...Question 2: The Coase Theorem states that if property rights are well defined, and no significant transaction costs exist, an efficient allocation of resources will result even with externalities (Harris, 2002). Coase argued that market failure, can be privately solved to an optimal level when the legal system intervenes, giving property rights to one of the parties involved. Essentially, the theorem is based on two underlying assumptions which are low transaction costs and the assignment of property rights. Firstly, the assignment of property rights is the right to have the exclusive use of their property, including the right to buy and sell it (Hubbard et al, 2009). Initially, polluters pollute because they believe they have the right too although the third party affected believe they have the right to less pollution. Hence without property rights, an inefficient level of equilibrium will be produced until the point in which the market intervenes assigning property rights. Another vital assumption is low transaction costs, which are the costs in time and other resources that parties incur in the process of carrying out an exchange of goods and services (Hubbard et al, 2009). As transaction costs of negotiating, binding and monitoring the agreement are very expensive when many individuals are involved, the transaction costs can exceed the gains from the transaction itself. When these two assumptions are held, an optimal solution will be reached when the monetary damage of one...
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...specifically the poor and our impending generations no matter, social economic status will suffer. Therefore, conservation needs to take action. When you are talking about waste in the sense of timber it is not usually used as an economic term (http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET). Meaning that it really does not harm our earth except for the emissions put out from logging and transporting the timber, other than that there really is no waste coming from timber in a pollution sense. Although there is a massive problem with our society just wasting parts of these resources’ even though there is such a huge demand for timber in our world today. In the wake of this reality practices such as wood recycling or timber recycling have become more of a necessity than anything else. Wood recycling is the practice of turning wood waste into some kind of usable product. For instance some waste wood is chipped and mulched and used to help power homes (http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET). When, we feel that this is a great environmentally friendly practice and we are glad that some builders cooperate and buy the recycled materials even the It can tend to be more laborious and time consuming. In 1944 the state of California 288 million cubic feet of timber was wasted (http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET)! After seeing these numbers from...
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...Research In Motion Case Study Report MKTG 1102 – Set K Anne Marie Webb-Hughes The Zen Group (Group B) Allysa Bikowski Sam Bryant Sarah Crossin Jeron Dillon Kevin Giles Theresa Lawson David McConville October 22, 2009 0 Problem Identification Research in Motion (RIM) will face considerable challenges moving forward. The most relevant questions at hand for the company are, “How can RIM successfully gain a more significant market share of the consumer market?” and, “How will RIM maintain its brand dominance within the business market?” Key Findings RIM, founded in 1984, is the pioneer of smartphone technology and the developer, manufacturer and marketer of the most popular portable communication device in the world, the Blackberry. Unveiled in 1998, the BlackBerry is a truly innovative product that has changed the face of business. In August 2009, Fortune Magazine named RIM the fastest growing company in the world and according to British Broadcasting Corporation, RIM profits have increased by 84% and revenues by 77% in the last three years (Fortune Magazine, 2009). Furthermore, Schonfeld (2009) reports that 56% of all smartphones in the United States are Blackberries and the bestselling smartphone of 2009 is the Blackberry Curve. Despite this success and growth, RIM faces significant challenges. The greatest challenges currently confronting RIM are maintaining its market dominance in the business market and increasing their market share in the consumer market. While RIM...
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...Research In Motion Case Study Report MKTG 1102 – Set K Anne Marie Webb-Hughes The Zen Group (Group B) Allysa Bikowski Sam Bryant Sarah Crossin Jeron Dillon Kevin Giles Theresa Lawson David McConville October 22, 2009 0 Problem Identification Research in Motion (RIM) will face considerable challenges moving forward. The most relevant questions at hand for the company are, “How can RIM successfully gain a more significant market share of the consumer market?” and, “How will RIM maintain its brand dominance within the business market?” Key Findings RIM, founded in 1984, is the pioneer of smartphone technology and the developer, manufacturer and marketer of the most popular portable communication device in the world, the Blackberry. Unveiled in 1998, the BlackBerry is a truly innovative product that has changed the face of business. In August 2009, Fortune Magazine named RIM the fastest growing company in the world and according to British Broadcasting Corporation, RIM profits have increased by 84% and revenues by 77% in the last three years (Fortune Magazine, 2009). Furthermore, Schonfeld (2009) reports that 56% of all smartphones in the United States are Blackberries and the bestselling smartphone of 2009 is the Blackberry Curve. Despite this success and growth, RIM faces significant challenges. The greatest challenges currently confronting RIM are maintaining its market dominance in the business market and increasing their market share in the consumer market. While RIM...
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...Recycling Environmental Science October 18, 2012 Abstract This research paper is about the pros and cons of recycling and how it affects our environment in positive and negative ways. The research used for this paper is the most up to date and relevant to the subject. Mandatory recycling is taking place in some communities around the United States and has its benefits and negative effects on the community as well as the environment. The recycling process for Aluminum cans is complex and is beneficial to the environment, although others believe the opposite. There are certain things to look forward to concerning recycling as there are negative impacts. Recycling Pros & Cons Recycling is something some individuals have in mind while others do not worry about the topic too much, but it does have its benefits as well as its negative outcomes. When we recycle it benefits the environment, because there less demand for raw material, which is extracted from the earth. By recycling we can just melt and process the material we already have and use it again and again. We do not have to use it for the same thing we could use the material for other purposes. When aluminum is recycled as well as plastic you receive a CRV back, which is a tax that is charged to the consumer when he or she purchased the product. Not everybody likes to donate money to the government and by taking their aluminum cans and plastic bottles to a recycling center he or she receives in return their money...
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...[Energy Efficient Material as 3D Printing Supplies] Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background…………………………………………………………… 1.2 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………… 1.3 Objective……………………………………………………………… 1.4 Overview……………………………………………………………… 2. Needs for Energy Efficient Materials 2.1 Contemporarily Used Materials……………………………………… 2.2 Reason for Energy Efficient Materials……………………………… 3. Properties and Development of Energy Efficient Materials 3.1 Properties…………………………………………………………… 3.2 Development………………………………………………………… 4. Advantages and Disadvantages of 3D Printing Energy Efficient Supplies Compared to Conventional Materials 4.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………… 4.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………… 5. Opportunities for the Development of Energy Efficient Materials in 3D Printing 6. Recommended Solutions to Deal with Challenges for Energy Efficient Materials in 3D Printing 7. Conclusion 8. References 3 Energy Efficient Material as 3D Printing Supplies 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The 3D printing technology has become popular nowadays (Sharma, 2013). This technology has made it possible for mankind to produce almost everything they can imagine. Furthermore, since the energy efficient material is a new concept that has been developed in recent years, a discussion on the potential application of those materials in this additive manufacturing method appears to be necessary. 1.2 Definition of Terms As the first issue of this essay, some key terms should be...
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...[pic] Chapter 1 – Current Events | |The costs and benefits of recycling The most dramatic events of mid-2009 are, of course, those connected with the global financial crisis and its disastrous effects on output and unemployment throughout the world. These events lie in the realm of macroeconomics and are covered in the ‘current event’ entries for Chapter 10 through to 15. In this entry we look at the economics of recycling which provide an excellent topical illustration of an important economic principle – the relative size of marginal costs and benefits. Several States are considering extending the present range of recycling opportunities for households and the Productivity Commission has recently published a lengthy report on the issue. Here, using the analysis introduced in Chapter 1, we look at two aspects. First whether kerbside recycling is worth the effort, and second at the operation of container deposit legislation. About 90% of Australian households have access to kerbside recycling collections. They can place their waste in one of two bins. One bin is for general waste, the other for recyclables – typically aluminium cans, glass bottles and containers, paper and cardboard. Many of us make use of the separate bins and some take the task very seriously by, for example, rinsing out bottles before placing them in the recycle bin. Once the material in recycling bins has been collected local authorities incur costs in sorting the material and passing it on to firms...
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...long term it will have a devastating effect on the environment and health of its dwellers, that’s why it’s a burning issue. The term ‘‘a throwaway society’’ describes a modern consumer society in which people do not keep things for very long, even though those things still work or are still useful. Despite the fact that recycling is one of the most important ways of saving the environment, it has both positive and negative effects. The positive effects: First of all, recycling reduces the amount of waste put into landfills. Secondly, making products from raw materials costs much more than if they are made from recycled products, so it reduces financial expenditure for the economy. Finally, recycling reduces the need for raw materials so that the rainforests, for instance, can be preserved. But there are also negative consequences. The recycling process itself produces a lot of pollutants. Recycling sites and processes are often unhygienic and unsafe and this might pose dangers to health. It also involves much financial resources. Pros and cons of recycling are still being argued upon by many but it is noticeable that the advantages still outweigh the disadvantages. There are certain waste types that cannot be disposed of without special handling which will prevent contamination from occurring. Biomedical waste is one example of such. This is found in health care facilities and similar institutions. The special waste disposal system for this unit in place to dispose of this type...
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...The intent of this research report is to examine the vast array of factors that create the necessity of learning how to efficiently use the technology available to both improve upon and generate new processes that will make a global recycling effort a successful endeavor to improve the quality of life on the planet and the health of the planet itself. To be discussed are the major areas of impact including the social, financial, and environmental considerations and the unique challenges that arise with each variable toward the end of balancing the basic needs of a prosperous civilization with the potential of its resources, (US EPA, OSWER, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, 1998). The practical aspects of each will be examined for advantages and disadvantages within the framework of an economic base and the measures that must be taken to reshape the paradigm that currently governs the path of both human civilization and that of the ecological growth of all life on Earth. Of all of the wondrous mechanisms that exist within the living cell, one of the most profound is the genetically coded activities that utilize raw materials in order to synthesize new substances which then react, forming reaction products that are often in turn used for other processes. Human society, as within the cell, consists of a multitude of individual systems that work together toward the continued life and growth of the whole. The basic building blocks of life serve as the perfect model for...
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...Principles of EngineeringCynthia Tuggle Thomas | Lecture Outline & Assignments | Essential Questions: | Recommended Time | Lesson 1.1: Mechanisms * Course Objectives, Classroom Policy, Engineering Journals & portfolios * Engineering Notebook.ppt. * Careers in Engineering and Engineering Technology.ppt. * Professional Interview and Professional Interview Rubric.Simple Machine – Lever, Wheel and Axle, and Pulley.ppt. * Lesson 1.1 Key Terms Crossword Fischertechnik Platform: * Activity 1.1.1 Simple Machine Investigation (FT). * Simple Machines – Inclined Plane, Wedge, and Screw.ppt. * Activity 1.1.2 Simple Machines Practice Problems * Understanding Thread Notes * Gears, Pulley Drives, and Sprockets.ppt. | 1. Why is it important to begin considering career paths during high school?2. What career opportunities are available to match your specific interests?3. What are some current applications of simple machines, gears, pulleys, and sprockets?4. What are some strategies that can be used to make everyday mechanisms more efficient?5. What are the trade-offs of mechanical advantage related to design?6. Why must efficiency be calculated and understood during the design process? | | Lesson 1.2: Energy Sources * Energy Sources.ppt. * Activity 1.2.1 Energy Sources * Activity 1.2.2 Energy Distribution i * Lesson 1.2 Key Terms Crossword * Introduction to Electricity.ppt. * Breadboarding and Electronics...
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...JFS R: Concise Reviews/Hypotheses in Food Science Food Packaging—Roles, Materials, and Environmental Issues KENNETH MARSH, PH.D., AND BETTY BUGUSU, PH.D. The Institute of Food Technologists has issued this Scientific Status Summary to update readers on food packaging and its impact on the environment. Keywords: food packaging, food processing dvances in food processing and food packaging play a primary role in keeping the U.S. food supply among the safest in the world. Simply stated, packaging maintains the benefits of food processing after the process is complete, enabling foods to travel safely for long distances from their point of origin and still be wholesome at the time of consumption. However, packaging technology must balance food protection with other issues, including energy and material costs, heightened social and environmental consciousness, and strict regulations on pollutants and disposal of municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of items commonly thrown away, including packages, food scraps, yard trimmings, and durable items such as refrigerators and computers. Legislative and regulatory efforts to control packaging are based on the mistaken perception that packaging is the major burden of MSW. Instead, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that approximately only 31% of the MSW generated in 2005 was from packaging-related materials, including glass, metal, plastic, paper, and paperboard—a percentage that has remained...
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...issue. Does incineration legalize waste generation and reduces an incentive for reusing and recycling? This article looks at the advantages and disadvantages of incineration as a waste management strategy and discusses the major types of incinerators used. Incineration essentially involves burning waste at a high temperature, also called thermal treatment, to reduce trash volume. The compacted waste can subsequently be dumped into landfills. Combustion converts waste into ash, water, flue gases, and heat. Depending on the type, quantity and chemical composition of waste fuel, toxic compounds containing halogens, metals, nitrogen and sulphur are often produced. The flue gas, which contains large amounts of carbon monoxide, is a major pollutant and hence, needs to be treated before it is dispersed into the atmosphere. In the recent times, incinerators are also being seen as energy-recovery units, wherein the heat produced from combustion of waste can be utilized for power generation. Though incineration can be carried out without energy recovery, there is a continuous shift towards utilizing waste as a resource via power generation. For substances that cannot be recycled, the ‘waste- to-energy’ process may seem to be a suitable solution. However, despite the advances in incineration technologies, some groups still insist that incineration legalizes waste generation and discourages recycling, waste reduction and development of new technologies. Incineration, as a means of waste...
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...Biosolids used as fertilizer In some parts of the world, human waste is being used as agricultural fertilizer and it is known as biosolids. We have biosolids due to the wastewater treatment process. There are many advantages and disadvantages to the use of biosolids, however, I believe the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Biosolids create job opportunities, promote farming, is free and is a cost effective of disposal. Using biosolids can cause odours in the area and may affect health as well. Although biosolids can cause odour problems, farmers see it as a free source of fertilizer. It helps produce ample crops. Creating biosolids is a form of recycling which prevents humans from dumping it in landfills. Biosolids have been regulated since 1977 and have been created since the establishment of wastewater treatment plants a century ago, making this method of fertilization reliable. It has been proven to be a safe practice, if it is done correctly of course. Still, not everyone agrees with the idea of using biosolids as agricultural fertilizer. Some people believe that this method is unsafe, unregulated and toxic because it is human waste. There are many substances within biosolids that make people feel uneasy about using them, such as pharmaceuticals, steroids, flame-retardents, metals, hormones and human pathogens among other things. There has been research done on the long-term health effects of biosolids and researchers from the National Academy of Sciences concluded...
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...energy star rated equipment and appliances as well as use different types of alternative energy sources. The most significant barrier that Riordan manufacturing would face when implementing a different type of energy source would be cost (Disadvantages of Alternative Energy, 2014). In order to set up an alternative energy source a new system needs to be put into place effecting the current infrastructure the organization already has in place—thus forcing Riordan manufacturing to make a major infrastructure/system overhaul before incorporating alternative energy sources (Disadvantages of Alternative Energy, 2014). Other barriers that may occur from using alternative energy sources include noise pollution from wind energy, negative impact on fish from hydropower (water energy) and most importantly, being dependent on nature which is inconsistent (Disadvantages of Alternative Energy, 2014). The most significant barrier Riordan Manufacturing will face by switching over to energy star rated equipment and appliances are also going to be cost. Energy Star Equipment is more costly up front, but the long term energy saving benefits of Energy Star appliances far outweighs the only negative: higher initial costs (Goering, 2014). References Disadvantages of...
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...Waste and Energy Paper Monique Clemons, Angie Downs, Chisa Jackson, Sierra Richardson, Tim Rodabaugh, and Yvette Scott ENV / 100 October 28, 2013 Pamela Primrose Waste and Energy Paper Environmental Science is a way to obtain agricultural knowledge of how things are going on around the world and the effect it has on the environment. In this document you will obtain a brief explanation of nuclear waste, plastic, coal and oil. What are the alternatives of other energy resources, advantages and disadvantages that would contribute to stabilize the environment currently around the the surrounding areas. Effects: Plastic is one of the most used resources that society has; the most common are plastic bags and beverage bottles. Plastic though durable is very slow to degrade. Plastic is sourced from two major categories, thermoset and thermoplastics; thermoset means that the plastic solidifies when it’s heated. Thermoset plastics are most commonly used in cars and construction; soften when heated however they resume their original composition when at room temperature. Some common thermoplastic products include milk jugs, credit cards and carpet fibers. Plastic makes up 13% of solid waste in our water system ; shockingly 8% of plastic is recycled. Plastic in our soil can block the flow of water through the soil as well as hinder the growth production. Plastic covers about 40% of our world’s ocean surfaces. The greatest affect of all is the effect on our...
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