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Disk Partitions

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Disk Partitions
Disk Partitions An internal hard disk ( PATA, SATA, or SCSI) cannot be used until it is prepared for use. There are two steps involved in preparing a hard disk:
Step 1. Creating partitions and logical drives Step 2. Formatting partitions and logical drives ( which assigns drive letters) A disk partition is a logical structure on a hard disk drive that specifies the following: ¦ Whether the drive can be bootable ¦ How many drive letters ( one, two, or more) the hard disk contains ¦ Whether any of the hard disk’s capacity is reserved for a future operating system or other use Although the name “ disk partition” suggests the drive is divided into two or more logical sections, every PATA, SATA, and SCSI hard disk must go through a parti-tioning process, even if you want to use the entire hard disk as a single drive letter. All versions of Windows support two major types of disk partitions:
Primary— A primary partition can contain only a single drive letter and can be made active ( bootable). Only one primary partition can be active. Although a single physical drive can hold up to four primary partitions, you need only one primary partition on a drive that contains a single operating system. If you in-stall a new operating system in a dual- boot configuration with your current op-erating system, a new version of Windows can be installed in a different folder in the same drive, or can be installed in an additional primary partition. If you want to use a non- Windows operating system along with your current operating system, it might require its own primary partition, or even special third- party software such as Norton’s PartitionMagic. ¦ Extended— An extended partition differs from a primary partition in two im-portant ways: ¦ An extended partition doesn’t become a drive letter itself but can contain one or more logical drives, each of which is assigned a drive letter. ¦ Neither an extended partition nor any drive it contains can be bootable.
Mount Points and Mounting a Drive You can also “ mount” drives in Disk Management. A mounted drive is a drive that is mapped to an empty folder within a volume that has been formatted as NTFS. In-stead of using drive letters, mounted drives use drive paths. This is a good solution for when you need more than 26 drives in your computer because you are not lim-ited to the letters in the alphabet. Mounted drives can also provide more space for temporary files and can enable you to move folders to different drives if space runs low on the current drive. To mount a drive, follow these steps:
Step 1. Right- click the partition or volume you want to mount and select Change Drive Letters and Paths.

Step 2. In the displayed window, click Add. Step 3. Then browse to the empty folder you want to mount the volume to, and click OK for both windows. As shown in Figure 8- 14, the DVD- ROM drive has been mounted within a folder on the hard drive called Test. The figure is showing the Properties window for the folder Test. It shows that it is a mounted volume, shows the location of the folder ( which is the mount point), and the target of the mount point, which is the DVD drive containing a Windows Vista DVD. To remove the mount point, just go back to Disk Management, right- click the mounted volume and select Change Drive Letters and Paths, and then select Remove. Remember that the folder you want to use as a mount point must be empty, and it must be within an NTFS volume. Figure 8- 14 Empty NTFS folder acting as a mount point.
FAT32
FAT32 was introduced in 1995 and is supported by Windows 7/ Vista, XP, and 2000, although NTFS is preferred. FAT32 has the following characteristics: ¦ The 32- bit file allocation table, which allows for 268,435,456 entries ( 232) per drive. Remember, an entry can be a folder or an allocation unit used by a file. ¦ The root directory can be located anywhere on the drive and can have an unlim-ited number of entries. Hooray! ¦ FAT32 uses an 8KB allocation unit size for drives as large as 16GB. ¦ The maximum logical partition size allowed is 2TB ( more than 2 trillion bytes). You can use FAT32 to format hard disks, flash memory, and removable media drives. However, FAT32 is recommended for hard disks only if the hard disk must also be accessed by dual- booting with an older version of Windows; for example, Windows 95, 98, or Me, which do not support NTFS.
NTFS The New Technology File System
( NTFS) is the native file system of Windows 7/ Vista, XP, and 2000. As implemented in Windows 7/ Vista and XP, NTFS has many differences from FAT32, including ¦ Access control— Different levels of access control by group or user can be con-figured for both folders and individual files. Built- in compression— Individual files, folders, or an entire drive can be com-pressed without the use of third- party software. ¦ A practical limit for partition sizes of 2TB— The same as with FAT32, al-though partitions theoretically can reach a maximum size of 16 exabytes ( 16 bil-lion billion bytes). ¦ Individual recycle bins— Unlike FAT32, NTFS includes a separate recycle bin for each user. ¦ Support for the Encrypting File System ( EFS)— EFS enables data to be stored in an encrypted form. No password, no access to files! ¦ Support for mounting a drive— Drive mounting enables you to address a re-movable- media drive’s contents, for example, as if its contents are stored on your hard disk. The hard disk’s drive letter is used to access data on both the hard disk and the removable media drive. ¦ Disk quota support— The administrator of a system can enforce rules about how much disk space each user is allowed to use for storage. ¦ Hot- swapping— Removable- media drives that have been formatted with NTFS ( such as Jaz, Orb, and others) can be connected or removed while the operating system is running. ¦ Indexing— The Indexing service helps users locate information more quickly when the Search tool is used.

File Names and Extensions Windows XP supports long file and folder names ( LFN). LFNs can have as many as 255 characters and can contain spaces and most other alphanumeric characters, but cannot contain any of the following characters ( which are used by the operating sys-tem): \ / : * ? “ < > | A file can contain more than one period, but only the characters after the last period are considered the extension. In the following example, . doc is the extension: mydocument. ltr. doc By default, Windows hides file extensions such as . BAT, . DOC, and . EXE for regis-tered file types. However, you can change this default in Windows Explorer/ My Computer.
Indexing
Windows 7/ Vista and Windows XP offer indexing services in an attempt to help you find files faster. However, indexing too much content can lead to poorer operating system performance. To adjust the indexing settings in Windows Vista, go to Start, Control Panel, Sys-tem and Maintenance, and click Indexing Options ( in Windows 7, open Control Panel, and in the Search field, type Indexing Options). From here, you can modify whether folders are indexed by clicking the Modify button and selecting or dese-lecting the folders you wish. It is not recommended to select an entire volume ( such as C:), because it causes poor performance. Use indexing for specific folders where you store important data that you search for on a regular basis. If you don’t want in-dexing at all, you can either deselect all folders that are checked or disable the index-ing in general. To disable indexing altogether, follow these steps: Step 1. Click Start, then right- click Computer and select Manage. This brings up the Computer Management window. Step 2. From here, expand Services and Applications in the left window pane and click Services. Step 3. In the right window pane, scroll down to Windows Search, right- click it, and select Stop. You can restart the service at any time by right- clicking and selecting Start. Check the startup type by right- clicking the service and selecting Properties. If the startup type is set to Automatic, you should change it to manual or disabled; otherwise, the service starts back up again when you restart the computer. The Security tab permits you to control access to the selected file or folder by granting or denying permissions shown to selected users or groups: ¦ Full Control— Enables any and all changes to a file, including deletion. ¦ Modify— File can be modified. ¦ Read & Execute— File can be read and executed. ¦ Read— File can be read. ¦ Write— File can be overwritten. ¦ List Folder Contents— When viewing the permissions of a folder, this addi-tional permission is listed. It allows the user to view what is inside the folder. The Security tab has two sections. The top section shows the users and groups that have access to the selected file or folder. You can add or remove groups or users.

DEFRAG
Over time, a hard disk becomes fragmented as temporary and data files are created and deleted. When a file can no longer be stored in a contiguous group of allocation units, Windows stores the files in as many groups of allocation units as necessary and reassembles the file when it is next accessed. The extra time needed to save and read the file reduces system performance. Windows includes a disk defragmentation tool to help regain lost read/ write performance. Defragment can be run in the following ways: ¦ From the Accessories menu’s System Tools submenu ( Disk Defragmenter) ¦ From a drive’s properties sheet’s Tools tab ( Defragment Now) ¦ From the command line ( a feature introduced in Windows XP): defrag ( type defrag /? for options) The Windows XP/ 2000 defragmenter features an Analyze button that determines whether defragmentation is necessary ( see Figure 8- 17). There is no Analyze button in Windows 7/ Vista; however, it analyzes the disk automatically before defragment-ing.
CHKDSK. EXE CHKDSK.EXE Windows includes the chkdsk. exe program to check disk drives for errors. It can be run from the Windows GUI, as shown in Figure 8- 18, or from the command line.
Port types, speeds
The maximum length for a cable attached to 12Mbps or 480Mbps USB devices is five meters, whereas the maximum length for low- speed ( 1.5Mbps) devices such as mice and keyboards is three meters. When a USB root hub is enabled in a computer running Windows, two devices are visible in the Windows Device Manager: a USB root hub and a PCI- to- USB universal host controller ( USB 1.1) or advanced host controller ( USB 2.0), which uses the single IRQ and I/ O port address required by USB hardware. If an external USB hub is attached to the computer, a generic hub also is listed in the Windows Device Manager ( see Figure 3- 4). A root hub supports two USB ports. In Figure 3- 4, there are two root hubs listed, indicating that the sys-tem has four USB ports. You can access the Device Manager by clicking Start, right- clicking Computer ( or My Computer in older Windows operating systems), and selecting Manage. The Computer Management window opens, and the Device Manager is located there. You can also access Device Manager from the Control Panel.
Bus- powered ¦ Self- powered bus- powered hubs might be built into other devices, such as monitors and key-boards, or can be standalone devices. A bus- powered hub distributes both USB sig-nals and power via the USB bus to other devices. Different USB devices use different amounts of power, and some devices require more power than others do. A bus- powered hub provides no more than 100 milliamps ( mA) of power to each de-vice connected to it. Thus, some devices fail when connected to a bus- powered hub. A self- powered hub, on the other hand, has its own power source; it plugs into an AC wall outlet. It can provide up to 500mA of power to each device connected to it. A self- powered hub supports a wider range of USB devices, so it is recommended that you use it instead of a bus- powered hub whenever possible. You can also add USB ports by way of an expansion card. If you have a free slot in the computer, and know what type of slot it is, you can easily snap in an adapter card that has an additional two, four, or eight USB ports. The key is to make sure that the adapter card is completely compatible with the expansion slot on the mother-board. For example, if you have a PCI Express x2 expansion slot, then you would need to purchase a PCI Express x2 adapter card. We talk more about expansion cards and slots in Chapter 4, “ Motherboards and Buses.”
Serial ports have been used to connect the following: ¦ External modems ¦ Serial mouse or pointing devices such as trackballs or touchpads ¦ Plotters ¦ Label printers ¦ Serial printers ¦ PDA docking stations ¦ Digital cameras ¦ PC- to- PC connections used by file transfer programs such as Direct Cable Connection, LapLink, and Interlink. Serial ( COM) The serial port, also known as RS- 232 or COM ( communication) ports, historically has rivaled the parallel port in versatility. The DB- 9 is actually a DE- 9 connector, but is colloquially known as “ DB- 9.” The smaller the D- sub connector, the higher the letter. Serial ports come in two forms: ¦ DB- 9M ( male) ¦ DB- 25M ( male)
Types of Serial Cable s Serial cables can be constructed in many different ways. In fact, cables for serial de-vices are usually specified by device type rather than port type. This is because dif-ferent devices use different pinouts. Some of the most common examples of serial cables include ¦ Null- modem ( data transfer) cable ¦ Modem cable A null- modem cable enables two computers to communicate directly with each other by crossing the receive and transmit wires ( meaning that two computers can send and receive data, much like a computer network, though much slower). The best known of these programs is LapLink, but the Windows Direct Cable Connec-tion/ Direct Serial Connection utilities can also use this type of cable. Although these programs support serial cable transfers, parallel port transfers are much faster and USB transfers are much faster than parallel; these methods for direct connec-tion are recommended for most versions of Windows. However, Windows NT 4.0 and earlier do not support using the parallel port for file transfers, so you must use a null- modem cable, such as the one shown in Figure 3- 7.
A modem cable is used to connect an external modem to a serial port. Some modems include a built- in cable, but others require you to use a DB- 9F to DB- 25M cable from the 9- pin connector on the serial port to the 25- pin port on the modem.

Standard IRQ and I/ O Port Addresses Serial ports require two hardware resources: IRQ and I/ O port address. Table 3- 1 lists the standard IRQ and I/ O port addresses used for COM ports 1– 4. Some sys-tems and add- on cards enable alternative IRQs to be used, either through jumper blocks ( older cards) or via software/ Device Manager configuration ( newer cards). However, with serial ports that use the same IRQ, shar-ing does not mean that both serial ports can be used at the same time. If a device on COM 1 and a device on COM 3 that share the same IRQ are used at the same time, both devices stop working and they might shut down the system.
Parallel ( LPT) The parallel port, also known as the LPT ( Line Printer) port, was originally de-signed for use with parallel printers. However, don’t let the name “ LPT port” fool you. Historically, the parallel port has been among the most versatile of I/ O ports in the system because it was also used by a variety of devices, including tape backups, external CD- ROM and optical drives, scanners, and removable- media drives such as Zip drives. Although newer devices in these categories are now designed to use USB or IEEE 1394 ports, the parallel port continues to be an important external I/ O de-vice for older systems.
Form Factors
Although all motherboards have some features in common, their layout and size varies a great deal. The most common motherboard designs in current use include ATX, Micro ATX, BTX, and NLX. Some of these designs feature riser cards and daughterboards. The following sections cover the details of these designs. ATX and Micro ATX The ATX family of motherboards has dominated desktop computer designs since the late 1990s. ATX stands for “ Advanced Technology Extended,” and it replaced the AT and Baby- AT form factors developed in the mid 1980s for the IBM PC AT and its rivals. ATX motherboards have the following characteristics: ¦ A rear port cluster for I/ O ports ¦ Expansion slots that run parallel to the short side of the motherboard ¦ Left side case opening ( as viewed from the front of a tower PC)

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Unit 8 Assignment 1 Video Summary 6

...Topics: * Microsoft Operating Systems * Other Operating Systems Terms: * DOS – Disk Operating System is an acronym for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995 * UNIX - is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T UNIX. * Command Line Interface - also known as command-line user interface, console user interface, and character user interface (CUI), is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user issues commands to the program in the form of successive lines of text (command lines). Summary: The video taught me that everything that was developed after series 9x of operating systems is built on the NT platform. Also the NT did not have a device manager or a hardware wizard as well as not supporting plug and play. I also learned that Linux was developed by a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds. This information is not really useful for me its old information that for me has no value unless I want to be a technology historian. Unit 8 Assignment 1 Video Summary 6 VIDEO #3.02 Topics: * Partitioning * Creating Partitions * Create/Delete Partitions Terms: * Partition - In personal computers, a partition is a logical division of a hard disk created so that you can have different operating systems on the same hard disk or to create the appearance of having separate hard drives for file management, multiple...

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