Premium Essay

Disparity In Special Education Essay

Submitted By
Words 4259
Pages 18
In 2006, The United States Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics recorded there were forty nine million students enrolled in 2007 in U.S. schools, and that number was projected to increase to fifty eight million by 2015 (Howard, 2010). Over the past few decades the concern over the disparity between the rising number of students of color in comparison to, teacher of color has grown significantly (Waddell, 2012). According to Waddell (2012) researchers claimed that the demographic disparity between K-12 students and the teaching force not only harms the concept of equity , but that it also causes damaging effects on students’ achievement, particularly students of color. A growing concern about the demographic …show more content…
Waddell and Ukpokodu (2012) also argued that the” lack of diversity in the teaching force is a causative factor to the over-representation of students of color and those from low-income backgrounds in special education programs”. Large disproportions in advanced course enrollment, rates of participation in gifted programs and suspension rates for Black and Latino students were also noted (Pabon, 2011 ; Howard, 2010). For example, the United States Department of Education reported that in the 2005-2006 academic year, sixty four percent of White students took Algebra II , in contrast to forty eight percent of Latino and fifty five percent of African American students (Howard, …show more content…
Specifically, the study explored teacher’s perceptions and expectations of minority students. In this work, the teachers acted as the unit of analysis as they provided the primary data. The study focused on six school teachers, coming from various backgrounds, and years of experience. There were four high school teachers and two middle school teachers. In addition, three African American, one Philipino and two White teachers interviews were used for this study. This research was significant because it adds to the research being done on teacher expectations and

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Nclba

...No Child Left Behind Act On American Education Education Essay Recently; main concern of teachers, parents and students has been devising ways that can increase test scores. Since the beginning of an implementation of state based NCLB standardized tests, there is an increase in expectations of the parents and teachers in terms of an improvement in test scores. However, these expectations can only be fulfilled when planning and implementation is strategic, while the reality of implementation of NCLB is on the contrary. This paper will describe pros and cons of “No Child Left Behind” act and its effects on American education system. Introduction Originally proposed by the Bush administration under US federal law in 2001, “No Child Left Behind” act was designed in order to provide funding, from federal governments, to different schools in all American states in order to make changes in learning capabilities of students. It was realized at the local government level that educational standards in schools in different states were not being considered for improvement, highlighting failures of local American governments. Various accountability standards have been defined under this law that gives the parents an opportunity to choose schools in which they want their children to be admitted. Thereby, rational that was followed while designing this law was that all children and students within schools would achieve their full academic potential because of improved programs provided in...

Words: 5208 - Pages: 21

Free Essay

Social Policy

...Essay 1 Our nation pursues the ideal that what we look like or where we come from should not determine the benefits or burdens that we bear in our society. Unfortunately, for African Americans, one of the largest minority groups within the United States, this is not a reality. In fact, life has been altered from the moment their lives began as an individual of color. Today, many people tend to remember the victories of African Americans that include abolition of slavery, desegregation, the civil rights movement, and the right to vote before women. People tend to forget the centuries of ugly racism, oppression and violence. The times of slavery, Jim Crow laws, lynching and segregation along with the hardship of having no political voice. Many disregard that for every social policy throughout history with what appeared to be an open door, just became another obstacle for Blacks and step up for Whites. Social policies and government programs have neglected and shortchanged African Americans for decades. Today, African Americans continue to face economic, social and health disparities within society when compared to its white counterparts. African Americans are struggling with unemployment and poverty. According to Fletcher (2013) in 2012, the black unemployment rate was 14.0 percent, 2.1 times the white unemployment rate (6.6 percent). This rate is higher than the average national unemployment rate of 13.1 percent. For those African Americans who are employed, many are unable...

Words: 2401 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites

...for valuable comments and for making this paper possible. The first draft of this paper was presented at an NBER conference on higher education at Cambridge, MA in April 1992. It was also presented at a Public Economics workshop at the University of Chicago (May 1992), sponsored by J. Hotz, at the Institute of Research on Poverty (Wisconsin), June 1997, and at Cornell University, April 1997. This work was supported by the American Bar Foundation and by NSF-SBR-93-21-048, NSF 97-09-893, and by NICHD:R01-HD32058-01A1; NICHD:R01-34598-03; NIH:R01-HD34958-01; NIH:R01-HD32058-03, and by grants from the Mellon Foundation and the Spencer Foundations. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 1999 by Stephen V. Cameron and James J. Heckman. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The Dynamics of Educational Attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites Stephen V. Cameron and James J. Heckman NBER Working Paper No. 7249 July 1999 JEL No. I12 ABSTRACT This paper estimates a dynamic model of schooling attainment to investigate the sources of discrepancy by race and ethnicity in college attendance. When the returns to college education rose, college enrollment of whites responded much more quickly than that of...

Words: 2498 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Education

...Default Essay:- Education in Pakistan Education in Pakistan: Problems and its solutions OUTLINE: Education the basic need Object of Education: Importance of Education: Background of Pakistan’s Educational System Educational System in Pakistan: Key Performance Indicators for Education Systems PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN 1. Medium of Education: 2. Difference of System at Provincial Level: 3. Gender Discrimination: 4. Lack of Technical Education:: 5. Low portion of funds: 6. Inefficient Teachers: 7. Poverty: 8. Corruption: 9. Social imbalance: 10. Mismanagement of System: 11. Infrastructure Problems: 12. Private school system: 13. Lack of educational policies: 14. Increase in population: 15. Lack of attention of the authorities: 16. Lack of uniform educational system: 17. Medium of Instruction: 18. Education as a business: 19. Delay in renewal of policies and syllabus 20. Political Interference: SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: 1. English should be medium of Instruction: 2. Talented and qualified Staff 3. Fulfill the lack of teachers 4. Primary education should be made compulsory: 5. Increase in teachers incentives 6. Translation of foreign research to local language 7. Check on distinctive education:- 8. Scholarships and financial support to students: 9. Special Financial packages: 10. Betterment of education policies and teachers workshop: 11. Infused Technical Education: 12. Promotion of primary education: Conclusion...

Words: 4853 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Reflective Essay For University Of Wisconsin

...physician. You are invited but not required to provide additional information in this essay. Some applicants tell us about hardships and challenges that they have faced in their lives and how these experiences have helped them become caring and compassionate individuals. Other applicants use this space to emphasize a particular passion they have related to their future career in medicine. If you are not a resident of Wisconsin, you may want to tell us why you are interested in the University of Wisconsin or about a special connection that you may have to our state or people who live here. Our goal is to gain insight into you as a unique applicant. You may include anything in this essay that you feel is relevant. (Limit response to 500 words.) Being a first-generation immigrant from India, and having visited...

Words: 653 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Ippe Question Paper

...Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy Assignment #1: Prescription Label Assessment Student: Site: ___________________________ ______________________ Date: __________________________ Preceptor Signature: ______________ Print Name: ___________________________ 1. Items on the prescription label that are required by New Jersey State Law: 2. Items on the prescription label that are not required by New Jersey State Law: 3. Overall opinion as to the overall appearance and acceptability of the label in your pharmacy: 4. Reference(s) used for this assignment: . PRECEPTOR COMMENTS (OPTIONAL): Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy Assignment #2: Over-the-Counter Medication Assignment Student: ______________________ Site: _________________________ Date: _____________________ Print Name: ________________ Preceptor Signature ___________________ Please use the respective forms on the following pages to complete this assignment: 1. Category 1: Cough/Cold and Allergies (REQUIRED) Reference(s) used for this assignment: 2. Category 2: Women’s Health (REQUIRED) Reference(s) used for this assignment: 3. Category 3: Please indicate the category you chose for this assignment.(Select ONE of the following: Pain/Fever; Constipation/ Diarrhea; Heartburn/Dyspepsia; Smoking Cessation) Reference(s) used for this assignment: PRECEPTOR COMMENTS (OPTIONAL): Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy Assignment...

Words: 2774 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Change Management

...reasons ranging from to earn the profit to make more benefit in a business. But due to various reasons they face problems of low level of success in their change efforts. Either from the point of view of employees or by the point of view of management. According to Daft (1994), organisations sense a need for change when they perceive a performance gap, that is, a disparity between existing and desired levels of performance. It seems a somewhat narrow definition in that it implies all change is planned and positive and seems to ignore the possibility of unplanned and potentially negative change - for example, unexpected budget cuts. This said, most change is planned, is intended to be positive and arises from the need to respond to new challenges and opportunities (Mullins, 1996). In response to, or in anticipation of such factors, organisations may initiate change. This can incorporate both structure (hierarchy and division of work) and communication , and such change may involve, amongst other things, costs, job design, staff development and training, working conditions and new services or products (Cornell, 1996). This essay will consider barriers by the aspects regarding managers and employees and the importance of the barriers they usually face in an...

Words: 2300 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Social Problem in Us

...SOCIAL PROBLEM Educational Inequality: A Social Problem in the U.S. SOCIAL PROBLEM Educational Inequality: A Social Problem In the U.S. Introduction: The goal of education is to make sure that every student has a chance to excel, both in school and in life. Increasingly, children's success in school determines their success as adults, determining whether and where they go to college, what professions that they enter, and how much they are paid. Why is that getting a good education is dependent upon a person’s socioeconomic status? Education is a right in the U.S, but it seems to be accessible for the privilege. Why do we have inequality in education? Let’s look at different views explaining some possible causes or contributors to this issue. “Social inequality is the expression of lack of access to housing, health care, education, employment opportunities, and status. It is the exclusion of people from full and equal participation in what we, the members of society, perceive as being valuable, important, personally worthwhile, and socially desirable. Economic inequality is expressed through the unequal distribution of wealth in society. This has obvious ramifications in terms of the unequal distribution of what that wealth may purchase; housing, health care, education, career prospects, status - in our society, access to all these things is largely dependent on wealth. Because of the nature of our society - post industrial, competitive, capitalist, commercially driven...

Words: 5078 - Pages: 21

Premium Essay

Management

...2009 Award Winning Essays Organized by Supported by The Goi Peace Foundation UN ESC O Japan Airlines Foreword The International Essay Contest for Young People is one of the peace education programs organized by the Goi Peace Foundation. The annual contest, which started in the year 2000, is a UNESCO/Goi Peace Foundation joint program since 2007. The United Nations has designated 2001-2010 as the "International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World" and 2005-2014 as the "United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development." Not only should young people benefit from these global initiatives, but they should be empowered to play a leading role in them. Each year, the essay contest adopts a theme relevant to building a Culture of Peace and a sustainable future, such as "Respect for life," "Caring for our planet," "Learning to live together," and "The role of media and ICT in building a peaceful world." The theme of the 2009 International Essay Contest for Young People was "The role of science in building a better world." Scientific progress has brought many benefits to humanity, while some applications of science have had adverse impacts. Young people were invited to express their vision for the future of science, and the kind of studies or researches they wish to engage in. 4,506 essay entries were received from as many as 134 countries. This publication contains a total of 16 essays: First Prize, Second Prize and Third Prize...

Words: 13935 - Pages: 56

Premium Essay

Special Economic Zones

...a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. 2. Current events of national and international importance. 3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement. 4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP. 5. Indian polity and Economy – including the country’s political system- rural development – Planning and economic reforms in India. 6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences. 7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Source : CBSE Publications) 1. Concepts in disaster management and vulnerability profile of India / State of A.P. 2. Earth quakes / Cyclones / Tsunami / Floods / Drought – causes and effects. 3. Man made disasters - Prevention strategies. 4. Mitigation strategies / Mitigation measures MAIN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) GENERAL ENGLISH (X CLASS STANDARD, QUALIFYING FOR INTERVIEW) 1. Comprehension 2. Precis-writing 3. Re-arrangement of sentences 4. Correction of sentences 5. Synonyms 6. Antonyms 7. Filling in the blanks 8. Correction of spellings 9. Vocabulary and usage 10. Idioms and phrases 11. Verb tenses 12. Prepositions 13. Active voice and Passive voice 14. Parts of speech PAPER-I GENERAL ESSAY (Candidate should write three Essays one from each section compulsorily. Each section contains three topics. Each Essay carries 50 marks.) SECTION-I : Crisis management...

Words: 2026 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Zero Tolerance

...Zero Tolerance This essay will discuss the contemporary educational issue of Zero Tolerance Policies and how personal beliefs and values may conflict with legal and societal expectations. The first item for discussion will be the “Tweety Bird Key-chain-case.” Next, this paper will look at the action legislators that have taken in response to the threat of violence in educational institutions, which lead to the creation and implementation of Zero Tolerance policies. Lastly, the ambiguity and unfairness of these policies when administrators and districts enforce punishment will be examined. One example of how zero tolerance policies have caused nightmares for schools, parents, and students is the Tweety Bird Key-chain-case. The case involved a Cobb County, Georgia sixth-grader who was suspended for 10 days when school officials ruled that a chain on her Tweety Bird wallet violated the weapons policy. A group of lawmakers filed a bill reminding local boards they can take into account whether students intended to harm someone when deciding how to discipline them for bringing “weapons to school” (Salzer, J. 2002). In this case, there seems to have been an over reaction to what had taken place by the school officials. They failed the student by not using a combination of ethical moral judgment along with good old common sense. This sixth-grader had no intention of using the chain on her wallet to hurt another student, but school officials did not take that into account. ...

Words: 1453 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Is Affirmative Action Really Reverse Racism

...either counteract injustices or ensure the advancement of certain minorities. There are four justifications generally pointed out by affirmative action exponents. These are racism, poverty, diversity, and the problem of underrepresentation. Supporters point out that many blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans live in substandard housing, go to substandard schools, and live in crime ridden neighborhoods. They also claim that they are targets of daily racism, hindering their chances for advancement. Proponents point to small numbers of these minorities in certain desirable jobs (i.e. CEOs of corporations and high elected office) as evidence of underrepresentation of minorities and a need for diversity both in the workplace and in higher education. There are a number of different levels of affirmative action, including quotas, preferences, and outreach, in lessening order of severity. Quotas, also called “set asides”, deal with having a definite amount of jobs or college spots reserved for a particular group. For example, if a university admits 1000 students every year and sets aside 150 seats that are open to blacks only, this is considered a quota. A perfect illustration of a quota would be the 1977 Supreme Court case Bakke v Regents of the University of California, in which the court ruled that these quotas could not be used by the system but that race could be considered a plus in admissions to the medical school. This brings us to preferences. Preferences are when persons...

Words: 6948 - Pages: 28

Free Essay

Kljk; Ljkk; L

...Summary Notes on Levittown by Kushner 1. From a sociological perspective, the Levvittown story is significant for many reasons but some of the most important ones are: * The use of and power of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination in setting the rules of inclusion and exclusion of the “American Dream.” * (What is the American Dream?) * the ability of individuals (e.g. the Levitt brothers) to monopolize an entire housing industry. * the actions or inactions taken by our national (and state/local) government that encouraged segregated housing in the U.S., even for veterans, who obviously had served in our wars. * the permanence of the housing segregation from the actions of the Levitt brothers and the U.S. government even now, as housing in the U.S. continues to be segregated by race/ethnicity (as well as socio-economic status). * the intricate connection between housing and quality of schooling at the K-12 level in our country. The higher the value of one’s property, the more taxes one pays, and the better the schools those taxes help support. * the intricate connection of quality of schooling and going to colleges, especially highly-ranked colleges * the intricate connection between college degrees and well-paying jobs, and even closer connection to college degrees from certain colleges and universities to well-paying jobs – almost a pipeline from K through graduate degrees * the intricate connection between jobs and ability...

Words: 1641 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Love Isin Theair

...egoism [...] endorses selfishness, but it doesn't endorse foolishness."[2] 4. ------------------------------------------------- Forms of ethical egoism[edit] 5. Ethical egoism can be broadly divided into three categories: individual, personal, and universal. An individual ethical egoistwould hold that all people should do whatever benefits "my" (the individual) self-interest; a personal ethical egoist would hold that he or she should act in his or her self-interest, but would make no claims about what anyone else ought to do; auniversal ethical egoist would argue that everyone should act in ways that are in their self-interest ------------------------------------------------- Justifications[edit] Philosopher James Rachels, in an essay that takes as its title the theory's name, outlines the three arguments most commonly touted in its favor:[10] * "The first argument," writes Rachels, "has several variations, each suggesting the same general point:[11] * "Each of us is intimately familiar with our own individual wants and needs. Moreover, each of us is uniquely placed to pursue those wants and needs effectively. At the same time, we know the desires and needs of others only imperfectly, and we are not well situated to pursue them. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that if we set out to be 'our brother's keeper,' we...

Words: 1285 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Transcultural Nursing Assessment

...Running head: Transcultural Nursing Assessment Transcultural Nursing Assessment Deborah Hill St. Francis University Abstract Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model is a valuable and functional assessment tool that evaluates the different cultural variables and how those variables effect health, illness and behaviors (Giger, 2013). This philosophy considers the uniqueness of each individual, understanding that the individual is unique, a product of their culture, religion, environment socioeconomic status and diversity. Giger and Dividhizar propose that, as health care providers, we need an acute awareness of the ethnicity and culture of each individual, having the knowledge and understanding to care for them as their culture, religion, values and belief system necessitates (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002). This model of nursing assessment focuses on six factors, or phenomena, that address important areas of cultural influence which impact our ability to provide diverse clients with the most effective and efficient care. The six phenomena are communication; space; social organization; time; environmental control; and biological variations. This assignment involves the use of the Transcultural Nursing Assessment model in the care of Ms. B, an 82 year old, African American female. Introduction America has been called the melting pot of the world. The term indicates that America is a county made up of immigrant cultures, religions and various ethnic...

Words: 4803 - Pages: 20