analysis recorded in APA format. Use at least 3 in-text citations of your sources. Use APA format throughout paper and references as appropriate. The paper should be no longer than 6 pages (not counting Pages 1-3 of this document and your page of references). If you have questions, please discuss them with your Academic Coach. You must also scan, upload, and submit your Interview Consent Form in the appropriate assignment portal...
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...College Age Children of Alcoholics. [89] 16p. Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Adults; College Students; Counseling Effectiveness; *Group Counseling; Higher Education; *School Counseling; *Young Adults *Adult Children of Alcoholics ABSTRACT A session by session cognitive behavioral approach to group treatment for college age children of alcoholics was presented. Four groups ranging in size from four to eight persons participated in these semester -long sessions offered during one academic year through the counseling center at a major midwestern university. The treatment was comprised of four stages: introductory, informative, working, and closing. Cognitive, behavioral, and affectively oriented techniques were used to facilitate growth at each stage. Assessment of efficacy utilized a pretest/posttest design. Participants (N=25), aged 18 to 31 and with a mean age of 21, were given a seven-point Likert-type scale based on Woititz's 13 characteristics. Analysis of data indicated a reduction of scores on the 13 characteristics between the beginning and the ending of treatment for all groups. Participants' ratings indicated a general perception of helpfulness. The majority of participants said that they would either seek out another Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOA) group or would continue with some type of therapy. College age, young adulthood, is an especially challenging time in terms of developmental changes...
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...purpose of this paper is to examine how language and communication develop in early childhood, from in uerto through preschool. And how language is the expression of human communication through which knowledge, belief, and behaviors’ develop, and experiences are explained and shared. Other areas to be examined is the developmental milestones functional skills that are age specific tasks that children achieve during various levels of development, infant brain development, and attachment. Although each milestone is age appropriate, children development varies from child to child taking in to consideration every child is unique. Introduction In a study conducted (2009) on babies language learning starts from the womb. From the first day a newborn cries they already bear the mark of the language their parents speak. In another dramatic finding of this study is that not only are human neonates capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during fetal life, within the last trimester of gestation. Even through prenatal exposure to their native language was known for some time to influence newborns, scientist now believe that it happens much earlier than the preconceived notion that surrounding language affected sound production later in the infant’s life. In addition newborns prefer their mothers’ voice over other voices. In another study Pre – linguistic Infancy 0-1 Beginning...
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...International Journal of Intercultural Relations 24 (2000) 777–790 The relationship of ethnic identity and ego identity status among adolescents and young adults Curtis W. Branch*, Priti Tayal, Carla Triplett Columbia University, New York, USA Abstract A multi-ethnic sample of 248, ages 13–26, was used to examine the effects of age, gender, and ethnic group membership on ethnic identity and ego identity scores. Subjects were recruited from college and public schools in a large northeastern metropolitan area. The multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM) was used to assess ethnic identity and ego identity status was measured by the extended objective measure of ego identity status (EOMEIS). An age by ethnic group design was employed. Consistent findings of significant ethnic group differences in levels of ethnic identity were observed. Age and ethnic group were found to contribute differently to ethnic identity and ego identity status. The relationship between ethnic identity and ego identity status was found to be pronounced among subjects of color but not as dramatic as hypothesized. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ego identity status; Ethnic identity; Adolescents; Adults 1. Introduction The ways adolescents attempt to resolve their identity crises are idiosyncratic to each individual and their life circumstances. Despite such diversity of approach to the ‘‘Who am I?’’ question, some variables seem to consistently contribute to the adolescent...
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...Slide 1 Hi everyone! My presentation will be about brain development and plasticity. Slide 2 “The human brain is estimated to have about a hundred billion nerve cells, two million miles of axons, and a million billion synapses, making it the most complex structure, natural or artificial, on earth.” Tim Green, Stephen F. Heinemann and Jim F. Gusella (from a paper in Neuron, 1998) Slide 3 Brain development. Slide 4 What we know about human brain? The human brain is the most complex of all biological systems. It is made of a hundred billion information processing cells called neurons. The neurons communicated with each other by making connections. This connections called synapses. It is estimated there are 60 trillion connections in the adult brain. It has about 200 000 neurons. Slide 5 Brain has right and a left hemispheres. They connected by a fiber bundle that leads to the two sides of the brain that connect to each other. Average human brain weighs about 2-3 pounds. If we will look inside of adult brain we will see two kinds of tissue: grey matter and white matter. It contains of the cell bodies of the neurons. We can see grey matter along the entire surface of brain. Thats the neocortex. Cortex the brain's outer layer, which is essentially our gray matter. The white matter consist other fiber that connect neurons into information processing networks. Each neuron extends a connecting fiber called axon. Axons covered with a fatty substance called mylan that...
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...Robert Peck’s view of middle age development. One of the most popular contradictions in society has been whether middle age is a peak period of life or the beginning of a downward slide. Many people change careers at midlife. Is this change because of a decrease in self-esteem or because one wants to find a new outlook on life and greater satisfaction? This paper will argue that middle age is not a time of loss and crisis but of new possibilities and fulfillment. The most common view of a midlife crisis has been a male in his 40’s who leaves his wife for a younger woman and runs off in a sports car; or a woman in her 40’s or 50’s that gets a face lift, breast lift and tries to reinvent herself. These views have been promoted in magazines, television shows and movies. Our society as a whole has promoted youth and beauty as one of the most important things in life. The purpose of this study is to provide information contrary to this popular belief. This paper proposes that the knowledge and confidence that comes with age is actually more important to most middle age people than physical appearance and trying to appear youthful. Review of Related Literature The term “midlife crisis” has often been associated with turmoil and thoughts of dying. This term has been used to describe a time frame in a person’s life that may have them reviewing their past and feeling unsure of their future. This is most often thought of occurring between the age of 35 and 55. This may be...
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