...Prejudice: Labour Market Discrimination on the Grounds of Gender and Ethnicity Despite some progress, there is still evidence of discrimination on the grounds of gender and ethnic or racial origins in OECD labour markets. Field experiments show pervasive ethnic discrimination in many countries. Indirect evidence shows that on average at least 8% of the gender employment gap and a larger proportion of the gender wage gap can be attributed to discrimination. Virtually all OECD countries have enacted anti-discrimination laws in recent decades, and evaluations as well as cross-country analysis suggest that, if well-designed, these laws can be effective in reducing disparities in labour market outcomes. However, enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation is essentially based on victims’ willingness to claim their rights. Thus, public awareness of legal rules and their expected consequences (notably, victims’ costs and benefits of lodging complaints) is a crucial element of an effective policy strategy to establish a culture of equal treatment. Moreover, legal rules are likely to have more impact if the enforcement is not exclusively dependent on individuals. In this respect, specific agencies may play a key role. 139 3. THE PRICE OF PREJUDICE: LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF GENDER AND ETHNICITY Introduction Employment outcomes are far from being evenly distributed among the various sociodemographic groups. Although women’s rising labour market participation...
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...earnings Earnings | Wages plus overtime pay, bonuses and commission | Economically inactive | Working age people who are neither in employment, nor unemployed, and so are not part of the labour force | Labour force participation rate | The proportion of working age people who are economically active | G8 | The group of major economies consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and USA | Employment rate | The proportion of working age people who are in work | Part-time workers | People working less than 30 hours a week | Temporary work | Casual work, seasonal work, working for employment agencies, fixed – period contract work | Homeworking | Working either at home or in different places away from the central office, production or distribution facilities, using the home as a base | Teleworking | Working using a telephone and a computer at home, in an internet café or a train or plane | Occupational segregation | The dominance of an occupation by one gender | Primary sector | The first stage of production, agriculture | Secondary sector | The second stage of production, processing raw materials | Tertiary sector | The third stage of production, providing services | Tax wedge | The gap between what employers pay for labour & what workers receive in disposable income | Outsourcing | Subcontracting part of the production process to another firm | Offshoring | Transferring part of the process to another country...
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...Equality and Discrimination Hundreds of millions of people suffer from discrimination in the world of work. This not only violates a basic human right, but has wider social and economic consequences which perpetuate poverty and inequality while worsening social tensions. Lessening discrimination could help the world dramatically decrease poverty and promote decent work for all. Unions can play a crucial role in fighting discrimination nationally and internationally through political action and collective bargaining. But, their leaders and members are themselves subject to discrimination as workers are penalized for joining unions or participating in union activities. However, by better understanding discrimination in its many forms and devising strategies to combat it, unions could help eliminate discrimination and, at the same time, strengthen their organizations. What is discrimination? Discrimination in employment and occupation takes many forms, and occurs in all kinds of work settings. It entails treating people differently because of certain characteristics, such as race, colour or sex, which results in the impairment of equality of opportunity and treatment. In other words, discrimination results in, and reinforces, inequalities. With discrimination the freedom of human beings to develop their capabilities and to choose and pursue their professional and personal aspirations is restricted without regard for ability. Because of discrimination, skills and competencies...
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...Introduction Canada boasts about being a multi-cultural mosaic, a land of opportunity, with a vision to build “a stronger Canada – a safe and secure country with a shared bond of citizenship and values; a country that continues to support our humanitarian tradition and draws the best from the world to help build a nation that is economically, socially and culturally prosperous” (Government of Canada, 2011). Yet a look at the income statistics for Canadian immigrants makes one wonder whom is prospering economically. Are Canadian immigrants given equal economic opportunity when they arrive here, or are they subject to economic inequality? To answer this question, one can first look at earnings statistics and reports from Statistics Canada. This information can provide basic earnings information on immigrants, which will show how much Canadian immigrants earn in comparison to their native Canadian counterparts. A few drawbacks of using this information are that the statistics haven’t been updated since 2006, so the numbers may not be completely accurate, and numbers alone do not tell the whole story. As such, peer reviewed research articles and papers on the subject of economic inequality in Canadian immigrants can be used. These articles and papers provide both qualitative and quantitative information that paints a clearer picture of the situation. However, many of these papers are usually biased towards writer’s point-of-view, so there may be a lack of complete information...
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...of the total population are identified as white and approximately 7.9 % of the population (ONS2001) belong to ethnic minority. Even though some improvement has been made in the labour market during the past 40 years, researches prove that ethnic minority workers are experiencing high levels of unemployment and lack of suitable employment opportunities. If compared to british or other white , the ethnic minorities in the Uk are mainly engaged in non professional low paid jobs. However some researches prove that not all of the ethnic minority workers are suffering from lower level of employment. Indian and Chinese groups for example have high levels of employment in professional jobs. Other groups are not showing the same tendency. Pakistani and Bangladeshi are mainly doing unstable and low paid jobs.Black Carribean, Black Affrican and other Black groups are standing somewhere in between. The question here is what is missing for those people to be in equal position with their conterparts? The aim of this review is to outline specific career development programmes for both ethnic minority workers and for workers in gender untypical occupations. The focus will be on the position of unemployed ethnic minorities in the labour market and how labour market training programmes help for better labour market opportunities. Barriers to employment: OECD research has found that the employment gap between ethnic minorities and others non ethnic minorities can be explained to a certain...
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...graduates’ future in UK labour market and how to improve, as you can understand since there is an economic downturn, since employment opportunities have declined for most workers, especially in today labour market. Since graduates who have high degree qualification is far protected from downturn to those who are graduated recently. There is a quote by Sir Richard Branson, entrepreneur in 2012 who gave a word advice to graduates as they don’t lose hope and go forward when finding a dream job after finishing university, as there is nothing in life is easy, as they have to work for it. “No matter how great your qualifications are, if somebody else in your field graduates a year before you do, they will have a jump on you in the job market. So cast tradition aside – get ahead!” Sir Richard Branson, entrepreneur of Virgin (2012). As I read on I have found an interesting a book written by Gerbrand Tholen as he explains the nature of labour market among graduates and how does recession effect on them. In his book, as he explains further he said: “Despite the lack of jobs for new graduates since the start of the last recession, there is no shortage in advice for them on how to approach the labour market. Indeed, the graduate labour market and in particular the labour market for graduate entrants has been the focus of much attention in media, policy and academic circles.” Tholen, G. (2014). The Changing Nature of the Graduate Labour Market. London: Palgrave...
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...[Writer’s Name] [Institute’s Name] Introduction Employment law Employment law is the branch of law which governs the creation, operation and termination of employment, determines the mode of co-workers; the measure establishes safety and disposition of labour disputes. Labour law regulates not processes, and social relations of subjects of labour relations, that is, the social forms of labour. From this point of view of work of the scientist, inventor, writer, and other individual forms of labour are not subject to the regulation of labour law, as performed outside of public relations. Employment law contains rights and obligations of workers and employers. Employment law is characterized by a combination of centralized and local regulations. In the local regulations adopted by agreement of the parties shall be determined daily working hours, set at rest (break), consistent recording of leave and other issues in detail regulate the working conditions of employees. It is important that the rules of local acts do not conflict with federal law. The principle of equality has evolved into demands real equality of opportunity in all areas of life, necessitating the implementation of a full and comprehensive approach to gender equality. It has been important developments in the work related to equality, to equal results, because if people got only equal opportunity, not the liability of government and society in general to guarantee the result and the effectiveness of policies...
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...ECONOMICS 2 REVISION MODULE 1: MARKETS IN ACTION MARKET EFFICIENCY * Market is efficient when social surplus (CS & PS) is maximised * Raising Production MC > MB: costs society more to produce than its value to us * Reducing Production MC < MB: society surplus not maximised * Efficient (Optimal) Allocation MC = MB: social surplus is at max PRICE ELASTICITY * Elastic: greater than 1 * Perfectly elastic: equal to infinity (horizontal line) * Inelastic: less than 1 * Perfectly inelastic: equal to 0 (vertical) * More steeper = more inelastic GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION * Tax: Direct & Indirect, Producer + Consumer surplus will not sum up to total surplus because there is government intervention (part of society) * Whichever is less elastic -> carries more burden * Price ceiling: legally established max price seller can charge * Set below equilibrium * Results in excess demand (or shortage) * Price floor: legally established min price seller can be paid * Above the equilibrium * Results in excess supply (or surplus) * Floor set above equilibrium will cause quantity demanded to fall -> less of g/s available MODULE 2: MODELLING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR MARGINAL UTILITY * Marginal Utility: the change in total utility derived from consuming one more unit of a good * Law of diminishing marginal utility: as more and more of a good is consumed, it’s marginal utility...
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...Guide. If you find this revision guide useful, the author would appreciate a donation which you can make via www.economicshelp.org/blog/donate It is not permissible to copy this guide for others. It is only freely available from www.economicshelp.org/ You are welcome to leave feedback and ask further questions on Economics at: www.economicshelp.org/blog Richard Tejvan Pettinger 29 Campbell Road mail@richardpettinger.com www.economicshelp.org 2 AQA Edexcel OCR • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Unit 5 Unit 4 Unit 4388 Costs Law of Diminishing Returns Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Production Decisions The Objectives of Firms Efficiency Competitive Markets Oligopoly Contestable Markets Monopoly Competition Policy Price discrimination The Labour Market Poverty and Alleviation of Poverty Market Failure Cost Benefit Analysis Privatisation Regulation of Privatised Industries www.economicshelp.org 3 Costs • • • • • • • • Fixed Costs: Variable Costs: Total Costs: Marginal Cost: Sunk Costs: These are fixed costs that do not vary with output. E.g. cost of building a factory These are costs that do vary with output E.g. electricity, raw materials Fixed + variable costs This is the cost of producing an extra unit These are costs that are not recoverable e.g. advertising = = = TC / Q VC / Q FC / Q Average Total Cost (ATC) Average Variable Cost (AVC) Average Foxed Costs (AFC) The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Returns • • • Total Product (TP) Marginal Product(MP)...
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...Term Paper On Gender Discrimination in Bangladesh Submitted by WWW.ASSIGNMENTPOINT.COM Dialogue over the issue of Gender Discrimination is not a recent phenomenon. During the 1950s and 60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons...
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...Week 2 Assignment HRM/531 November 27, 2013 Week 2 Individual Assignment Large Multiple businesses in the U.S find a market for their product in the international market and feel the need to meet the need of the desire for the product. However along with meeting those needs the requirement to have physical presence in those international locations becomes necessary. When making the leap to an international location many things come to mind to be prepared and be aware of compliance issues that may be different from the U.S. be aware of employment laws, and be prepared for the type of cultural differences which may be found in a different country. Compliance Laws India as a country in its entirety uses its main source for employments laws, which is the Constitution of India. Also used amongst the Constitution of India, are labour states, federal, and state governments. India’s laws are governed by the constitution, but laws come down to individual states because each individual state in India may have added judicial guidelines to employment laws. Laws and Non Compliance State Specific Shops and Commercial Establishments Acts (the SEAs); Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970 (the CLRA Act); Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (the MB Act); Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (the PW Act); Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the MW Act); Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the PB Act); Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 (the ECA); Employees’ State Insurance...
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...Term Paper On Gender Discrimination in Bangladesh Submitted by WWW.ASSIGNMENTPOINT.COM Dialogue over the issue of Gender Discrimination is not a recent phenomenon. During the 1950s and 60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons...
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...ETHICS SECOND SEMESTER 2014/2015 TITLE UNETHICAL COMPANY-COCA COLA (HUMAN RESOURCES ISSUES IN CHINA) PREPARED FOR: EN. ZAHID ARIFFIN BIN IDRUS PREPARED BY: NURUL SABIHAH BINTI MOHAMMAD 221604 NUR AMALINA BINTI YUSOF 221811 HALIMAH BINTI A KASAH 222147 SHARIFAH NUR ATIQAH BT SYED PUTRA 222210 DATE OF SUBMISSION 14th MAY 2015 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 COCA-COLA 'ABUSED LABOUR’S RIGHTS’ 2 3.0 WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATIONS 3 4.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY WORKPLACE 4 5.0 CONCLUSION 5 6.0 REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………………………6 1.0 INTRODUCTION China is a major and expanding market for Coca-Cola. Surging sales in emerging markets like China and India have been credited for Coke’s best sales growth for almost nine years with sales rising 19% from 2007 (The Times, 2007). According to President of Coca-Cola China, Doug Jackson, the company currently counts China as it’s fourth-largest market in terms of revenue, although it is expected to overtake Brazil to become its third-largest in two years and the second-largest within five years (China Daily, 2007). In the Hangzhou Coca Cola bottling factory, contract workers usually stay on duty for 12 hours. There were a lot of inappropriate activities on the part of Coca Cola factories concerning violation of labor contract towards its workers. Firstly, almost five bottling factories failed to ensure contract workers are well...
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...Essay Topic: Critically explain and discuss the meaning of international labour law and explore through a rights-based approach the extent of individual rights employment law legislation in CARICOM states. 1|P ag e What is labour law? Before understanding international labour law one must first understand what is labour Law. Simply put by Eaton (2005: p. 109) Labour Law is that part of law that deals with individuals and legal persons in their capacity as employees and employers, i.e. concerned with work and the relationship arising from it.” Clive Pegus on the other hand described it as consisting of “principles, rules and norms that regulate employment relations”, which is “primarily concerned with the rights of workers, trade union and employers, standards applicable to employment relations and the regulation of industrial relations and the labour market”. He also cited Deakin and Morris who argue that “a broader perspective would see labour law as the normative framework for the existence and operation of all the institutions of the labour market: the business enterprise, trade unions, employers’ associations and, in its capacity as regulator and as employer, the state. The starting point for analysis is the existence of the employment relationship as a distinct economic and legal category.” Using Deakin and Morris’s definition, Dunlop’s Systems Theory comes alive as labour law can be seen as the “rules” that govern behaviour (normative framework) within the Industrial...
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...the hope of seeing growth” www.track-parcel.co.uk/citylink The company offer a large packet of services to their costumes: standard delivery services, UK next day delivery, international air express, international road express and opportunity to add insurance cover for fragile or valuable items, or to use online booking system where people can send the occasional parcel without opening any kind of account or having a formal arrangement with the company. “The national network is supported by dedicated account management and costumer services team, which benefits our customers by working with a partner who provides a reliable, secure and flexible services. The company vision is to maintain our position as the expert within the UK parcel market” LO1 Understand the different perspectives of human resources management. Explain Guest’s model of HRM Human Resources Management can be define as “the organisational function that deals with recruiting ,managing ,developing and motivating people, including providing functional and specialised support system to foster regulatory compliance with employment and human rights standards” (Strandberg,2009,p2) Guest’s (1987) ideal-type model is used to characterize...
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