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Different Types of Intelligence

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Intelligence

Simply put, intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
According to Stella Cottrell (2003), there are nine views of intelligence namely: 1. Intelligence is a “general, underlying cleverness which is fixed for life”. 2. There can be multiple intelligences, not just one general intelligence. 3. Intelligence can be developed. 4. Intelligence depends on life opportunities. 5. Intelligence depends on what is needed and relevant within a culture. 6. Intelligence is about applying what you know to new contexts. 7. Intelligence is a question about how much you know. 8. Intelligence can be measured. 9. Intelligence depends on study habits and study skills which can be developed.

1st view: Intelligence is a “general, underlying cleverness which is fixed for life”
According to this view, it was believed that each individual has a general level of intelligence, otherwise known as “intelligence Quotient” or the “IQ” for short. Intelligence was regarded by early psychologists as a single fixed underlying capacity. They believed that a person who did well on one test would do well on all or on most intelligence tests and no matter what happened in life, those “born very intelligent” would remain generally more intelligent than those “born less intelligent”.
The author, Stella Cottrell, says that even more recently some psychologists have argued that some traits, including intelligence, are up to 80% dependent on genetic inheritance.
However, not all psychologists have agreed with the above view. Gardner (1993) for example, argued that parents’ genetic influence on their children is as little as 20% or even zero.
Continuing to disagree with this first view, some psychologists say that there is a strong evidence to suggest that environment plays a great part in intellectual performance. For

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